M.Sc.

Advanced Structural Engineering

Lecture 9 Frame Stability - 2nd order effects in sway frames

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

Sway frames 2nd order effects

Consider a cantilever with horizontal and vertical loads applied at the free end: V P P

2
P

Applied load on the cantilever

1st order effects: 1 due to P alone M = (P h)

2nd order effects: 2 due to P and V M = (P h) + (V 2)

Figure 9.1
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 2

Sway frames 2nd order effects (cont.)

Second-order effects apply to both isolated members and to complete structures.

Local bow effect in isolated member

EC3-1-1

Global effect due to sway of frame

Clause 5.2.1(2)

Fi Figure 9.2 92

The The effects of the deformed geometry (second-order effects) should be considered if they increase the action effects significantly or modify significantly the structural b h i behaviour.
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 3

Sway frames: 2nd order effects Elastic methods of analysis

The in-plane second-order effects can be allowed for by using a first-order analysis in one of the following three methods: 1. the amplified sway moment method, 2 the iterative method 2. or

3. the sway-mode buckling method. Method 1 is the simplest and most straight forward for ard method the principles of which hich are given in Clause 5.2.2 of EN 1993-1-1. The h imperfections i f i existing i i in i frames f sensitive i i to buckling b kli in i a sway mode d should h ld be allowed for in a frame analysis by means of equivalent imperfections as follows: 1. relative initial local bow imperfections of members for flexural buckling and 2. global initial sway imperfections.
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 4

Sway frames: 2nd order effects local bow imperfections

EC3-1-1

Clause 5.2.2(3)(b)

The relative local bow imperfections of members for flexural buckling can be estimated from: e 0/ L (EN 1993-1-1: Equation 5.6)

where L is the member length Notes: The value of e0/L may be given in The National Annex, recommended values are given in Table 5.1. It is unlikely that sway frame columns will be sufficiently slender to require consideration id ti of f local l l bow b imperfections. i f ti
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 5

Sway frames: 2nd order effects local bow imperfections (cont.)

EC3-1-1

Clause 5.3.2 (6)

The sensitivity of a frame to local bow imperfections is determined in accordance with Clause 5.3.2(6) of EN 1999-1-1, i.e. Local bow imperfections should be considered when: 1 1. 2. at least one moment resisting joint is present at one end and when
> 0, 5
Afy N Ed

(EN 1993-1-1: Equation 5.8)

where:

NEd is the design value of the compression force, is the in-plane non-dimensional slenderness calculated for the member

g at its ends. considered as hinged

6

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

Sway frames: 2nd order effects- equivalent horizontal forces (cont.)

Initial bow imperfections can be represented by equivalent horizontal forces as indicated in Clause 5.3.2.(7) NEd NEd
EC3-1-1

Clause 5.3.2(7)

wL/2

Consider the moment at the mid-height position: NEde0,d = (w L/2 L/4) + (w/2 L/2) = + wL2/8 w = (8NEde0,d)/L2 and wL/2 = (4NEde0,d)/L WL/2 e0,d w kN/m L

Figure 9.3

NEd

NEd
7

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

Sway frames: 2nd order effects - sway imperfections

EC3-1-1

Clause 5.3.2(4)B

For building frames sway imperfections may be disregarded where: HEd 0,15VEd where: HEd is the design value of the horizontal reaction at the bottom of the storey to the horizontal loads and fictitious horizontal loads, VEd is the total design vertical load on the structure on the bottom of the storey. (EN 1993-1-1: Equation 5.7)

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

Sway frames: 2nd order effects- sensitivity to sway

EC3-1-1

Clause 5.2.1(3)

First-order analysis may be used if the following criterion is satisfied: For elastic analysis - cr =
Fcr 10 FEd FEd

For plastic analysis - cr = Fcr 15 where:

(EN 1993-1-1: Equation 5.1)

cr is the factor by which the design loading would have to be increased to cause
elastic instability in a global mode, FEd is i the th design d i load l d on the th structure t t and d Fcr is the elastic critical buckling load for the global instability mode based on initial elastic stiffness.
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 9

Sway frames: 2nd order effects- sensitivity to sway (cont.)

