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GCSE Science A
Unit 3
Physics
Summary Notes Part 1
(P1-P3)
Prepared and compiled by
Steve Bishop
March 2013
Contents
P1.1 The transfer of energy by heating processes and the factors that affect the rate at
which that energy is transferred .............................................................................................. 3
P1.1.1 Infrared radiation ...................................................................................................... 4
P1.1.2 Kinetic theory ............................................................................................................ 4
P1.1.3 Energy transfer by heating ....................................................................................... 5
P1.1.4 Heating and insulating buildings ............................................................................... 7
P1.2 Energy and efficiency ...................................................................................................... 9
P1.2.1 Energy transfers and efficiency .............................................................................. 10
P1.3 The usefulness of electrical appliances ........................................................................ 11
P1.3.1 Transferring electrical energy ................................................................................. 12
GCSE questions .................................................................................................................... 14
compare ways in which energy is transferred in and out of objects by heating and ways in which
the rates of these transfers can be varied
evaluate the design of everyday appliances that transfer energy by heating, including economic
considerations
evaluate the effectiveness of different types of material used for insulation, including U-values
and economic factors including payback time
evaluate different materials according to their specific heat capacities.
Key words
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Emit
Absorb
Conductor
Insulator
Kinetic theory
Evaporation
Condensation
Energy
Work
Transfer
U-values
Payback time
Specific heat capacity
The diagram above shows the difference between a solid, liquid and a gas.
As a substance is heated the particles will vibrate more and move about more.
In a solid the particles are arranged in a tight pattern, they dont have much energy and so only
vibrate a little
In a liquid the particles are close together, but can move past each other.
In a gas the particles have much more energy than in
liquids or solids, they are free to move in any direction.
Heating gives the particles more energy; this will cause
solids to melt and liquids to boil.
b) The particles of solids, liquids and gases have
different amounts of energy.
Convection
As air warms up, it expands and so is less dense. It will then rise. As it
cools it becomes more dense and so will sink.
Cavity wall insulation this is foam squirted between the gaps between bricks. It reduces
conduction and convection.
A jacket for the hot water tank this reduces conduction and radiation.
Payback time the time taken to recoup the initial payment - for these is calculated by:
Initial cost annual saving
Example
It costs 250 to install and fit loft insulation in a house. It saves 50 a year.
How long is the payback time?
Solution using: Payback time = Initial cost annual saving
Then
250 50 = 5 years.
U-values
a) U-values measure how effective a material is as an insulator.
The U-value shows how fast heat can transfer through a material.
The higher the U-value the faster the heat transfer.
b) The lower the U-value, the better the material is as an insulator.
Good insulators have a low U-value.
c) Solar panels may contain water that is heated by radiation from the Sun. This water may then be
used to heat buildings or provide domestic hot water.
d) The specific heat capacity of a substance is the amount of energy required to change the
temperature of one kilogram of the substance by one degree Celsius.
It indicates how much energy a substance can store.
E=mxcx
E is energy transferred in joules, J
m is mass in kilograms, kg
is temperature change in degrees Celsius, C
c is specific heat capacity in J / kg C
Example
How much energy is required to heat 3 kg of water from 20 C to 100 C. The specific heat capacity
of water is 4200 J/ kgC.
Solution
Using E = m x c x
Substituting
m = 3 kg
c = 4200 J/ kgC
T = 100-20 = 80 C
Gives E = 3 x 4200 x 80
=
Other ways of reducing energy loss include:
replacing filament bulbs with low energy light bulbs and LED lighting
compare the efficiency and cost effectiveness of methods used to reduce energy consumption
describe the energy transfers and the main energy wastages that occur with a range of appliances
interpret and draw a Sankey diagram.
Key words
Appliance
Efficiency
Cost effectiveness
Sankey diagram
b) When energy is transferred, only part of it may be usefully transferred; the rest is wasted.
c) Wasted energy is eventually transferred to the surroundings, which become warmer. The wasted
energy becomes increasingly spread out and so becomes less useful.
10
I can:
compare the advantages and disadvantages of using different electrical appliances for a particular
application
consider the implications of instances when electricity is not available.
Key words
Appliance
Transducer
Dynamo
Power
Kilowatt-hours
11
12
Draw a chain diagram to show the energy changes that occur when:
A. An electric drill is switched on
b) The amount of energy an appliance transfers depends on how long the appliance is switched on
and its power.
Example
How much energy is transferred if a 1 kW fire is left on for 2 hours?
Solution
Using E = P x t
Substituting in P = 1 kW and t = 2 h gives
E = 1 x 2 = 2 kWh
13
GCSE questions
Q1.
Marbles inside a box can be used as a model for the particles in a solid, a liquid or a
gas.
Use words from the box to complete the following sentences. Each word can be used once, more
than once or not at all.
gas
liquid
solid
(a)
(b)
(c)
Q2.
Many people use a sleeping bag when they sleep in a tent. Sleeping bags, designed to
(i)
Complete the sentence by choosing the correct words from the box.
conduction
convection
radiation
Explain why the fibre is good at reducing heat loss from a person sleeping in the bag.
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
14
Q3.
(a)
Give two features of the flask which reduce heat loss by conduction.
1. ........................................................................................................
2. ........................................................................................................
(b)
Give one feature of the flask which reduces heat loss by radiation.
............................................................................................................
Q4.
