ABSTRACT

Any electrical power system consists of wide range of electrical, electronic and power electronic equipment in commercial and industrial applications. The quality of the power is effected by many factors like harmonic contamination, due to the increment of non-linear loads, such as large thyristor power converters, rectifiers, voltage and current flickering due to arc in arc furnaces, sag and swell due to the switching of the loads etc.since most of the electronic equipment is nonlinear in nature these will induce harmonics in the system, which affect the sensitive loads to be fed from the system.

These problems are partially solved with the help of LC passive filters. However, this kind of filter cannot solve random variation in the load current wave form and voltage wave form. Active filters can resolve this problem. However, the cost of active filters is high. They are difficult to implement in large scale. Additionally, they also present lower efficiency than shunt passive filters. One of the many solutions is the use of a combined system of shunt and active series filters like unified power quality conditioner which aims at achieving a low cost under highly effective control.

The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) device combines a shunt active filter together with a series active filter in a back-to-back configuration, to simultaneously compensate the supply voltage and the load current or to mitigate any type of voltage and current fluctuations and power factor correction in a power distribution network, such that improved power quality can be made available at the point of common coupling.

The present work study the compensation principle and different control strategies used here are based on PI controller of the UPQC in detail. The control strategies are modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The performance is also observed under influence of utility side disturbances such as harmonics, flicker and spikes. The simulation results are listed in comparison of different control strategies and for the verification of results.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION With increasing applications of nonlinear and electronically switched devices in distribution systems and industries, power-quality (PQ) problems, such as harmonics, flicker, and imbalance have become serious concerns. In addition, lightning strikes on transmission lines, switching of capacitor banks, and various network faults can also cause PQ problems, such as transients, voltage sag/swell, and interruption. On the other hand, an increase of sensitive loads involving digital electronics and complex process controllers requires a pure sinusoidal supply voltage for proper load operation. Power Quality (PQ) mainly deals with issues like maintaining a fixed voltage at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) for various distribution voltage levels irrespective of voltage fluctuations, maintaining near unity power factor power drawn from the supply, blocking of voltage and current unbalance from passing upwards from various distribution levels, reduction of voltage and current harmonics in the system and suppression of excessive supply neutral current. In order to meet PQ standard limits, it may be necessary to include some sort of compensation. Modern solutions can be found in the form of active rectification or active filtering. A shunt active power filter is suitable for the suppression of negative load

influence on the supply network, but if there are supply voltage imperfections, a series active power filter may be needed to provide full compensation. Conventionally, passive LC filters and fixed compensating devices with some degree of variation like Thyristor switched capacitors, Thyristor switched reactors were employed to improve the power factor of A.C. loads. Such devices have the demerits of fixed compensation, large size, ageing and resonance. Nowadays equipments using power semiconductor devices, generally known as active power filters (APF's), Active Power Line Conditioners (APLC's) etc. are used for the power quality issues due to their dynamic and adjustable solutions. Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) and Custom Power devices like DSTATCOM (Distributed Static Compensator), DVR (Dynamic Voltage Restorer), UPQC (Unified Power Quality Conditioner) etc. deal with the issues related to power quality using similar control strategies and concepts. In recent years, solutions based on flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) have appeared. The application of FACTS concepts in distribution systems has resulted in a new generation of compensating devices. A unified power-quality conditioner (UPQC) is the extension of the unified power-flow controller (UPFC) concept at the distribution level is one the best solution to make the overall power distribution system more healthy. It consists of combined series and shunt converters for simultaneous compensation of voltage and current imperfections in a supply feeder.

1.2 CUSTOM POWER DEVICES The concept of custom power was introduced by N.G.Hingorani. Like flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), the term custom power (CP) pertains to the use of power electronic controllers for distribution systems. Just as FACTS improves the reliability and quality of power transmission by simultaneously enhancing both power transfer volume and stability, the custom power enhances the quality and reliability of power that is delivered to customers. Under this scheme a customer receives a pre-specified quality power. This pre-specified quality may contain a combination of specifications of the following
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Frequency of rare power interruptions. Magnitude and duration of over and under voltages within specified limits. Low harmonic distortion in the supply voltage. Low phase unbalance. Low flicker in the supply voltage. Frequency of the supply voltage within specified limits.

