CHAPTER -4 DESIGN CHARTS DEVELOPMENT

4.1 CALCULATION METHOD AND LIMITATIONS

The cross sections considered in this project work are those that fulfill the criteria for simplified method of analysis given in the IRC 22:2008. The criteria are:

The column cross-section must be prismatic and symmetric about both axes over its whole height, with its ratio of overall orthogonal cross-sectional dimensions in the range between 0.5 and 2. Particularly, the sections considered are square, rectangular and circular.

The relative contribution of the steel section to the design resistance of the composite section, given by = As py / PP , 0.2 0.9 or given by = As py / Ac pck , 0.25 9. This check defines the composite column. If the parameter is less than 0.2, the column shall be designed as Concrete column; on the other hand when is greater than 0.9, the column shall be designed as steel column.

The non dimensional slenderness ratio less than 2.0.

of the composite column must be

Column should have steel grade conforming to IS 2062:2011 and normal weight concrete of strength M20 to M60. 25

In addition, the slenderness of the elements of the steel section must satisfy the following conditions: For rectangular hollow sections of wall depth h and thickness t, h/t 50 For circular hollow sections of diameter d and wall thickness t, d/t 852 = 250 / fy
, where

fy is the yield strength of the steel section in Mpa.

4.1.1 Selected Representative Sections & Materials

From the allowable steel ratios those below 4 have been selected for drawing chart as this range utilize a smaller area of steel which the writer assumes will be more economical sections than those sections with higher steel ratio. The rectangular sections considered are those with height-to-width ratio of 0.5 and 2. Circular crosssections considered are those with non dimensional slenderness ratio greater than 0.5

or those for which increase in strength due to confinement is not considered.

From the steel grades, Fe250 with thickness of the steel section less than or equal to 40mm has been selected. The Code allows use of concrete grade up to M60. From these, concrete grade of M25 has been used in this project work.

4.2 FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS TO DEVELOP INTERACTION CURVES

Interaction charts are drawn using the rectangular stress blocks that show the plastic section capacity of composite cross-sections. The fundamental equations used are given below with respect to typical composite cross-section.

Steel Ratio Axial Load Capacity Moment Capacity

As py / Ac pck Acc pck + Asnet py (Zps Zpsn) py + 0.5 (Zpc Zpcn) pck 26

Pu = Mu =

Where As and Ac are the total cross sectional areas of the structural steel section and concrete and respectively; Asc and Acc are area of part of the steel and concrete sections in compression, respectively; Ast Zps and Zpc is area of part of the steel section in tension. (Asnet = Asc Ast) are the plastic section modulus of the total steel and concrete sections, respectively; the plastic section modulus of concrete in the above equation only half is taken into account since concrete does not carry tension. Zpsn and Zpcn are the plastic section modulus of the total steel and concrete sections parts within ranges dn - dn from the centerline of the column cross section respectively;

4.3 RECTANGULAR AND SQUARE CROSS SECTION

Fig.4.1 Rectangular and Square Cross-Section

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Steel ratio

As py

= =

As py / Ac pck pck bc dc

As py / pck bc dc

Equation for determining value of x = b / t for a particular steel ratio : Let x = b / t => b = xt Ac As ; y = d / b => d = by = xyt ; = ( b 2 t )( d 2 t) xy = d / t = t2 ( x - 2)( x y 2 )

= bc dc = = =

t2 [ x2y 2 x ( 1 + y ) + 4] bd - Ac = bd - ( b 2 t )( d 2 t) = 2t [( b t ) + ( d t )] 2t2 [( x 1 ) + ( x y 1 )] pck t2 [ x2 y - 2 x( 1 + y) + 4] pck [ x2 y - 2 x( 1 + y ) + 4]

Substituting the above in the equation for , we get 2t2 [( x 1 ) + ( x y - 1)] py = Dividing by t2, we get 2 [( x - 1) + ( x y - 1)] py = x2 ( y pck ) 2 x ( 1 + y)( pck + py ) + 4( pck + py ) = 0 x2 ( y pck / 2 ( pck + py )) x ( 1 + y ) + 2 = 0 k x2 x ( 1 + y ) + 2 = 0 ; where k = y pck / 2 ( pck + py ) Solving the above quadratic equation for x, we get x = {( 1 + y ) + [( 1 + y )2 8k ]^0.5} / 2k

Thus for Square section where y =1, we get x = { 2 + [ 4 8k ]^0.5} / 2k = { 1 + [ 1 2k ]^0.5} / k

4.3.1 Axial Load And Moment Capacity For Different Neutral Axis Positions

Axial load and moment capacity can be computed from assumed neutral axis positions. Each position of the neutral axis represents one point in the interaction curve for section capacity. Sufficient points are developed to get a smooth curve that represents the capacity of a given cross section. Five different cases of neutral axis positions are selected.

