Phylum Mollusca (Mollusks) are soft-bodied invertebrates that usually have shells found on land, in freshwater and in saltwater

have the same basic body plan all have soft body usually covered by a hard shell Body Plan: 1. shell 2. foot

3. mantle - a dorsal body wall which covers the visceral mass and secretes calcium carbonate 4. visceral mass

Classes of Mollusca 1. Gastropoda (e.g. snails, slugs, abalones, whelks, conches) Rodula a tongue-like organ with rows of teeth 2. Pelecypoda or Bivalvia (e.g. clams, oysters, scallops, mussels) Scallop - escape predator by rapidly opening and closing their shells Clams - use their shell as main protection 3. Cephalopoda (e.g. squid, octopus, chambered nautilus, cuttlefish) most specialized and complex members cephalopods have a large, well-developed head and a well-developed nervous system * Pearls are formed in many bivalve mollusks - smooth mother-of-pearl secreted by the mantle in layers around a grain of sand or other particles trapped by which is secreted by the mantle. Giant squids - largest invertebrates; their nerve cords are 50-100x larger than human nerve cords Mollusks Shells formed from calcium carbonate, which is secreted by the mantle; mollusks have a huge variety of shells with different colors and shapes LARGEST LAND SNAIL - Giant African Land Snail (Achatina achatina); grows 39 cm or 15.4 in. from head to tail 1. 2. have more distinct tissues (integrements, muscle, nerves and cells that secrete digestive enzymes) have tentacles (armlike structures)

Classes of Cnidaria 1) Hydrozoa (hydroids) a. hydra a small solitary polyp; slender and flexible; feeds mainly on minute crustaceans, insect larvae, and similar animals b. fire corals c. Portuguese man-of-war 2) Scyphozoa (jellyfish-Aurelia aurita, cup animals) medusa stage dominates life cycle 3) Anthozoa (e.g. true corals, sea anemone, sea pens/sea fans) marine polyps of flower form Corals - principal reef builders growing as rigid masses able to resist the constant pounding of waves Classification of Phylum Porifera Class Calcarea - calcareous sponges, bristly-surfaced and dull-colored; 15 cm long and below species: Leucosolenia, Clathrina, Scypha Class Hexactinellida - glass sponges, siliceous spicules, marine, 90 cm species: Euplectella aspergillum, Hyalonema, Venus flower basket Class Demospongiae - siliceous spicules or spongin, both or more

species: Oscarella, Plakina, Thenea, Suberites, bath sponge, horse sponge, Spongilla Class Sclerospongiae - coralline sponges, CaCO3 skeletons species: Ceratoporella, Merlia, Stromatospongia, Stromatopora

Skeleton 1. spicules - CaCO3 for calcareous sponges (Leucosolenia and Scypha) 2. glass/siliceous - for glass sponges 3. spongin - irregular protein fibers for bath sponges Reproduction A. Asexual - regeneration - budding - external (marine) - amoebocytes - internal (freshwater) - gemmules B. Sexual - dioecious - monoecious sperm - spermatic cysts ovum - flagellated chambers Structure Simple Sponges (Leucosolenia) small group of vaselike, slender, upright tubes united at their bases by irregular horizontal tubes Spongocoel - central cavity Osculum - large opening at the summit Wall is made up of: 1. Pinacoderm - outer thin flat cells 2. Mesenchyme - middle gelatinous layer with: a. amoebocytes - free cells b. spicules - minute crystals of CaCO3 c. choanocytes - continuous inner lining of flagellated collar cells Ostia - minute incurrent openings of pores Porocyte - tubular cell of the pinacoderm Mode of Feeding Planktons: microscopic plants and animals (through filter-feeding) Bits of organic matter Structure of Other Sponges (Scypha) slender form, 2.5 cm tall with one tubular central cavity (spongocoel) and a single mouth (osculum) dermal pinacoderm - lined with their gastral epithelium choanocytes - found in the lining of radial canals spicules - has three kinds: 1. monaxon - long and straight; found at the osculum 2. short straight monaxon - surrounding ostia 3. y-shaped triaxon - lining the spongocoel and body wall Canal Systems 1. Ascon type - thin body wall perforated by short straight pores, leading through porocytes directly to the spongocoel, which is lined in chianocytes (Leucosolenia) 2. Sycon type - contains two types of canals but only the radial canals are lined with choanocytes (Scypha) 3. Leucon type - has a body of thick, dense mensechyme penetrated by completely branched canal systems with choanocytes restricted to small spherical flagellated chambers