Kristen Rigsby- Junior Individual Website Building Illinois: The Legacy of the Illinois and Michigan Canal Primary

Sources America's Heritage: The Erie Canal. Prod. Warner P. News. Path Pictures, Inc., 1957. Videocassette. YouTube. 2 July 2010. Web. 9 Feb. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6_f7S4BojGI>. America's Heritage: The Erie Canal captures the importance of the Erie Canal through narration of video clips and pictures. This documentary is important to my project because it provides primary source footage of the Erie Canal in operation and also includes what people during the Erie Canal Era thought it contributed to New York by means of economic success and rapid development. Bailey, Robert E., and Elaine Shemoney. Evans. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, 18271911: A Selection of Documents from the Illinois State Archives: Teacher's Manual. Springfield: Office of the Secretary of State, 1998. Print. Using a variety of primary sources, The Illinois and Michigan Canal, 1827-1911: A Selection of Documents from the Illinois State Archives: Teacher's Manual thoroughly covers the causes for and effects of the Illinois and Michigan Canal on Chicago and trade cities along the Mississippi River. This book states that cities along the Mississippi River wouldnt have developed like they have today if it werent for the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Belden, David A. Illinois and Michigan Canal. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2012. Print. In this Images of America book, David Beldan compiles multiple pictures of the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, including the workers, the equipment, and the process over time. This resource is important to my project because it portrays the progression of the Illinois and Michigan Canals building from the time it started to the time that the canal opened. Canal Commissioners. "In Response- Illinois and Michigan Canal." Letter to C.F. Emery. 19 Jan. 1888. MS. Maroa, Illinois. The letter from Canal Commissioners to C.F. Emery responds to his concerns about the opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. This source is vital to the project because it highlights the problems faced by people already settled around the Illinois and Michigan Canal and answers questions about how these problems were supposed to be solved. Finch, Roy G. The Story of the New York State Canals: Historical and Commercial Information. Albany: J. B. Lyon, Printers, 1925. Print. This book, published in 1925, interprets the importance of the Erie Canal's existence on New York and suggests that the canal contributed to the city's success in the early 1900s. In addition, financial information on the canal is

provided in the form of graphs and historical photographs and quotes can be found in the book as well. Franklin, Cory. "An Anniversary we might Want to Forget, but we Shouldn't. Chicago Tribune. N.p., 2 Mar. 2012. Web. 23 Dec. 2012. <http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-03-02/news/ct-perspec-0302-cholera20120302_1_cholera-outbreak-epidemics>. An Anniversary we might Want to Forget, but we Shouldn't reminds Chicagoans of Chicago's 175 incorporation anniversary. The author states that Chicago's first few decades were filled with violence, disease, and deadly natural disasters. One of the events specifically mentioned in the article were the waterborne disease outbreaks. These diseases were created by the population increase spurred about by the Illinois and Michigan Canal.

Freeman, Ned M. Alfred Freeman Photograph Collection. 1920-1929. Photograph. Chicago History Museum, Illinois. Through his collection of photographs, Ned Freeman encapsulates life in Chicago during the 1920s. His pictures feature merchants and traders, the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and other waterways in Illinois. These photographs help support my argument because they show that the Illinois and Michigan Canal tremendously impacted the trading economy in Chicago. Harrison, Carter Henry. Speeches on Illinois and Michigan Canal and Other Subjects. S.l.: S.n., 1878. Print. In this compilation of primary sources, Carter Henry paints a picture of what daily life during the late 1800s to early 1900s was in Chicago. This reference gives me a good idea how the Illinois and Michigan Canal impacted trade activity, which caused a dramatic increase in Chicagos population. Horner, Henry, comp. Illinois- A Descriptive and Historical Guide. Chicago: A.C. McClurg and, 1947. Print. Illinois- A descriptive and Historical Guide provides information on the Illinois and Michigan Canal. It indicates that the canal pulled Chicago out of a very bad economic crisis and allowed for the city to develop. This source allows the reader to see what the city was like before and after the opening of the canal. Howe, Walter A. Documentary History of the Illinois and Michigan Canal: Legislation, Litigation and Titles. [Springfield, Ill.]: Dept. of Public Works and Buildings, Division of Waterways, 1956. Print. Documentary History of the Illinois and Michigan Canal shows how the I&M Canal boosted commerce and trade in Chicago and areas around Chicago. Also, the book talks about the financial crisis in Chicago during the late 1830s, and how Chicago overcame this problem to continue the construction of the canal.

