ERRATUM MANUAL HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 2011, READER (p.

0)

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READER TO THIS MANUAL

This manual for hydraulic structures is part of the course Hydraulic Structures 1 at Delft University of
Technology (course code CT3330). It is primarily meant for use as a reference providing tools for the
preliminary design of hydraulic structures. Considerable parts of this manual have been treated in
other courses of the Civil Engineering BSc-track (structural mechanics, steel structures, concrete
structures, fluid mechanics and soil mechanics) and are included for the sake of completeness.

The design of hydraulic structures requires integration of knowledge of many disciplines. The method
how to apply the tools mentioned in this manual to accomplish an integrated design is explained in
the General Lecture Notes of CT3330 and during the lectures.

This manual, notwithstanding the fact that it just presents some useful tools, serves an educational
goal. The insight in physics and natural processes is a starting point for design, and therefore the use
of safety factors is not considered to be a main point of attention in this manual. This eventually leads
to some inconsistencies, with which we intend to deal during a later revision. So be careful when you
use this manual in engineering practice!















Manual Hydraulic Structures CT3330 Part II - 'Loads'
(Part II)
ERRATUM MANUAL HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 2011, PART II, SECTION 18.3 (pp 86-87)


18.3 Sainflou
In practice another simple approximation is often used for the total force on a wall, this method is known
as Sainflous method. This approach is shown schematically in Figure 18-2 and only applies to non-
breaking waves. The approach is based on Stokes second order wave theory, the waves have the shape
of a trochoid and complete reflection ( = 1) is assumed. In this case the still water level in front of the
vertical wall increases to SWL + h
0
.

( ) d k coth a k h
kw
=
2
0
2
1

where:
h
0
= height increase of mean water level in front of the structure [m]
a
kw
= half the wave height in front of the structure = H
refl
/2 [m]
H
refl
= design wave height in front of the structure (reflected wave) [m]
k = wave number of the incoming wave [m
-1
]
d = water depth before the sill [m]

Sainflou and Stokess second order wave theory lead to the same maximum pressures at mean water
level and near the bed as the linear theory; viz.:

( )
0 1
h a g p
kw
+ =

( )
'
kw
d k cosh
a g
p

=

0

where:
d' = water depth above foundation level of the structure [m]

The pressure between p
0
and p
1
is assumed to be linear. Therefore Sainflou leads to an overestimation of
the load for steep waves.


Figure 18-2 Sainflou: wave pressure
Manual for Hydraulic Structures Part IV '(Temporary) Structures'
(Part IV)


ERRATUM MANUAL HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 2011, PART IV, SECTION 38.5 (pp 223-224)

Horizontal dimensions
In order to prevent scour at both sides of a closure dam, quite some research on the required length of a
bed protection has been carried out during the execution of the Deltaworks in the Netherlands. This is
reported by Pilarczyk in 2.4.9 of In t Veld [1987]. Details can also be found in Schiereck [2000].
Because of turbulence and because there is only little transport over the protection, at the end of the
scour protection an erosion hole is formed. The maximum depth of the hole at a given moment (h
max
)
(Figure 38-7) can be calculated with the Breusers formula. When this scour hole becomes too deep, a
critical slope 1:n
s
may be exceeded and sliding may occur. For normal packed sand this will result in
normal sliding, but for loosely packed sand this may lead to liquefaction (zettingsvloeiing).


Figure 38-7 length of bottom protection

For a first estimate, the required length of the bottom protection can be calculated with:
L n
s
h
max
,
where:
= safety factor ( 1.0) [-]
1:n
s
= average slope of the slide [-]
h
max
= maximum scouring depth [m]

n
s
6 for densely packed, or cohesive material, n
s
15 for loosely packed material

The upper scour slope, , is usually much less steep than the natural slope of sediment under water.
Usual values for vary between 18and 26.

The time dependent scour formula of Breusers requires quite some information, which is difficult to
obtain. A simplification can be achieved by calculating the equilibrium depth of the scour hole and
assuming that there is no sand coming from upstream (clear water scour). In that case the scour depth is
given by:
( )
max
0
0.5 1 0.5 0
c
c
h u
for u u
h u
= >
in which h
0
is the initial water depth, u is the depth averaged velocity at the end of the bed protection, u
c
is
the critical velocity of the sand and is a coefficient to include turbulence effects. The value of is in the
order of 3. The critical velocity u
c
can be calculated with the Shields equation:

50
2
C
c
d
u =

.
If no information is available, the maximum scouring depth may be assumed to be of the same magnitude
as the (initial) water depth h
0
. This assumption, however, is rather rough and only to be used as a first
indication.