There are many custom power devices. The compensating device either compensates a load, i.e., correct its power factor, unbalance etc. or improve the quality of the supplied voltage. The compensating power electronic devices are either connected in shunt or in series or a combination of the both. The family of emerging power electronic devices being offered to achieve these custom power objectives includes: Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) to protect the distribution system from the effects of a polluting e.g. fluctuating, voltage sags and swells and nonlinear loads. Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to protect a critical load from disturbance e.g. sags swells, transients or harmonics, originating on the interconnected distribution system. Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is the combination of series and shunt APF, which compensates supply voltage and load current imperfections in the distribution system. 1.2.1 Distributed Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) The Distributed Static Compensator (DSTATCOM) is a voltage source inverter based static compensator shown in Fig. 1.1 that is used for the correction of bus voltage sags. Connection (shunt) to the distribution network is via a standard power distribution transformer. The DSTATCOM is capable of generating continuously variable inductive
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or capacitive shunt compensation at a level up its maximum MVA rating. The DSTATCOM continuously checks the line waveform with respect to a reference ac signal, and therefore, it can provide the correct amount of leading or lagging reactive current compensation to reduce the amount of voltage fluctuations.

Fig 1.1 Block Diagram of the voltage source converter based DSTATCOM 1.2.1 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) The DVR mitigates voltage sags by injecting a compensating voltage into the power system in synchronous real time. The DVR is a high-speed switching power electronic converter that consists of an energy storage system that feeds three independent single-phase pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters. As shown in Fig. 1.2 the energy storage system for the DVR is a dc capacitor bank, which is interfaced to the PWM inverters by using a boost converter (dc to dc). The boost converter regulates the voltage across the dc link capacitor that serves as a common voltage source for the PWM inverters. The three voltage source single-phase PWM inverters (dc to ac) synthesize the appropriate voltage waveform as determined by the DVRs digital control system. This compensating voltage waveform is injected into the power system through three singlephase series injection transformers. The DVR control system compares the input voltage to an adaptive reference signal and injects voltage so that the output voltage remains within specifications.
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Fig 1.2 Schematic representation of the DVR 1.2.2 Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) The Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) is a more complete solution for the power quality problem. The basic structure of this equipment is shown in shown in Fig 1.3. In this figure, the UPQC is an association of a series and shunt active filter based on two converters with common dc link. The series converter has the function to compensate for the harmonic components (Including unbalances) present in the source voltages in such a way that the voltage on the load is sinusoidal and balanced.

Fig 1.3 Basic Block Diagram of UPQC The shunt active filter has the function of eliminating the harmonic components of nonlinear loads in such a way that the source current is sinusoidal and balanced. This
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equipment is a good solution for the case when the voltage source presents distortion and a harmonic sensitive load is close to a nonlinear load as shown in Fig 1.3. 1.3 THESIS ORGANISATION In this thesis, first chapter gives the complete introduction about the thesis. Second chapter explains about general introduction to active power filters (APFs), classification and operation of APFs are discussed. Various modulation techniques of APFs for generating gate pulses, and various methods implemented to generate the reference template are discussed. Third chapter explains about problem formulation. The fourth chapter explains about UPQC configurations, UPQC controller and control strategies used in MC-UPQC. It also gives implementation of series controller, shunt controllers and modeling of MCUPQC by using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Fifth chapter explains about the simulation results for different PQ problems in the adjacent feeders. Sixth chapter gives conclusion and future scope of the thesis.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

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2.1 INTRODUCTION Power electronic based power processing offers higher efficiency, compact size and better controllability. But on the flip side, due to switching actions, these systems behave as non-linear loads. Therefore, whenever, these systems are connected to the utility, they draw non-sinusoidal and/or lagging current from the source. As a result these systems pose themselves as loads having poor displacement as well as distortion factors. Hence they draw considerable reactive volt-amperes from the utility and inject harmonics in the power networks. Until now, to filter these harmonics and to compensate reactive power at factory level, only capacitor and passive filters were used. Passive filters have been widely used for the harmonic and reactive power mitigation in the power lines earlier. They are suitable for only eliminating only few harmonics, large size, ageing and resonance. More recently, new PWM based converters for motor control are able to provide almost unity power factor operations. This situation leads to two observations: on one hand, there is electronic equipment which generates harmonics and, on the other hand, there is unity power factor motor drive system which doesn't need power factor correction capacitor. Also, we cannot depend on this capacitor to filter out those harmonics. This is one of the reasons that the research is being done in the area of APF and less pollutant drives. Loads, such as, diode bridge rectifier or a thyristor bridge feeding a highly inductive load, presenting themselves as current source at point of common coupling (PCC), can be effectively compensated by connecting an APF in shunt with the load. On the other hand, there are loads, such as Diode Bridge having a high dc link capacitive filter. These types of loads are gaining more and more importance mainly in forms of AC to DC power supplies and front end AC to DC converters for AC motor drives. For these types of loads APF has to be connected in series with the load. The