Illinois and Michigan Canal, 1827-1911. Springfield: Illinois State Archives Publication Unit, 1911. Print. Illinois and Michigan Canal, 1827-1911 provides a wide range of sources pertaining to the construction and economic impact of the canal. Included in these sources were a multitude of letters, raw data, pictures, book text, and quotes. This source is important to my project because it allowed me to see the people's reaction to the canal during its building and operational years. Illinois Department of Conservation. Illinois and Michigan Canal, 1848-1948. Springfield: n.p., 1948. Print. The Illinois Department of Commissioners recount the history of the Illinois and Michigan Canal in this book. This resource is important because it provides a look into the canals past and explains why the city made the decision to close the canal. Illinois Canal Commissioners. The Illinois and Michigan Canal: What It Is and How It Might Be Made More Serviceable to Shippers, Farmers, Manufacturers and the State. [Lockport, Ill.]: Office of the Canal Commissioners, 1912. Print. This government document summarizes why and how the Illinois and Michigan Canal was built and how many people the canal benefitted. This resource is important to my project because provides statistics on trade in Chicago before and after the Illinois and Michigan Canals opening and explains the process of building the canal. Illinois Department of Public Works. Illinois Waterways : A Guide for Navigators. 4th ed. Vol. Illinois Division of Water. Chicago: Chicago Division, 1921. Print. Ser. 10 In Illinois Waterways: A Guide for Navigators, a government document, the Illinois Department of Public Works lists all of the waterways and watersheds throughout the state and shows how they connect to the main bodies of water in North America. These maps taught me the routes sailors would take to reach Chicago using the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Illinois Division of Waterways. Preliminary Examination Report for Illinois and Michigan Canal Development. [Springfield]: State of Illinois, Dept. of Public Works and Buildings, Division of Waterways, 1948. Print. This government document evaluates the pros and cons of continuing to operate the Illinois and Michigan Canal. It states that while the canal had brought huge amounts commerce to the city previously, its use was declining and the canal was not as valuable to the city as it was before. This document aids my argument that the Illinois and Michigan Canal was kept open until the cost of maintenance trumped the amount of money it brought to the city. Journal of a Voyage from Boston to Chicago. 1849-1850. MS. Chicago History Museum, n.p. This anonymous journal captures the events of a voyage from Boston to Chicago in 1849-1850, using the Atlantic Coast and the Mississippi River system