References:
In t Veld [1987] Closure of tidal basins, Delft University press, ISBN 90-6275-287-X (downloadable from
tudelft repository).
Schiereck [2001] Introduction to Bed, Bank and Shore Protection, VSSD, ISBN ISBN 978-90-407-1683-6
Manual for Hydraulic Structures Part IV '(Temporary) Structures'
(Part IV)
ERRATUM MANUAL HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 2011 PART IV, SECTION 40.1, EXAMPLE (p. 239)
LOWER FIGURE






Manual for Hydraulic Structures Part IV '(Temporary) Structures'
(Part IV)
ERRATUM MANUAL HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 2011 PART IV, SECTION 40.1 (pp 244 246)

________________________________________________________________________________________________
Example calculation of required profile of an anchored sheetpile wall using Blum's method

In order to be able to compare the results between the iterative method and Blums method the same soil profile is used
as in the previous example, see Figure 40-11. Again it is assumed that the sheet pile wall is placed in a homogeneous
dry soil.

Figure 40-11 situation and soil profile.
Given
Active ground pressure coefficient (Ka) [-]
Passive ground pressure coefficient (Kp) 3 [-]
Volumetric weight of dry sand (d) 18 [kN/m
3
]
Retaining height (h) 6 [m]
Depth of the anchor between ground level (a) 1 [m]
Cohesion (c) 0 [kN/m
2
]
Wall friction for a smooth wall () 0 [ ]

Asked
Compute the required section modulus of the sheet pile wall using Blum's method.

Elaboration

Step 1. Compute the embedded depth (d) and the total length of the sheet piles (Lt)
For the computation of the horizontal displacement at the top of the sheet pile wall (which must be zero), the contribution
of the three types of loading can best be considered separately, see figure below. The displacements are computed using
the theory of bending beams, from applied mechanics.


Figure 40-12 Loads on the clamped sheet pile wall in Blums schematisation.

The first loading case is the anchor force (T), which leads to a horizontal displacement at the top of the sheet pile of:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
1
3 2 3 2
T h d a T h d a T h d a h d a T h d a h d a a
u a
EI EI EI EI
+ + + + + +
= + = +


The first term in this expression indicates the displacement of the wall at the point of application of the anchor force. The
second term is the additional displacement of the wall above this point (over length a) (kwispeleffect). For small angles
tan() , hence
atan() a

The loading as a result of the active soil pressure results in a horizontal displacement at the top of the sheet pile of:

Manual for Hydraulic Structures Part IV '(Temporary) Structures'
(Part IV)

( ) ( )
4 5
2
30 30
a d
q h d K h d
u
EI EI
+ +
= =



The loading as a result of the passive soil pressure results in a horizontal displacement at the top of the sheet pile of:


5 4
4 3
3
30 24 30 24
p d p d
K d K d h
q d q d
u h
EI EI EI EI


= + = +



The first term in the expression indicates the displacement at the top of the load, the second term is the additional
displacement of the wall above the top of the load.

The sum of these three displacements should be zero at the top of the sheet pile. After multiplication with

p d
EI
K
and
substituting ( ) T h d a + = ( )
3
3 1 1
6 6 a d p d
K h d K d +
(which follows from the condition that the bending moment at the toe of the sheet pile wall must be zero at the depth of
the clamped edge, i.e. the point of application of the substitute force R), this results in:


( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 2 2 3
3
5
3
5 4
18 18 12
0
12 30 30 24
a a
p p
a
p
h d h d a d h d a h d h d a a K K
K K
d h d a a h d K d d h
K
+ + + + +
+
+ +
+ + =


This is an equation of the third degree that can be solved iteratively by writing the equation in the following form:

(
| | | | | | | |
+ + + + +
(
| | | |
\ \ \ \
( | |
=
|
\
| | | | | | | |
+ + +
| | | |
\ \ \ \
3 2 2
5 4 5
3
2 2
5 4 5 5
1 20 1 30 1 12 1
20 1 30 1 12 15
a
p
K d d a d a d
h a h h
K h h h h h h
d
h
d a d a d d
h a h h h
h h h h h h


Starting from an initial estimate, e.g. d/h = 0, ever better estimates can be obtained by substituting the estimated value
into the right hand side of the equation. This result of the iteration process is presented in Table 40-3.

Iteration 1 2 3 4 4 6 7 8 9 10
d/h 0.3340 0.4874 0.5589 0.5920 0.6075 0.4666 0.6148 0.6182 0.6198 0.6206
Iteration 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
d/h 0.6209 0.6211 0.6212 0.6212 0.6212 0.6212 0.6212 0.6212 0.6212 0.6212
Table 40-3 Ratio of embedment depth over the retaining height for Kp/Ka = 9 and a/h = 0.17.

From Table 40-3 it can be concluded that the computed embedded depth is 6.00 0.6212 = 3.73 m. As already was
mentioned earlier it is common practise to increase the embedded depth by 20% in order to provide some safety within
the structure. The total length of the sheet piles becomes then:

= + = + 1.2 6 1.2 3.73 10.50 m.
t
L h d

Step 2. Compute the anchor force (T ) per m
1

( ) ( ) = + + + + =
1 1
, , 3 3
0 0
D a h p h
M F h d F d T h d a

Manual for Hydraulic Structures Part IV '(Temporary) Structures'
(Part IV)

Figure 40-13 Forces working on the sheet pile wall.

