Shear Stress

Newtons Law of Viscosity (Laminar Flow)

Solids Modulus of elasticity
Resistance of deformation
Shear Modulus = Shear Stress Shear Strain

Liquids Similar concept to solids

Newtons Law of Viscosity
Viscosity = Shear Stress Rate of Shear Strain =

Viscosity
Resistance to RATE of deformation Large viscosity () more resistance to deformation
Deformation related to flow

function of T,P, and composition Independent of rate of shear strain

Newtonian Fluid Only!

Rate of Shear Strain

Consider an element of fluid cube Rate of shear strain
Geometrical change of fluid element as a function of time

Rate of Shear Strain = -

d dt

Deformation of Fluid Element

y (V|y+y- V|y )t

t x Element at time t

t+Dt
V,x Element at time t+t

Quantifying Deformation

- d t = = limit = t + t dt t x, y, t 0

t - arctan v y + y - v y y 2 2 limit = t x, y, t 0

Quantifying Deformation
In the limit, the rate of deformation is
d dt = dv dy

Newtons Law of Viscosity

= dv dy

Above is development for 1-D flow

1D Slot Flow
Law only valid for fluids that have a linear relation between yield stress and rate of strain
y x
h

Velocity and shear stress profile

Vx = A hy - y2

)
A

dVx dy

(h - 2y )

Non-Newtonian Fluids
Newtons law of viscosity does not predict the shear stress in all fluids. Only fluids where the relationship between the shear stress and the rate of shearing strain are linear.

*Non Slip condition

Fluid layer adjacent to a boundary wall has the same velocity as the boundary. Stationary boundary V = 0 Moving boundary V = Vboundary Result due to experimental observation. Fails when fluid is treated as a particle not a continuum

Shear Stress in Multidimensional Laminar flows of Newtonian Fluids

Previous analysis is valid only for 1D parallel flow laminar flows General definition still valid

Viscosity =

Shear Stress = Rate of Shear Strain

Examine shear stress for 3D body. Shear Stress in 3D is a tensor quantity f (magnitude, direction, and orientation)

Multi-Dimensional Shear Stress

Shear stress is represented as a tensor: ij 1st Subscript = direction of axis to which plane of action of shear is normal 2nd Subscript = direction of action of shear stress Example Consider the shear stress: xy
acts on plane normal to the x axis (in the yz plane) acts in the y direction

Shear Stress Figures

y xy yx x
x zx xz z xz zx

yx xy

z yz

zy yz

zy y

Stokes Viscosity Relations

Shear Stress (Laminar Flow)

Normal Stress

ij

v x

i j

vj xi

ii

v 2

i i

2 v - P 3

Navier Stokes
Utilizes Stokes relations of viscosity Conservation of momentum Incompressible flow (liquids)

v + v v = g P + 2 v t