(including the Illinois and Michigan Canal). The author also recounts the happenings of his six-month stay in Chicago. This journal strengthens my argument because it shows that merchants immediately began using the Illinois and Michigan Canal as a way to reach the Midwest and that merchants accounted for a large percentage of population increase in Chicago. Keane, Jimmy, and Pat Broaders. "Paddy on the I&M Canal." Paddy on the I&M Canal. Bohola Music BMI. 2009. YouTube. 26 Apr. 2009. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uU2WyFiF9A>. This song, performed for the documentary "Irish Chicago" explains how the Irish were treated during the construction of the I&M Canal, what the Canal Commissioners paid, and the daily worries of a typical canal worker. The recording is significant for my project because the website incorporates a section on Irish immigration and the treatment of canal workers. McKinley, Rhondal. Changing Chicago. 1987. Photograph. Chicago History Museum, Illinois. Rhondal McKinley captures pictures of the current Illinois and Michigan Canal in his collection Changing Chicago. McKinley uses these photographs to show the progression of the canal, which went from a gigantic commerce generator to a rarely used waterway. Koval, Ana B. "Illinois and Michigan Canal Interview." Personal interview. 24 Apr. 2013. This personal interview with Ana B. Koval, President and CEO of the Canal Corridor Association, helped me focus my thesis on the most important impacts of the Illinois and Michigan Canal on Illinois and the nation. In addition, Ms. Koval described how the Sanitary and Ship Canal led to the eventual obsolescence of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Moore, Heidi. "Liquid Soul." Time Out Chicago 8-15 June 06: 53. Print. This magazine article features an interview with Friends of the Chicago River executive director, Margaret Frisbie. This resource also has a multitude of great quotes on the Illinois and Michigan Canal, including one stating the importance to and the impact of the canal. Ottawa Visitors Center. "Ottawa It's Serious Fun - Historic I & M Canal." YouTube. N.p., 02 Sept. 2008. Web. 4 Feb. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ubt5UIggxBw>. This advertisement for Ottawa, Chicago focuses on the Illinois and Michigan Canal- a historic landmark that runs through the city. In the video, a recreation Abraham Lincoln's visit to the canal is recreated. In addition, the state of the canal today is revealed and shown in pictures. This advertisement is significant because it proves that the Illinois and Michigan Canal played a major role in the development of towns outside of Chicago. Pierce, Bessie Louise. A History of Chicago. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1937. Print.

This book gives crucial information on the history of Mud Lake. It confirms that Mud Lakes frequent reversals stopped because three neighbors wanted to build a farm over the South Branch of Mud Lake and that the idea to reverse the Chicago River came from the frequent reversal of Mud Lake. It also gives details on the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which played a role in the economic revolution of Chicago. Putnam, James William. The Illinois and Michigan Canal: A Study in Economic History. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1918. Print. In The Illinois and Michigan Canal: A Study in Economic History, Putman conveys the tremendous influence the Illinois and Michigan Canal had on Boomtown Chicago. This book also reveals the construction process of the canal and states that the canal was worth all of the money invested in its building and up-keeping. Randolph, Robert Isham. The Illinois Waterway: A Guide for Navigators. Springfield, IL: Illinois State Journal, 1912. Print Robert Randolphs book shows the trade routes merchants would take to reach the major trade cities. One of the routes featured in the book is the route from Mississippi River cities to Chicago, which is made possible by the Illinois and Michigan Canal. This resource allows me to follow and understand how sailors would have reached Chicago using the canal. Stead, W. H. Laws of the United States and Laws and Resolutions of the State of Illinois in Relation to the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Springfield: Phillips Bros., 1908. Print. W.H. Stead lists all of the laws created and enforced on the Illinois and Michigan Canal in this government document. This catalog is important to my project because it helps me better understand the types of goods that were permitted and not permitted to be imported and exported into Chicago and how strict officials were on these regulations. Swift, William H., and Illinois Canal Commissioners. Illinois and Michigan Canal Stock Certificate. 1830. MS. Chicago History Museum, n.p. The Illinois and Michigan Canal stock certificate represents one of the first written documentations of the Illinois and Michigan Canal idea and shows the main figures involved in the process of creating the Illinois and Michigan Canal. This certificate is vital to my project because it allows me to see what the original purpose of constructing the Illinois and Michigan Canal was. "Time Changes River." Daily News [Chicago] 7 Nov. 1911: 11-14. Print. In 1911, Daily News featured an article all about the history of the Chicago River. The article tells the story of why the Chicago River was significant to the Industrial Revolution, how it came to be polluted, and all of the cleanup efforts that were made during the 1910s. It also explains why the Illinois and Michigan Canal was the main reason that the Chicago River needed to be reversed.