voltage injected in series with the load by series APF is made to follow a control law such that the sum of this injected voltage and the input voltage is sinusoidal. Thus, if utility voltages are non-sinusoidal or unbalanced, due to the presence of other clients on
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the same grid, proper selection of magnitude and phase for the injected voltages will make the voltages at load end to be balanced and sinusoidal. The shunt APF acts as a current source and inject a compensating harmonic current in order to have sinusoidal, in-phase input current and the series APF acts as a voltage source and inject a compensating voltage in order to have sinusoidal load voltage. The developments in the digital electronics, communications and in process control system have increased the number of sensitive loads that require ideal sinusoidal supply voltage for their proper operation. In order to meet limits proposed by standards it is necessary to include some sort of compensation. In the last few years, solutions based on combination of series active and shunt active filter have appeared. Its main purpose is to compensate for supply voltage and load current imperfections, such as sags, swells, interruptions, imbalance, flicker, voltage imbalance, harmonics, reactive currents, and current unbalance. This combination of series and shunt APF is called as Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). In most of the articles control techniques suggested are complex requiring different kinds of transformations. The control technique presented here is very simple and does not require any transformation.

2.2 ACTIVE FILTERS The various nonlinear loads like Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs), bulk rectifiers, furnaces, computer supplies, etc. draw non sinusoidal currents containing harmonics from the supply which in turn causes voltage harmonics. Harmonic currents cause increases power system losses, excessive heating in rotating machinery, interference with nearby communication circuits and control circuits, etc. Active power filters are power electronic inverters connected to the power system to correct for harmonics or to provide reactive power to correct the fundamental voltage. The advantage of inverter based harmonic correction and reactive power support is speed of the response and the fact that any spare MVA capacity after fundamental voltage can be used for harmonic correction. The effectiveness of APF depends basically on three characteristics:
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The design characteristics of the PWM modulator. The method implemented to generate the reference template. The modulation method.

2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVE POWER FILTERS Active power filters can be classified as following i.e. based on converter used, topology used and supply-system used. Converter based classification Topology based classification Supply-system based classification

2.3.1 Converter based classification Current Source Inverter (CSI) Active Power Filter (Fig. 2.1) and Voltage Source Inverter Active Power Filter (VSI) (Fig. 2.2) are two classifications in this category. Current Source Inverter behaves as a non sinusoidal current source to meet the harmonic current requirement of the nonlinear loads. A diode is used in series with the selfcommutating device (IGBT) for reverse voltage blocking. However, GTO-based configurations do not need the series diode, but they have restricted frequency of switching. They are considered sufficiently reliable, but have higher losses and require higher values of parallel ac power capacitors. Moreover, they cannot be used in multilevel or multistep modes to improve performance in higher ratings.

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Fig 2.1 Current fed type AF

Fig 2.2 Voltage fed type AF

The other converter used as an AF is a voltage-fed PWM inverter structure, as shown in Fig 2.2. It has a self-supporting dc voltage bus with a large dc capacitor. It has become more dominant, since it is lighter, cheaper, and expandable to multilevel and multistep versions, to enhance the performance with lower switching frequencies. It is more popular in UPS-based applications, because in the presence of mains, the same Inverter Bridge can be used as an AF to eliminate harmonics of critical nonlinear loads.