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Case (i) The whole cross section is under compression.

a) Axial Load Capacity:

Pu P u / pck bc dc P u / pck bc dc b) Moment Capacity:

= = =

Ac pck 1 +

As py As py / pck bc dc

Ac pck / pck bc dc +

Since the whole part is in compression the moment capacity is zero. Mu = 0.

Case (ii) Some part of the flange of the steel section is in tension, while other parts of the cross section are in compression.

Neutral Axis position : d / 2 t

dn

d/2

a) Axial Load Capacity:

Pu

Ac pck

As py - 2 b py ( d / 2 dn )

P u / pck bc dc =

1 + - 2 b py ( d / 2 dn ) / pck bc dc

Substituting b = xt ; d = xyt ; bc = b 2t and dc = d 2t in the above in the equation & cancelling t2 term both in numerator and denominator , we get 1 + - 2 x py ( x y / 2 dn / t) / {pck ( x - 2)( x y 2 )} 29

P u / pck bc dc

b) Moment Capacity:

Mu Where Zps Mu

( Zps Zpsn ) py

In this case only the steel contributes for the moments, hence the second term is zero. b d2 / 4 b (2dn)2 / 4 ( b 2 t )( d 2 t)2 / 4 ( b 2 t )( d 2 t)2 / 4

Zpsn = =

b (d2 / 4 dn2) py

Dividing both sides of the equation by pck bc dc2, we get Mu / pck bc dc2 = b (d2 / 4 dn2) py / pck bc dc2

Mu / pck bc dc2 = x py [ x2 y2 / 4 (dn / t)2 ] / {pck ( x - 2)( x y 2 )2} c) Values of dn / t used : i) d / 2 dn ii) d / 2 dn iii)d / 2 dn iv) d / 2 dn = = = = t 3 t/4 t/2 t/4 => dn / t => dn / t => dn / t => dn / t = = = = xy / 2 xy / 2 xy / 2 xy / 2 1 3/4 1/2 1/4 and

Fig.4.2 Plastic Neutral Axis Position d / 2 t

dn

d/2 30

Case (iii) More than half the area is under compression, while other parts of the cross section are in tension.

Neutral Axis position : 0

dn

d/2t

a) Axial Load Capacity:

Pu

bc ( dc / 2 + dn ) pck

2t ( 2 dn) py

Substituting bc = b 2t and dc = d 2t in the above in the equation, we get P u / pck bc dc = {(b 2t)(d/2 t + dn )pck + 4tdn py} / {pck(b 2t)(d 2t)}

Substituting b = xt and d = xyt in the above & cancelling t2 term, we get

P u / pck bc dc

{ (x 2)(xy/2 1 + dn/t) pck + 4(dn /t) py} / { pck (x - 2)( xy 2) }

b) Moment Capacity:

In this case both the steel and concrete contributes for the moments, hence

Mu Where Zps Zpc

( Zps Zpsn ) py + 0.5 ( Zpc Zpcn ) pck

b d2 / 4 bc dc 2 / 4

( b 2 t )( d 2 t)2 / 4 2t dn2 ( b 2 t )( d 2 t)2 / 4 ( b 2 t ) dn 2 31

Zpsn = = Zpcn =

2t (2dn)2 / 4 = = bc (2dn)2 / 4 =

Dividing both sides of the equation by pck bc dc2, also substituting these values in the above equation & then dividing both numerator & denominator by t3 , we get Mu/pckbcdc2 = {[x3y2 - (x-2)(xy-2)2]/4 - 2(dn/t)2}py + [(x-2)(xy-2)2/4 - (x -2)(dn/t)2 ]pck / 2 {pck ( x - 2)( x y 2 )2} c) Values of dn / t used : i) dn / t ii) dn / t iii)dn / t iv) dn / t v) dn / t = = = = = 0 (Maximum Bending Moment)

0.1xy 0.2xy 0.3xy 0.4xy and

Fig.4.3 Plastic Neutral Axis Position 0

dn

d/2t

Case (iv) Less than half the area is under compression, while other parts of the cross section are in tension.