Twain, Mark. Life on the Mississippi. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1917. Print. In this book, Mark Twain writes about the rise and fall of steam boating used for transportation along the Mississippi River. He mentions that railroads obsoleted steam boating and the Illinois and Michigan Canal only about 30 years after it was built. Whitford, Noble E., and Minnie M. Beal. History of the Canal System of the State of New York. Vol. 1. N.p.: Brandow Printing, 1906. Print. This book, published in 1906, allowed me to further understand what the impact of opening of a canal had on a city. For example, one of the canals focused on in this book, the Erie Canal, changed the state of New York population-wise and economically in its first few years. Zorn, Johanna. "Chicago Matters. Our Region, Our Community." Chicago Matters. WBEZ 91.5 FM. WBEZ, Chicago, Illinois, 1998. Radio. In the Chicago Matters series on WBEZ Radio, one of the main components is the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Johanna Zorn describes the steps taken by Illinois to construct and maintain the Illinois and Michigan Canal, as well as the impact the canal had on Chicago throughout the years. This radio program is important to my project because it gives quotes on the canal history I am focusing on. Secondary Sources Aquatic Illinois. Exploring the History of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. N.d. Illinois Classroom Curriculum Packet. Aquatic Illinois Database, Chicago. This packet helped me understand which individuals played a key role in the development of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Also, the packet provided information on the early settlers of Chicago, and how they predicted greatness for the city of Chicago because of its prime location along Lake Michigan and connection to the Chicago River. Binghamton University. Transportation Systems Stations Activity. Summer 2009. Teaching Curriculum on American Canals. Binghamton University, Binghamton. Transportation Systems Stations Activity gives me a better idea of what traveling canal life was like. In addition, this packet mentions the Erie Canal and the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and states that these canals played a crucial role in the 1800s and early 1900s flood of immigrants to the East and Midwest. "Brief History of the Chicago River." Friends of the Chicago River, 2006. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.chicagoriver.org/upload/Chicago%20River%20History.pdf>. Brief History of the Chicago River summarizes the events leading up to the reversal of the river and explains how the reversal has affected Chicago today. In addition, this source explains Mud Lake and the "continental divide," which concerns the Illinois and Michigan Canal as well.

Brown, Foster. Ohio & Erie Canal: Inspired Songs That Tell the Story. Cleveland Metroparks, 2000. The Canal Diggers. YouTube, 8 Dec. 2007. Web. 8 Mar. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcDJ5hmTkpo>. Through song, Foster demonstrates what life was like for those who dug the canal, for a canal boat captain, for a canaler's child, even for the mules that towed the canal boats up and down the corridor of water. In addition, the song depicts how the canal helped Chicago grow after receiving its city charter. Cahan, Richard, and Michael Williams. The Lost Panoramas: When Chicago Changed Its River and the Land beyond. Chicago, IL: City Files, 2011. Print. This book is a collection composed from the recently found photos taken during the construction of the Sanitary and Ship Canal. Through the pictures, it tells the story of how and why the Sanitary and Ship Canal was constructed. The book also gives a brief paragraph for every picture. Conzen, Michael P., Glenn M. Richard, and Carl A. Zimring. The Industrial Revolution in the Upper Illinois Valley. Chicago: Committee on Geographical Studies, University of Chicago, 1993. Print. This book describes the good and bad effects of the industrial revolution in Illinois, which fall under the main categories of the population spike and the economy boom. The authors state that the main cause behind the industrial revolution was the Illinois and Michigan Canal because it established Chicago as the main trade city in the Midwest. Conzen, Michael P., Melissa J. Morales, and Carlos J. Barrionuevo. Settling the Upper Illinois Valley: Patterns of Change in the I & M Canal Corridor, 1830-1900. Chicago: Committee on Geographical Studies, University of Chicago, 1989. Print. Settling the Upper Illinois Valley: Patterns of Change in the I & M Canal Corridor, 1830-1900 evaluates the economic value of the Illinois and Michigan Canal to Chicago over the span of 70 years. It begins with the swarm of immigrants hoping to find work in the 1830s and ends with the massive population increase in 1900 because thousands of merchants and traders wanted to live in a major trade city. Deuchar, Chris. "'Section 8' Notice." Cartoon. Chris Deuchar's Articles, Books, Badges, Logos & Cartoons. N.p., 12 Dec. 2012. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <http://www.deuchars.org.uk/publication/#cartoons>. Chris Deuchar's cartoon depicts a canal boat stuck on a rock and an angry sailor reacting to the crash. This cartoon connects to my project because it shows that the low water (of the Mississippi, in this case) is not a viable route for newer, deeper boats. It proves that the United States was in need of new commercial connections during the 1800s. "Ethnic History of Bridgeport." BRIDGEPORT: CHAPTER IV. University of Illinois in Chicago, 4 July 1996. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <http://www.uic.edu/orgs/LockZero/iv.html>.

