Normalization in sql

Rajat vats
BCA, School of Ccomputer Application Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar

I. INTRODUCTION (NORMALIZATION IN SQL) Normalization is the process of restructuring the logical data model of a database to eliminate redundancy, organize data efficiently and reduce repeating data and to reduce the potential for anomalies during data operations. Data normalization also may improve data consistency and simplify future extension of the logical data model. The formal classifications used for describing a relational database's level of normalization are called normal forms . I. WHAT HAPPENS WITHOUT NORMALIZATION? A non-normalized database may store data representing a particular referent in multiple locations. An update to such data in some but not all of those locations results in an update anomaly, yielding inconsistent data. A normalized database prevents such an anomaly by storing such data in only one location. Similarly, such dependencies in non-normalized databases can hinder deletion. That is, deleting data from such databases may require deleting data from the inappropriate dependency. A normalized database prevents such deletion anomalies by ensuring that all records are uniquely identifiable and contain no extraneous information. It can creates error .

Second normal form If a table has a composite key, all attributes must be related to the whole key: The database must meet all the requirements of the first normal form Third Normal Form Third normal form requires that data stored in a table be dependent only on the primary key, and not on any other field in the table. The database must meet all the requirements of the second normal form. Boyce-Codd Normal Form Boyce-Codd normal form requires that there be no non-trivial functional dependencies of attributes on something other than a superset of a candidate key (called a superkey) Fifth Normal Form Fifth normal form requires that there are no non-trivial join dependencies that do not follow from the key constraints. A table is said to be in the 5NF if and only if it is in 4NF and every join dependency in it is implied by the candidate keys. Sixth Normal Form This normal form was, as of 2005, only recently proposed: the sixth normal form was only defined when extending the relational model to take into account the temporal dimension . Unfortunately, most current SQL technologies as of 2005 do not take into account this work, and most temporal extensions to SQL are not relational.

II. FORMS IN NORMALIZATION IN SQL. Normal Forms: The first normal form requires that tables be made up of a primary key and a number of atomic fields, and the second and third deal with the relationship of non-key fields to the primary key. These have been summarized as requiring that all non-key fields be dependent on the key, the whole key and nothing but the key. First Normal Form First normal form lays the groundwork for an organized database design: Ensure that each table has a primary key: minimal set of attributes which can uniquely identify a record Second Normal Form

II. NORMALIZATION IN SQLFIGURE

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Local autonomy: The normalization is brought nearer to its users. This can effect a cultural change as it allows potentially greater control over local data .

A. Disadvantages: a. Architectural complexity.

Figur2:no rmalization in sql

b. c. d. e. f. g. A.

Cost. Security. Reduced Efficiency Strucutural Disadvantages Lack of experience. Database design more complex.

IV. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I sincerely thank to my project guide Mrs Supreet Thapar, School of Computer Application Lovely Professional University, Punjab for guidance and encouragement in carrying out this project work I also wish to express my gratitude to the my seniors and colleagues who rendered their help during the period of my project work. I wish to avail myself of this opportunity, express a sense of gratitude and love to my friends and my beloved parents for their manual support, strength, help and for everything Place: Jalandhar III. ADVANTAGES OF NORMALIZATION IN SQL The main advantage of normalisation is that it helps to reduce redundancy.. Normalization increase granularity and Granularity is the scope of a definition for any particular thing. maintain data intergrity, and make the data model as simple as possible. Expandability: normalized data are less diskspace usage, better maintainability and expandability and better performances. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. . V. REFERENCES Google Wikipedia Database pdf Power point presentation Teachers help Teacher notes Senior helps