( )
( )
( )
, , ,
, , ,
2
2 1 1
, , 2 2
1 1
3 3
0
0
and
and
p h p p eff v w p d
a h a a eff v w a d
a h a d p h p d
K K d
K K h d
F K h d F K d
b h d c d



= + = +
= + = + +
= + =
= + =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )


= + + + + =
+ = +
+ +
= = =
+ +
1 1
, , 3 3
3
3 1 1
6 6
3 3
3 3 1 1 1 1 1
6 6 6 3 6 1
0 0
18 6 3.73 3 18 3.73
52.02 kN/m
6 3.73 1
D a h p h
a d p d
a d p d
M F h d F d T h d a
T h d a K h d K d
K h d K d
T
h d a


Step 3. Compute the substitute force (R) per m
1
( )
( )

= + + =
= + +
= + + +
= + + + = + + =
, ,
, ,
2
2 1 1
2 2
2
2 1 1 1 1
2 3 2
0 0
18 6 3.73 3 18 3.73 52.02 284.02 375.65 52.02 143.65 kN/m
a h p h
a h p h
a d p d
H F F T R
R F F T
R K h d K d T
R


Step 4. Compute the section modulus (Weff,y)
Determine where the shear force is zero:
( )
( )

+ =
+ + =
+ + =
= => =
, ,
2
2 1 1
2 2
2
2 1 1 1
2 2 3
2
0
0
3 18 52.02 18 6 0
24 36 55.98 0 2.45 m
p h a h
p d a d
F T F
K x T K h x
x x
x x x


Determine the maximum moment (Mmax):
( )
( )
= + + +
= + + +
= + =
1 1
max , , 3 3
3
3 1
6
1
( )
3 18 2.45 52.02 (6 2.45 1) 6 2.45
132.36 387.55 603.35 83.44 kNm/m
p h a h
M F x T h x a F h x


Determine the section modulus (Weff,y):

= = =
3 1
3 1
, 2
,
83.44 10 Nm/m
355 mm /m
235 N/mm
eff y
y d
M
W
f


According to Table 40-1 a Larsen 20 profile will suffice. Again no factors of safety are used.
________________________________________________________________________________________________

Manual for Hydraulic Structures Part IV '(Temporary) Structures'
(Part IV)
ERRATUM MANUAL HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 2011 PART IV, SECTION 40.3 (p 249)


40.3 Stiff structures
Stiff soil retaining structures are structures that keep the soil mass behind the structure in its place. They
can also maintain a difference in water levels on both sides of the structure. Examples of stiff soil or water
retaining structures are caissons, rectangular tunnel elements, basements, abutments (landhoofden),
sluice walls, gravity walls and cantilever walls.

Horizontal displacement of rigid soil retaining structures is normally spoken not allowed (maybe except for
some temporary structures during the construction phase). Therefore the design of soil retaining
structures should be based on the situation of neutral soil stress on both sides of the structure (as active
and passive soil stresses only develop after the structure exhibits some displacement)
1
. The neutral soil
pressure coefficient can be estimated using the formula proposed by Jaky:
0
1 sin K , where is the
angle of internal friction of the soil. If the friction angle is very small, e.g. soft clays, the neutral soil
pressure coefficient is close to 1. The neutral soil pressure coefficient of sand is close to approximately
0.5-0.7.

Calculation of the force exerted on a rigid structure by the soil per unit length can be carried out in three
steps:
Step 1: compute the vertical soil pressures.
Step 2: compute the neutral soil coefficient (K
0
) and determine the horizontal neutral soil pressures.
Step 3: compute the resulting horizontal force on the structure.

1
In some foreign literature active and passive soil stress is prescribed for these structures, apparently allowing some displacement. It is
advised to think very critically before using them.
Manual for Hydraulic Structures Part IV '(Temporary) Structures'
(Part IV)
ERRATUM MANUAL HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 2011 PART IV, EQUATION 44.16 (p 293)


Self-weight of the pile

Since the self-weight of a tension pile is working favourably for its strength it may be taken into account
as follows:


' '
, , ,
,
where
pile
pile d pile pile d pile d water
m g
W V

= = (44.16)
Where:
W
pile,d
= design value of the piles self-weight [kN]
V
pile
= pile volume [m
3
]

pile,d
= design volume for the effective volumetric weight of the pile [kN/m
3
]

pile
= volumetric weight of the pile [kN/m
3
]

m,g
= material factor for the pile weight (1.1) [-]

water
= volumetric weight of water [kN/m
3
]

Manual for Hydraulic Structures Part IV '(Temporary) Structures'
321 (Part IV)
ERRATUM MANUAL HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 2011, PART IV, FIGURE 48-1 (p 307)



Figure 48-1 Dirty-water pump (from www.pedrollo.co.uk/)