This webpage gives information on the ethnic development of Bridgeport- a community centralized around the Illinois and Michigan Canal. It explains how the advertisements for canal workers brought thousands of immigrants, mostly German and Irish, to Illinois in hopes of digging for the Canal construction company. This source is reliable because it was published by the University of Illinois in Chicago. Garb, Margaret. "Regulating Urban Living." Chicago History Spring 2008: 12-13. Print. This magazine article provided pictures of the waste- filled riverbanks and the captions described the environmental hazards of Chicagos industrial pollution. Regulating Urban Living was vital to my project because the primary source photographs allows me to see what the Chicago River looked like before it was reversed. Graham, Jory. Chicago: An Extraordinary Guide. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1968. Print. This source has a chart of the population increase in Chicago and also lists the reasons why people came to Chicago during the late 1800s. The source allowed the readers to see Chicago during the time of the Illinois and Michigan Canals opening through a residents point of view. Gray, James, and Aaron Bohrod. The Illinois. New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1940. Print. This resource, published in 1940, tells about the early use of the Illinois River. It mentions how the Indians would use the Chicago Portage to canoe from Lake Michigan into the Illinois River, and would eventually wind up in the Mississippi River. The Chicago Portage is important because the small strip of land connected Lake Michigan and the Illinois River. The city of Chicago built the Illinois and Michigan Canal on top of the Chicago Portage because of the early trade routes, and this canal caused an economic revolution for the city. Hill, Libby. The Chicago River: A Natural and Unnatural History. Chicago: Lake Claremont, 2000. Print. Libby Hill explains the strategy of placing the Illinois and Michigan Canal in Illinois in The Chicago River: A Natural and Unnatural History. She also provides pictures on waterways in Illinois, states the role of waterways in the river and lake systems, and describes the history of the Mississippi River watershed. Illinois Adventure- The Illinois and Michigan Canal. Illinois Adventure. Web. 23 Feb. 2012. <www.illinoisadventure.org>. This website provided a 15- minute documentary on the construction and importance of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. It also gives information on how the Illinois and Michigan Canal transformed Chicago economically. This source is credible because it was created by the use of many primary resources.

"Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor." National Heritage Areas. National Park Service, 2002. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. This website incorporates the topic of the Illinois and Michigan Canal Heritage Corridor, which is what the canal was transformed into after its closing. The text gave me a better understanding of what a heritage area is and why the people decided to turn the canal into a heritage area. This resource is trustworthy because it was published by the National Park Service. Lamb, J.M. I&M Canal Locks. Vol. 4. Lockport: Illinois Canal Society, 1981. Print. This book explains how the addition of locks to the I&M Canal separated the flow of the Illinois River from the flow of the Chicago River. By building the locks, engineers simulated the effects of the "Deep Cut" plan, but at a lesser cost than actually deepening the canal to reverse the Chicago River. Later, though, it was determined that the locks were not effective in keeping sewage out of Lake Michigan, and a more dramatic solution was needed. Lamb, J.M. The Illinois and Michigan Canal and Town Development in Northern Illinois. In Proceedings of the Canal History & Technology Symposium 3. (The Center for Canal History and Technology, Easton, PA. (March 31, 1984): 3-11. J.M. Lamb describes how the Illinois and Michigan Canal led to a rapid population increase in Chicago and the surrounding areas. This book excerpt is important to my project because it explains a good legacy of the canal- luring enough people into Illinois for certain towns to receive their city charters. LaSalle Canal Boat Promo. Canal Corridor Association. Web. 02 Mar. 2012. <www.canalcor.org>. This source gave information on the Illinois and Michigan Canal and described how it transformed Chicago into the trading center of the Midwest during the 1800s. In also tells how the canal gave Chicago control of the Mississippi River transportation. This is credible because the sources are valid and trustworthy. Levinson, Brandon, Ethan Siegal, and Jack Kohn. "The Reversal of Chicago River." Youtube. Web. 11 Mar. 2012. <http://youtube.com/watch?v=SAYtOcZdRmo>. This source provided a video clip on the reversal of the Chicago River and its consequences and controversy. It also showed many pictures of the Sanitary and Ship Canal in the film. This source is credible because it provides many primary resources and it also agrees with many of the primary source newspaper articles. "Market Revolutions." Market Revolutions. History Hub, n.d. Web. 2 Feb. 2013. <http://www.austincc.edu/caddis/marketrevolutions>. Market Revolutions describes what happened during the Industrial Revolution in Illinois during the middle and late 1800s. Some of the effects thrust upon the state, and especially Chicago, were population increase, economic increase, trading increase, and disease fluctuation. This source is credible because it was published by Austin Community College.

McNeely, Dennis. "The Erie Canal - the Nation's First Superhighway." YouTube. N.p., 26 Apr. 2010. Web. 3 Jan. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oMz7eCj732w>. This informational video lists the ways in which the Erie Canal changed New York and states that the canal was a significant due to its economic success. This video is important to the project because the Erie Canal inspired Chicago to build a canal of its own. After the Illinois and Michigan Canal opened, some of the effects it had on Chicago were similar to the effects the Erie Canal had on New York. Moore, Jerry J., and Charles E. Orser. Searching for the South Side Irish along the Illinois and Michigan Canal: Archival Search and Visual Reconnaissance from Bridgeport to Lockport, Illinois. Normal, IL: Midwestern Archaeological Research Center, Illinois State University, 1992. Print. Searching for the South Side Irish along the Illinois and Michigan Canal: Archival Search and Visual Reconnaissance from Bridgeport to Lockport, Illinois explains why many Irish immigrants chose to settle in Chicago during the 1830s and 1840s: to become laborers on the Illinois and Michigan Canal. This resource evaluates the Irish families decisions and lists some problems the families faced during that time. Morgan, Harold. "1811: A Year of Miracles." Bicentennial Indiana Territory 1811-1815. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <http://thefirstvolley.com/steamboat.html>. This resource provides insight into how steam boating changed water transportation when in first began in 1811 and what effects it had on the economy of trading cities and water towns. In addition, the website contains primary pictures. This source is credible because the facts on this webpage match with those of primary sources. National Railroad Passenger Association. "CHI to SAS Podcast." Audio blog post. CHI to SAS. Texas A&M University, National Park Service, and Amtrak, 2011. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <feed://amtrak.adventgx.com/line_rss.php?line=3&direction=west>. This podcast describes the history and the impact of the Illinois and Michigan Canal on Chicago and the suburbs the canal passes through. Statistical information regarding the economic benefits are provided and references to Irish and German immigrants are made. This podcast is important to my project because it gives details on what was happening in Illinois during and after the construction of the canal. Padgett, John B. "Timeline- 1673." MWP: Mississippi Writer Timeline ~ 1673. The University of Mississippi English Department, 19 Oct. 2007. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://www.olemiss.edu/mwp/tl/1673.html>. This website provides a timeline of events that occurred in the Mississippi area around 1673. The event focused on in the timeline is the exploration of the Mississippi River Valley by Marquette and Jolliet. A detailed explanation of what they found in the valley is given and there is a picture of the two explorers.

