Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
The Bra ton c cle is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the workings of the gas turbine engine, basis of the airbreathing jet engine and others. It is named after George Brayton (1830 1892), the American engineer who developed it, although it was originally proposed and patented by Englishman John Barber in 1791.[1] It is also sometimes known as the Joule c cle . The Ericsson cycle is similar but uses external heat and incorporates the use of a regenerator.
Contents
1 History 2 Model 2.1 Solar Brayton cycle 3 Methods to increase power 4 Methods to improve efficiency 5 Reverse Brayton cycle 6 See also 7 References 8 External links
Histor
In 1872, George Brayton applied for a patent for his Ready Motor. The engine used a separate piston compressor and expander. The compressed air was heated by internal fire as it entered the expander cylinder. Brayton produced and sold "Ready Motors" to perform a variety of tasks like water pumping, mill operation, even marine propulsion. Critics of the day claimed the engines ran smoothly and had an efficiency of about 17%. Today the term Brayton cycle is generally associated with the gas turbine, even though Brayton only built piston engines. The Brayton cycle is a cycle which can be used in both internal combustion engines (such as jet engines) and for external combustion engines. Although the Brayton cycle is usually run as an open system (and indeed m be run as such if internal combustion is used), it is conventionally assumed for the purposes of thermodynamic analysis that the exhaust gases are reused in the intake, enabling analysis as a closed system. Another interesting piece of Brayton cycle history was its use in the Selden patent. In the early days of the automobile, a creative attorney "Selden" claimed to have a patent for the internal combustion powered version. The patent drawings showed the use of Brayton cycle engine. Instead of paying royalties, Henry Ford fought the Selden patent. Ford argued his cars used the four-stroke Otto cycle and not the Brayton engine shown used in the Selden auto. Ford won the appeal of the original case.
Model
A Brayton-type engine consists of three components: A gas compressor A mixing chamber An expander In the original 19th-century Brayton engine, ambient air is drawn into a piston compressor, where it is compressed; ideally an isentropic process. The compressed air then runs through a mixing chamber where fuel is added, an isobaric process. The heated (by compression), pressurized air and fuel mixture is then ignited in an expansion cylinder and energy is released, causing the heated air and combustion products to expand through a piston/cylinder; another ideally isentropic process. Some of the work extracted by the piston/cylinder is used to drive the compressor through a crankshaft arrangement. The term Brayton cycle has more recently been given to the gas turbine engine. This also has three components: A gas compressor A burner (or combustion chamber) An expansion turbine Ideal Brayton cycle:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cycle 1/4
//
isentropic process - Ambient air is drawn into the compressor, where it is pressurized. isobaric process - The compressed air then runs through a combustion chamber, where fuel is burned, heating that aira constantpressure process, since the chamber is open to flow in and out. isentropic process - The heated, pressurized air then gives up its energy, expanding through a turbine (or series of turbines). Some of the work extracted by the turbine is used to drive the compressor. isobaric process - Heat rejection (in the atmosphere). Actual Brayton cycle: adiabatic process - Compression. isobaric process - Heat addition. adiabatic process - Expansion. isobaric process - Heat rejection.
Since neither the compression nor the expansion can be truly isentropic, losses through the compressor and the expander represent sources of inescapable working inefficiencies. In general, increasing the compression ratio is the most direct way to increase the overall power output of a Brayton system.[2] The efficiency of the ideal Brayton cycle is , where is the heat capacity ratio.[3] Figure 1 indicates
how the cycle efficiency changes with an increase in pressure ratio. Figure 2 indicates how the specific power output changes with an increase in the gas turbine inlet temperature for two different pressure ratio values.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cycle
2/4
//
//
A Brayton engine also forms half of the combined c cle system, which combines with a Rankine engine to further increase overall efficiency. However, although this increases overall efficiency, it does not actually increase the efficiency of the Brayton cycle itself. Cogeneration systems make use of the waste heat from Brayton engines, typically for hot water production or space heating.
See also
Gas turbine Jet engine Heat engines Thermodynamics Power HVAC Engineering Gerotor Closed-cycle gas turbine
References
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ^ according to Gas Turbine History (http://www.turbomachine.com/history/) ^ Lester C. Lichty, Comb ion Engine P oce e , 1967, McGraw-Hill, Inc., Lib.of Congress 67-10876 ^ http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/SPRING/propulsion/notes/node27.html Ideal cycle equations, MIT lecture notes ^ Research (http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/solgate_en.pdf) ^ Solhyco.com (http://www.greth.fr/solhyco/) Retrieved 2012-01-09 ^ http://www.max-boost.co.uk/max-boost/resources/docs/SwirlFlash_WI.pdf
E ternal links
Today in Science article on Brayton Engine (http://www.todayinsci.com/B/Brayton_George/BraytonGeorgeEngine2.htm) http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet? prog=normal&id=JSEEDO000126000003000872000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes http://elib.dlr.de/46328/ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V50-4GP6WDN1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_ Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brayton_cycle&oldid=473801352" Categories: Thermodynamic cycles This page was last modified on 29 January 2012 at 04:21. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of use for details. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brayton_cycle
4/4