Portal frames with shallow roof slopes (i.e. < 26) and beam-and-column type plane frames in buildings may be checked for sway mode failure with first order analysis if the criteria given in Equation (5.1) are satisfied for each storey.
I these In th cases cr may be b approximated i t d from: f cr = Ed h where: V Ed H,Ed HEd is the design value of the horizontal reaction at the bottom of the storey to H h

the horizontal loads and fictitious horizontal loads, VEd is the total design vertical load on the structure on the bottom of the storey,

H,Ed is the horizontal displacement at the top of the storey, relative to the bottom
of the storey, when the frame is loaded with (horizontal loads) and fictitious horizontal loads which are applied at each floor level, h i the is th storey t h i ht height
(Neglect: see NCCI - SN004 in (access steel))
10

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

Sway frames: 2nd order effects- sensitivity to sway (cont.)

NCCI (SN004a-EN-EU):
H Ed h cr = V , Ed H,Ed

(EC3: Equation (5.2))

This NCCI from www.access-steel.com sets out the basis for the calculation of crit. Three alternatives are given for the direct application of Equation (5.2) as given in EN 1993-1-1.
Horizontal i l loads l d (P ( 1 to P4) (e.g. wind + fictitious loads)
HEd,3 = P4 HEd,2 = P4 + P3 HEd,1 = P4 + P3 + P2 HEd,0 = P4 + P3 + P2 + P1
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

P4 P3 P2 P1

4 3 2 1

H,Ed = 4 3 H,Ed = 3 2 H,Ed = 2 1 H,Ed = 1

Figure 9.4
11

Sway frames: 2nd order effects- sensitivity to sway (cont.)

1. Use Equation (5.2) with HEd determined by the fictitious horizontal loads from the initial sway s a imperfections in 5.3.2(7) 5 3 2(7) alone and with ith H,Ed as the displacements arising from these fictitious horizontal loads (i.e. exclude the effects of any other horizontal loads, such as wind loads). 2. Calculate cr by computer by finding the first sway-mode from an eigenvalue i l analysis. l i When Wh using i this thi type t of f analysis, l i it is i important i t t to t study the form of each buckling mode to see if it is a frame mode or a local column mode. 3. Fcr may ay be found ou d from o des design g c charts a ts app appropriate op ate to t the e type o of bu building d g considered.
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 12

Sway frames: 2nd order effects- global initial sway imperfections

EC3-1-1

Clause 5.3.2(3)(a)

The global initial sway imperfections are estimated by assuming an initial sway of the h frame f d to as shown due h b l below:

Figure 9.5 95
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 13

Sway frames: 2nd order effects- global initial sway imperfections

The global initial sway imperfections due to the sway angle are estimated from:

= 0hm
where:

(EN 1993-1-1: 1993 1 1 Equation E ti 5.5) 5 5)

0 is the basic value: 0 = 1/200, h is the reduction factor for height g h applicable pp to columns: 2 2 h 1, 0 where h = but 3 h
h is i the h total l height h i h of f the h structure in i metres,

is the reduction factor for the number of columns in a row =

1 0, 5 1 + m

m is the number of columns in a row including only those columns which carry a vertical load NEd 50% of the average g of the column in the vertical p plane considered.
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 14

Sway frames: 2nd order effects- equivalent horizontal forces

Initial sway imperfections can be represented by equivalent horizontal forces as indicated in Clause 5.3.2.(7) NEd NEd x EC3-1-1
Clause 5.3.2(7)

P x=h Consider rotational force about the base: NEd x = NEd h = Ph P = NEd h

Figure 9.6
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

NEd

NEd
15

Methods of Global Structural Analysis: Sway imperfections

1. For unbraced frames with low slenderness, i.e. cr 10, 10 0 for elastic analysis 1st order analysis only is required. For unbraced frames with moderate slenderness, i.e. 10, 0 > cr 3, 0 for elastic analysis 1st order analysis combined with an amplifying factor for horizontal loads equal to 1 1
1 may be used. cr

2.

3.