PBS Online. "Film Description of Chicago: City of the Century." American Experience. PBS, 1999-2003. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/chicago/filmmore/fd.html>. Film Description of Chicago: City of the Century explains which events took place in Chicago that made it one of the most thriving cities in America today. One of the reasons events is the construction and opening of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and the reversal of the Chicago River. This website is useful because a list of primary sources is provided and a transcript of the film is attached to the website. Phillips, Gladys. "The Ohio River- Part 2." BAAHA Newsletter. Ben Avon Area Historical Association, Feb. 2011. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <http://benavon.com/BAAHA/2011_02_XXVI_3.htm>. This newsletter informs readers about the first steamboat that traveled on the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. It explains how the means of traveling and trading by steam boating rose in the 1800s, and how it changed the towns around rivers and lakes. This site is credible because it was published by a historical association. Ponce De Leon, Alejandra. "The Development of the Illinois and Michigan Canal." Northern Illinois University, 31 Feb. 2002. Web. 03 Mar. 2013. <http://www.lib.niu.edu/2002/ihy020230.html>. This website provides information on how the Illinois and Michigan Canal allowed Chicago and other cities on the I&M Canal trade route to benefit from the commerce. This website is useful to my project because it helps complete the "Economic Boom!" webpage. This site is credible because it is reviewed and published by Northern Illinois University. Puleo, Jon. Dig Me a Ditch Spirit of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Perf. Bob Janis, Mary Cook, Christine Gaylord, and Steve Lindenmeyer. Gallimaufry. Galmfry Productions, 1999. CD. In this album, written by the band Gallimaufry, songs depict the Illinois and Michigan Canal, the conditions that workers endured, and the lifestyle that Chicagoans lived during the Illinois and Michigan Canal era. This collection of music is important to my history fair project because it uses the medium of music to portray life on the canal. Redd, Jim. The Illinois and Michigan Canal: A Contemporary Perspective in Essays and Photographs. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1993. Print. Jim Redd uses a collection of quotes, pictures, essays, and descriptions to elucidate what transpired during the 1800s and early 1900s in Illinois. In addition, the book provides first-hand accounts explaining the effect the I&M Canal on Chicago and gives pictures of the canal throughout the years. Sadowski, Frank E., Jr. "The Erie Canal." The Erie Canal. N.p., 2000-2012. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <http://www.eriecanal.org/>.

This website was useful to my project because it provides insight into how New York developed after the opening of the Erie Canal. It also offers links to many primary sources and showed pictures depicting the canal during the 1830s. This resource is credible because it cites trustworthy resources. Solzman, David. The Chicago River: An Illustrated History and Guide to the River and Its Waterways. Chicago: Wild Onion, 1998. Print. This source depicts and describes the building process of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which includes the immigrant laborers, the financial trouble, and where it was built. Solzman incorporates a multitude of eyewitness accounts to portray the immense economical impact the canal had on the growing city of Chicago. The Canal Corridor Association. The I&M Canal Shapes History. Rep. The Canal Corridor Association, 2004. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.csu.edu/cerc/researchreports/documents/IMCanalShapesHistory2004.pdf>. This research report lists the major events that made the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal possible. Some of the events include the Wisconsin Glacier shaping the Mississippi River Valley, the Federal Land Grants, and the immigrant labor on the canal. This source is credible because the report was published by the Canal Corridor Association. "The Irish Potato Famine." Digital History. N.p., 28 Feb. 2013. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/irish_potato_famine.cfm>. The Irish Potato Famine article helped me understand why so many Irish left their homeland and immigrated to America. This great immigration led to people in search of employment- a need that would be met by the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. This source is trustworthy because its content agrees with other primary sources and its webpage domain ends in .edu. "The I&M Canal." I&M Canal History. The Canal Corridor Association, 2009. Web. 06 Feb. 2013. This website provides insight on the construction (including labor), operation, and significance of the canal to Chicago. In addition, the Canal Corridor Association publication shows many pictures showing the time period the canal functioned in. This source is credible because it agrees with a multitude of primary sources. "The Secret Origins of Chicago." : The Secret Origins of Chicago. Daily Kos, 2 Aug. 2007. Web. 28 Feb. 2013. <http://www.dailykos.com/story/2007/08/02/365973/-TheSecret-Origins-of-Chicago>. This online article states that the Illinois and Michigan Canal was the main reason that Chicago became a city and was able to prosper through river trade and businesses. Also, the article briefly talks about Mud Lake and its importance to the early settlers of Illinois. This reference is reliable because its facts agree with a multitude of the primary sources.