Neutral Axis position : 0

dn

d/2t

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a) Axial Load Capacity:

Pu

bc ( dc / 2 - dn ) pck

2t ( 2 dn) py

Substituting bc = b 2t and dc = d 2t in the above in the equation, we get P u / pck bc dc = {(b 2t)(d/2 t - dn )pck - 4tdn py} / {pck(b 2t)(d 2t)}

Substituting b = xt and d = xyt in the above & cancelling t2 term, we get

P u / pck bc dc

{ (x 2)(xy/2 1 - dn/t) pck - 4(dn /t) py} / { pck (x - 2)( xy 2) }

b) Moment Capacity:

In this case both the steel and concrete contributes for the moments and the moment capacity is equal to that derived in case (iii), hence Mu/pckbcdc2 = {[x3y2 - (x-2)(xy-2)2]/4 - 2(dn/t)2}py + [(x-2)(xy-2)2/4 - (x -2)(dn/t)2 ]pck / 2 {pck ( x - 2)( x y 2 )2} c) Values of dn / t used : i) dn / t ii) dn / t iii)dn / t iv) dn / t = = = = 0.1xy 0.2xy 0.3xy 0.4xy and

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Fig.4.4 Plastic Neutral Axis Position 0

dn

d/2t

Case (v) For a column cross section in pure bending the neutral axis is not the same as the axis of symmetry of the cross section.

Neutral Axis position : 0

dn

d/2t

a) Axial Load Capacity:

Pu =

0 ( Total compression = Total Tension)

b) Moment Capacity:

The moment capacity for this case is equal to that derived in case (iii), but the values of dn / t is arrived by equating total compression to total tension, bc (dc / 2 - dn) pck = 4tdn py (or) (b 2t)(d / 2 t - dn ) pck = 4tdn py

dn = (b 2t)(d - 2t )pck / { 2bpck + 4t(2py pck)} Substituting bc = b 2t and dc = d 2t in the above in the equation, we get dn / t = (x 2)(xy - 2)pck / { 2xpck + 4 (2py pck)} 34

4.4 CIRCULAR CROSS SECTION

Fig. 4.5 Circular Cross Section As py / pck ( dc2 / 4 )

Steel ratio

As py

= =

As py / Ac pck pck ( dc2 / 4 )

Equation for determining value of x = d / t for a particular steel ratio : Let x = d / t => d = xt Ac As ; = ( d 2 t)2 / 4 ( d - dc)2 / 4 = = t2 ( x 2 )2 / 4 t(dt) = dc 2 / 4 = = t2 ( x 1 ) pck { t2 ( x 2 )2 / 4 }

d2 / 4 - Ac =

Substituting the above in the equation for , we get { t 2 ( x 1 ) } py = Dividing by t2, we get ( x 1 ) py = pck ( x 2 )2 / 4 x2 ( pck ) 4x ( pck + py ) + 4( pck + py ) = 0 Solving the above quadratic equation for x, we get x = {2 ( pck + py ) + 2 [( pck + py )2 pck ( pck + py ) ]^0.5} / ( pck ) This is same as the corresponding equation for Square section.

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4.4.1 Axial Load And Moment Capacity For Different Neutral Axis Positions

Axial load and moment capacity can be computed from assumed neutral axis positions. Each position of the neutral axis represents one point in the interaction curve for section capacity. Sufficient points are developed to get a smooth curve that represents the capacity of a given cross section. Four different cases of neutral axis positions are selected.

Case (i) The whole cross section is under compression.

a) Axial Load Capacity:

Pu P u / pck dc
2

= = =

Ac pck ( dc / 4) pck / (1+)/4

2

+ pck dc2 +

As py As py / pck dc2

P u / pck bc dc b) Moment Capacity:

Since the whole part is in compression the moment capacity is zero. Mu = 0.

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