For unbraced frames with high slenderness, i.e. cr < 3, 0 for elastic analysis A more accurate 2nd order analysis is required.

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

16

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Unbraced, two-storey frame

Using the data given, determine the design loads required for a first-order analysis which allows for second order sway sway-effects effects of the frame indicated. indicated

6,0 m

6,0 m

Figure 9.7
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 17

4,0 m

3,5 m

Sway frames: Example 9.1 frame data

Outer columns: 203 x 133 x 30 UB Iyy = 2896 cm4 Ag = 38,2 cm2 Iyy = 4005 cm4 Ag = 36,1 36 1 cm2 Iyy = 24330 cm4 Ag = 85,5 cm2 Iyy = 33320 cm4 Ag = 94,6 cm2
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Second moment of area about major axis Gross Cross-sectional area Inner columns: 254 x 102 x 28 UB Second moment of area about major axis G Gross C Cross-sectional ti l area Roof beams 406 x 178 x 67 UB Second moment of area about major axis Gross Cross-sectional area Floor beams: 457x 191 x 74 UB Second moment of area about major axis Gross Cross-sectional area
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

Sway frames: Example 9.1 design data

Frame spacing Fl Floor l d loads characteristic permanent load (gk,1) characteristic variable load Roof loads characteristic permanent load (gk2) characteristic variable load due to snow Wind loads windward side of building leeward side of building (wk,windward ) , (wk,leeward) 0,45 kN/m2 0,20 kN/m2 (qk,2) 5,0 kN/m2 1,5 kN/m2 (qk,1) 5,65 kN/m2 2,5 kN/m2 8,0 m

Assume the altitude of the site is g greater than 1000 m above mean sea level.
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 19

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution

Fundamental Combination (i.e. excluding accidental and seismic effects)

NA EC0

Clause 6.4.3.2(3)

EN 1993-1-1: Equation (6.10)

j 1

G,jGk,j

+ Q,1Qk,1 +

i >1

Q,i 0,iQk,i

Permanent Actions

Leading Variable Action

Accompanying Variable Actions

Assume the wind load to be the leading variable action

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 20

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

Using Equation (6.10)

j 1

G,j G jGk,j kj

+ Q,1 Q 1Qk,1 k1+

i >1

Q Q,i i 0,i 0 iQk,i ki

Combination Factors Table NA.A1.2(b) - G = 1,35 Table NA.A1.2(b) - Q,f = 1,5 Table NA.A1.2(b) - Q,s = 1,5 Table bl NA.A1. A A1 Table NA.A1. NA A1
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

- 0,variable floor = 0,7 0 - 0,snow = 0,7 07

21

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

Fd =

j 1

G,jGk,j

+ Q,1Qk,1 +

i >1

Q,i 0,iQk,i

gk,1 5 65 kN/m2 k 1 = permanent floor load = 5,65 gk,2 = permanent roof load = 5,0 kN/m2 qk,2 = variable floor load qk,3 = variable i bl snow load l d Qk,1 , = wwindward load Qk,2 = wleeward load = 2,5 kN/m2 = 1,5 1 5 kN/m kN/ 2 = 0,45 kN/m2 = 0,20 kN/m2

g,1 1 35 1 = 1,35 g,2 = 1,35 q,2 = 1,5 q,2 = 0,7 q,3 = 1,5 1 5 q,3 = 0,7 07 Q, Q,1 = 1,5 Q,1 = 1,5

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

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Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

Leading variable due to wind load Design loads for frames at 8,0 m centres Roof load: Froof = [(1,35 5,0) + (1,5 0,7 1,5)] 8,0 = 66,60 kN/m Floor load: Ffloor = [(1,35 5,65) + (1,5 0,7 2,5)] 8,0 = 82,02 kN/m Wind load: Fwindward = [(1,5 0,45) 8,0] Fleeward = [(1,5 0,20) 8,0]
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

= 5,40 kN/m = 2,40 kN/m

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Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