"This Day In History: The Birth of Fr. Jacques Marquette." YouTube. Real Catholic TV, 10 June 2011. Web. 09 Mar. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0nNXeD1fPA>. This video describes Jacques Marquette and his expedition up the Mississippi River and through the Great Lakes. Marquette and his group of explorers predicted great commerce and prosperity for the Mississippi River Valley, especially the Midwest territory. Marquettes vision was realized by a group of men (later known as Canal Commissioners) during the early 1800s, which resulted in the beginning of construction for the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Thornton, Edmund B. The Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor- A Guide to Its History and Sources. Ed. Michael P. Conzen and Kay J. Carr. DeKalb: Northern Illinois UP, 1988. Print. In this compilation of interviews, pictures, text, and a multitude of other primary sources, the editors paint a picture of what life was like in Illinois before, during, and after the construction of the I&M Canal. In addition, the book also mentions the importance of the canal to the growth of Chicago population-wise and economically. US Army Corps. "Chapter II: Ohio River Navigation 1783-1824." The Falls City Engineers - A History of the Louisville District Corps of Engineers United States Army. N.p.: US Army Corps of Engineering, 1974. N. pag. Print. Chapter II: Ohio River Navigation 1783-1824 explains the development of the Ohio River Valley and the early explorers' prediction of greatness for the land. In addition, the Illinois and Michigan Canal is described as an influential, powerful canal that helped connect the trade routes from the Atlantic coast to the Gulf of Mexico. Way, Peter. Common Labour: Workers and the Digging of North American Canals, 1780-1860. Cambridge [England: Cambridge UP, 1993. Print. This book thoroughly explains the daily life of a canal worker. One of the canal labor sites that is focused on is the Illinois and Michigan Canal, which is infamous for its measly wages, terrible working conditions, and disastrous disease outbreaks. The author evaluates whether or not the working conditions thrust upon the workers was worth the final product. Way, Peter. "Evil Humors and Ardent Spirits: The Rough Culture of Canal Construction Laborers." Evil Humors and Ardent Spirits: The Rough Culture of Canal Construction Laborers 79 (1993): 1397-428. Print. Evil Humors and Ardent Spirits: The Rough Culture of Canal Construction Laborers describes the tough life of an average canal worker. This journal article is important to my project because it supports the fact that canal labor was a hard, often deadly job that came with the risks of diseases, exhaustion, malnutrition, and other dangerous elements.

VandeCreek, Drew. "Illinois in the Gilded Age, 1866-1896: Settlement and Immigration." Illinois During the Gilded Age: Settlement and Immigration. Northern Illinois University, 26 Jan. 2010. Web. 23 Nov. 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmH6DOHYbGk>. The Illinois During the Gilded Age: Settlement and Immigration video allowed me to listen and see pictures of the Illinois' history simultaneously. It describes the background during the time period of the Illinois and Michigan Canal and explains how immigrants contributed to the population increase in Chicago when they came in search of employment.