(a)
in a metal saucepan.
(i)
Some energy is transferred from the hotplate to the air by infrared radiation.
15
Q5. (a)
(i)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(ii)
Why is heat energy transferred from hot water in the tank to the surrounding air?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(iii)
Name the process by which energy is transferred through the sides of the tank.
........................................................................................................................
(iv)
How may heat loss from the hot water tank be reduced?
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
16
(b)
One way of reducing heat loss from a house is by cavity wall insulation. Foam is pumped
between the inner and outer brick walls as shown in the diagram.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(ii)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Q6.
(a)
Use each of the terms in bold to explain how heat is lost from
conduction
convection
radiation
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
17
(b)
Besides heat, state one other form of energy that passes through double-glazed windows.
........................................................................................................................
(c)
Explain why plastic foam cavity wall insulation cuts down energy transfer between warm
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(a)
different ways.
(i)
........................................................................................................................
(ii)
What is the main way heat is transferred through the walls of a house?
........................................................................................................................
18
(b)
Calculate the percentage energy loss through the walls of the house.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(c)
Suggest the two most effective methods of reducing heat loss for this house.
1 ...................................................................................................................
2 ...................................................................................................................
Q8.
(a)
A home owner paid 10 to fit a hot water tank jacket. By doing this, he saved 15 a year on
.................................... months
(b)
Modern hot water tank jackets are made of a silvered plastic bag containing glass fibre
packing.
Explain how this type of jacket reduces heat loss from the hot water tank.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
19
Q9.
The gap between the two sheets of glass can be filled with either air or a mixture of air and
argon.
The U-values for different types of double glazed windows, using different types of glass
X and Y, are given in the table.
(a)
........................................................................................................................
(b)
Which two windows should be compared to decide if adding argon to the gap improves the
A householder is going to buy new windows. The sales assistant recommends that the
householder buys windows with a 20 mm gap. These windows are much more expensive than
those with a 16 mm gap.
It is not worth the householder paying the extra cost to buy 20 mm windows rather than 16 mm
windows.
20
Q10.
(i)
(a)
The diagram shows the average energy transferred each second by a television.
Suggest one environmental reason why the average efficiency of the television should be as
high as possible.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(iii)
Suggest why the energy transferred by a television set changes while you are watching it.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
21
(b)
The diagrams show the energy transferred each second for three different types of lamp.
For each lamp the electrical energy input each second is 100 joules.
The street lamp is the most efficient.
Explain why.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Which lamp is the least efficient?
........................................................................................................................
Q11.
(i)
............................................. J/s
22
(ii)
Suggest an environmental reason why the percentage efficiency of the motor should be as
high as possible.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(b)
If the microwave oven is turned on for 6 minutes, how much energy will it use?
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
State the units in your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Q12.
The diagram shows what happens to each 100 joules of energy from crude oil when it is
(a)
Complete the diagram by adding the correct energy value alongside each arrow.
23
(b)
Calculate how efficient the car engine is at transferring the energy from petrol into useful
movement.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Q13.
(a)
The diagrams in List A show three electrical appliances. Each appliance is designed
List B
Useful energy output
24
(b)
(i)
(ii)
Use the information in the diagram to calculate the efficiency of the TV.
Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Efficiency = ................................
(iii)
Q14.
The picture shows a food processor, which is used to grate, shred, liquidise and mix food.
(a)
Calculate the cost of the energy wasted by the food processor each day.
25
Q15.
(a)
26
(b)
years.
Calculate, in pounds, how much the new freezer was reduced in the sale.
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Price reduced by = ........................................
(c)
Replacing an old freezer with a new A rated freezer will benefit the environment.
Do you agree that replacing the freezer will benefit the environment?
Answer yes or no. ..............................
Explain the reasons for your answer.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Q16.
(a)
Four of the appliances, including the fan heater, are designed to transform electrical energy into
heat.
Name the other three appliances designed to transform electrical energy into heat.
1 .................................................................................................................................
2 .................................................................................................................................
3 .................................................................................................................................
27
(b)
heat
kinetic
sound
Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the line in the box that is correct.
Fan heater L
Q19.
(a)
fan heater M.
The instruction booklet for a washing machine contains the following information.
Calculate, in pence, the cost of using the washing machine for one HOT wash cycle.
Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
Cost = ................................... pence
(b)
Why does it cost more to use the washing machine on the HOT cycle than
28
Q17.
(a)
Match each of the following devices to the useful energy transformation that it is designed to
make.
Write the correct letter, A, B, C, D or E, in the box below the device. Use each letter once or not
at all.
(b)
(i)
...........................................................................................................................
(ii)
A new express boil kettle boils water faster than any other kettle.
Draw a fourth bar on the chart to show the possible power of an express boil kettle.
29
(c)
Some friends are going on holiday. They want to be able to boil water to make their own hot
drinks. They cannot decide which to take, a travel kettle or a small portable immersion heater that can
be placed in a mug.
(i)
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
(ii)
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
30
Q20.
(a)
Use the following equation to calculate, in kilowatt-hours, the amount of energy transferred from
the mains to the heater.
energy transferred = power time
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
Energy transferred = .............................. kilowatt-hours
(b)
Which heater will be the most expensive to run on its highest heat setting?
....................................................................................................................................................
(c)
A heater is needed for a small office. Comparing each type of heater with the other two, give
31