Initial Design loads
66,60 kN/m

5,40 kN/m

82,02 kN/m

wind direction

2,40 kN/m 4,0 m 6,0 m 6,0 m

Figure 9.8
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 24

3,5 m

Figure 9.9 99
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 25

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

QSE Analysis results
5,4 kN/m 66,60 kN/m

82,02 kN/m

2,40 kN/m

Figure 9.10
6,0 m 6,0 m

166 kN

465 kN

169 kN

Figure 9.11
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

365 kN

1034 kN

385 kN

4,0 m

wind i d direction

3,5 m

26

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

Check if local bow imperfection calculations are required
EC3-1-1

Clause 5.3.2(6)/Equation 5.8

> 0,5

Af y N Ed

Afy Ncr

Afy Ncr

> 0,5

Afy NEd

NEd > 0,25Ncr

Note: this is the in-plane non-dimensional slenderness Outer columns:

Ncr =
Inner columns:

2EI 2 210000 2896 104

l
2

4000 10
2

= 3751 kN

0,25Ncr = 937,8 kN

NEd = 365 kN < 0,25Ncr

Ncr =

2EI 2 210000 4005104

l
2

4000 10
2

= 5188 kN

, Ncr = 1297 kN 0,25

NEd = 1034 kN < 0,25Ncr Since Equation (5 (5.8) 8) is not satisfied local bow imperfections do not have to be considered.
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 27

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

Check need for sway imperfection calculations
EC3-1-1

Clause 5.3.2(4)B

when

HEd 0,15VEd

(EN 1993-1-1: Equation 5.7)

sway imperfections may be disregarded. where HEd and VEd are defined in Clause 5.2.1(4)B i.e. HEd VEd is the design value of the horizontal reaction at the bottom of the storey to the horizontal loads. is the total design vertical load on the structure on the bottom of the storey. y
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 28

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

EC3-1-1

Clause 5.3.2(4)B

HEd = (Fwindward + Fleeward ) = [(5,4 + 2,4) 7,5] = 58,50 kN [(66,60 , + 82,02) , ) 12,0] , ] = 1783,4 , kN VEd = (Froof + Ffloor ) = [( 0,15VEd = (0,15 1783,4) = 267,51 kN (> HEd) Since HEd < 0,15 0 15VEd sway imperfections must be considered. considered Check Sensitivity to Sway: cr
EC3-1-1

Clause 5.2.1(3)

First-order analysis may be used if the following criteria is satisfied:

Fcr 10 For elastic analysis - cr = FEd

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

(EN 1993-1-1: Equation 5.1)

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Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

Portal frames with shallow roof slopes (i.e. < 26) and beam-and-column type plane frames in buildings may be checked for sway mode failure with first order analysis if the criteria given in Equation (5.1) is satisfied for each storey. In these cases cr may be approximated from:

cr

H Ed h = V Ed H,Ed

(EN 1993-1-1: Equation 5.1)

where:

H,Ed is the horizontal displacement at the top of the storey, relative to the bottom
of the storey, when the frame is loaded with horizontal loads and fictitious pp at each floor level, horizontal loads which are applied
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 30

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

H,Ed can be determined from a frame analysis using computer software , e.g. QSE
or equivalent. q In this case the analysis y is carried out using g the equivalent q horizontal loads and the design vertical loads as shown.
EC3 1 1 EC3-1-1

Clause 5.3.2(3)

= 0 h m
66,6 , kN/m

(EN 1993-1-1: Equation 5.5)

EC3 1 1 EC3-1-1

Figure 5.4

Hroof
82 02 kN/m 82,02 3,5 5m 6,0 m
31

H = NEd
Hfloor

Figure 9.12
6,0 m
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

4,0 m

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

= 0hm
(EN 1993-1-1: Equation 5.5)

m is dependent on the number of columns in a row including only those which

carry y a vertical load NEd not less than 50% of the average g value of the column in the vertical plane considered. NEd,average = [(66,60 + 82,02) 12]/3 166 kN = 595,20 595 20 kN 50% NEd,average = 297,60 kN Consider 3 columns for m
365 kN 1034 kN 385 kN 465 kN 169 kN

Figure 9.13
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 32

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

= 0hm 0 = 1/200,
2 2 = = 0,730 , h = h 7,5
(EN 1993-1-1: Equation 5.5)

2 , but h 1,0 3

m =

1 1 0 5 1 + = 0 0,5 0,5 5 1 + = 0 0,816 816 m 3

The vertical load NEd 50% of the average of the column in the vertical plane considered.

