Power System Stability

Summer 2000

3 Transient Angle Stability

or Large

disturbance angle stability

Transient instability occurs - after large and sudden changes in generation, load or transfer capacity - or as a consequence of low voltages or negative damping Classical problem

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Basic phenomenon
Time scale: s Imbalance between accelerating and decelerating generator torque Temporary (negative) surplus energy is stored in the rotating masses Capture range of synchronizing torque is limited Pull-out torque or power Stability/synchronized operation may be lost.

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Mechanical analogs
Synchro demo feel the synchronizing and pull-out torques Synchronous generator has fEfd=0 and rotor speed 50 Hz Synchro has fEfd=50 Hz and rotor speed Stator frequency is 50 Hz in both cases Spring and rotating mass Inertia Torque Length of spring xdI

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Important factors
Disturbance type and severity Disturbance location Disturbance duration Operating point

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Analysis methods
Three stages pre-fault, during fault, post-fault periods - Time simulation - (Extended) Equal Area Criterion - Energy functions

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Equal Area Criterion

The energy corresponding to the accelerating and decelerating areas in Pe() are equal Mentioned without references by Ivar Herlitz (first Teknologie doktor in Sweden) in his Ph.D. thesis 1928 Now generalized to multi-machine systems Extended EAC

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Energy functions
or Direct stability analysis Quantifies system energy as V=Ep+Ek System stable is dV/dt 0 Eliminates time simulation Useful for design of stabilizing control laws

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Modeling considerations
Generators Power-angle relationship, rotor saliency Controls AVR, PSS, (governor) Damper windings not efficient Protection Preset delay Breaker operating time Loads Usually very simple models

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

AVR
- Improves first swing stability - Time/phase lag reduces damping - Reduces stability at following swings - Compensated by Power System Stabilizer

Olof Samuelsson

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Means for mitigation I

Generators Fast valving Resistor braking, 1400 MW at Chief Joseph, WA Lines Autoreclosure, Sweden: 0.4s@400kV, 1-8s@130kV Single pole switching FACTS SVC TCSC SMES

Olof Samuelsson

10

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

Means for mitigation II

Equipment protection Out-of-step or pole-slipping tripping System protection Generator tripping in-house operation, husdrift Out-of-step blocking Controlled system separation/islanding

Olof Samuelsson

11

Power System Stability

Summer 2000

EPRI TSAT
Transient stability Security Assessment Tool EPRI and PowerTech Labs Inc. - Time simulation - EAC - Contingency ranking - Analyzes the current operating point - Typical cycle time of 20 minutes

Olof Samuelsson

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