= 0hm = (0,005 (0 005 0,730 0 730 0,816) 0 816) = 0,003 0 003

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

33

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

Equivalent horizontal forces due to sway imperfections:
EC3-1-1

Fi Figure 5.4 54

H = NEd

Hroof = [ (qroof L)] = [ [0,003 , ( (66,60 , 12,0)] , )] = 2,40 , kN Hfloor = [ (qfloor L)] = [0,003 (82,02 12,0)] = 3,05 kN Portal frames with shallow roof slopes (i.e. < 26) and beam-and-column type plane frames in buildings may be checked for sway mode failure with first order analysis if the criteria given in Equation (5.1) is satisfied for each storey. In these cases cr may be approximated from: cr = Ed V Ed H,Ed (S Clause (See Cl 5 2 2(6)B for 5.2.2(6)B f multi-storey lti t f frames) )
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 34

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

QSE Analysis results for the horizontal displacement H,Ed at each storey due to equivalent horizontal loads. loads
2,40 kN 3,5 m 3 05 kN 3,05 4,0 0m 6,0 m 6,0 m

Figure 9.14 9 14
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 35

Figure g 9.15
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 36

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

Portal frames with shallow roof slopes (i.e. < 26) and beam-and-column type plane frames in buildings may be checked for sway mode failure with first order analysis if the criteria g given in Equation q (5.1) ( ) is satisfied for each storey. y In these cases cr may be approximated from: cr
H Ed h = V Ed H,Ed

Relative horizontal displacements for each storey:

H,Ed,roof (2 142 1,570) 1 570) = 0,572 0 572 mm; H Ed f = (2,142 H,Ed,floor = 1,570 mm
VEd,roof = (66,60 12) = 799,20 kN VEd,floor = (82,02 12) = 984,24 kN
37

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

Upper storey:

cr = Ed = 18 38 10 0,572 = 18,38 799,20 VEd H,Ed

Lower storey:

2,40 3500

H Ed,roof + H Ed,floor cr = V Ed,roof + VEd,floor

= 7,79 < 10
EC3-1-1

h H,Ed,floor

2,40 + 3,05 4000 = 799,20 + 984,24 1,57

Clause 5.2.1(3)

Fcr 10 sway effects can be neglected. If cr = FEd

Since the minimum value of cr = 7,79 i.e. < 10 sway effects cannot be neglected.

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

38

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

EC3-1-1

Clauses 5.2.2(5)B and (6)B

The 2nd Order sway effects may be calculated according to 1st Order theory if the horizontal loads i.e. wind and equivalent horizontal loads are increased by a factor equal to

1 provided that cr 3,0. 1 1 cr

In this case cr 7,79 and the method can be used.

1 1 Multiplying factor = = = 1,147 1 1 7,79 1 1 cr
39

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

EC3-1-1

Clauses 5.2.2(5)B and (6)B

The following loads are considered for a 1st order analysis: Froof = 66,60 kN/m Ffloor = 82,02 82 02 kN/m Fwindward = (1,147 5,4) = 6,19 kN/m Fleeward = (1,147 2,4) = 2,75 kN/m Hroof = (1,147 2,4) = 2,75 kN/m Hfloor = (1,147 3,5) = 4,01 kN/m
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 40

Sway frames: Example 9.1 Solution (cont.)

Design loads using 1st order analysis to allow for 2nd order effects
66 60 kN/m 66,60 2,75 kN 3,5 m 2,75 kN/m 4,0 m 6,0 m 6,0 m

6,19 kN/m 4,01 kN

82,02 kN/m

Figure 9.16
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

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Figure 9.17
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 42

Figure 9.18
Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie 43

Figure 9.19

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

44

THE END KONIEC

FIN SAMAPT

DAS ENDE T Ts

Dr. W.M.C. McKenzie

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