2.3.2 Topology based Classification AFs can be classified based on the topology used as series or shunt filters, and unified power quality conditioners use a combination of both. Combinations of active series and passive shunt filtering are known as hybrid filters. Fig. 2.3 is an example of an active shunt filter, which is most widely used to eliminate current harmonics, reactive power compensation (also known as STATCON), and balancing unbalanced currents. It is mainly used at the load end, because current harmonics are injected by nonlinear loads. It injects equal compensating currents, opposite in phase, to cancel harmonics and/or reactive components of the nonlinear load current at the point of connection. It can also be used as a static VAR generator (STATCON) in the power system network for stabilizing and improving the voltage profile.
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The basic block of a stand-alone active series filter is shown in the Fig. 2.4. It is connected before the load in series with the mains, using a matching transformer, to eliminate voltage harmonics, and to balance and regulate the terminal voltage of the load or line. It has been used to reduce negative-sequence voltage and regulate the voltage on three-phase systems. It can be installed by electric utilities to compensate voltage harmonics and to damp out harmonic propagation caused by resonance with line impedances and passive shunt compensators. The hybrid filter shown in the Fig. 2.5, which is a combination of an active series filter and passive shunt filter. It is quite popular because the solid-state devices used in the active series part can be of reduced size and cost (about 5% of the load size) and a major part of the hybrid filter is made of the passive shunt LC filter used to eliminate lower order harmonics. It has the capability of reducing voltage and current harmonics at a reasonable cost.

Fig. 2.3 Shunt-type AF

Fig. 2.4 Series-type AF

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Fig. 2.5 Hybrid filter Fig. 2.6 Unified Power Quality Conditioner A unified power quality conditioner (also known as a universal AF) is shown in Fig. 2.6, which is a combination of active shunt and active series filters. The dc-link storage element (either inductor or dc-bus capacitor) is shared between two current-source or voltage-source bridges operating as active series and active shunt compensators. It is used in single-phase as well as three-phase configurations. It is considered an ideal AF, which eliminates voltage and current harmonics and is capable of giving clean power to critical and harmonic-prone loads, such as computers, medical equipment, etc. It can balance and regulate terminal voltage and eliminate negative-sequence currents. Its main drawbacks are its large cost and control complexity because of the large number of solid-state devices involved.
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2.3.3 Supply-System-Based Classification This classification of AFs is based on the supply and/or the load system having singlephase (two wire) and three-phase (three-wire or four-wire) systems. There are many nonlinear loads, such as domestic appliances, connected to single-phase supply systems. Some three-phase nonlinear loads are without neutral, such as ASDs, fed from three-wire supply systems. There are many nonlinear single-phase loads distributed on four-wire three-phase supply systems, such as computers, commercial lighting, etc. Hence, AFs may also be classified accordingly as twowire, three-wire, and four-wire types.

2.3.3.1 Two-Wire AFs Two-wire (single phase) AFs are used in all three modes as active series, active shunt, and a combination of both as unified line conditioners. Both converter configurations, currentsource PWM bridge with inductive energy storage element and voltage-source PWM bridge with capacitive dc-bus energy storage elements, are used to form two-wire AF circuits. In some cases, active filtering is included in the power conversion stage to improve input characteristics at the supply end. 2.3.3.2 Three-Wire AFs Three-phase three-wire nonlinear loads, such as ASDs, are major applications of solidstate power converters and, lately, many ASDs, etc., incorporate AFs in their front-end design. A large number of publications have appeared on three-wire AFs with different configurations. All the configurations shown in Figs 2.12.6 are developed, in three-wire AFs, with three wires on the ac side and two wires on the dc side. Active shunt AFs are developed in the current-fed type (Fig. 2.1) or voltage-fed type with single-stage (Fig. 2.2) or multi-step/multilevel and multiseries configurations. Active shunt AFs are also designed with three single-phase AFs with isolation transformers for proper voltage matching, independent phase control, and reliable compensation with unbalanced systems. Active series filters are developed for stand-alone mode
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(Fig. 2.4) or hybrid mode with passive shunt filters (Fig. 2.5). The latter (hybrid) has become quite popular to reduce the size of power devices and cost of the overall system. A combination of active series and active shunt is used for unified power quality conditioners (Fig. 2.6) and universal filters. 2.3.3.3 Four-Wire AFs A large number of single-phase loads may be supplied from three-phase mains with neutral conductor. They cause excessive neutral current, harmonic and reactive power burden, and unbalance. To reduce these problems, four-wire AFs have been attempted.

2.4 VOLTAGE TYPE VS CURRENT TYPE APFS A clear trend for preferred type of APFs does not exist. A choice depends on source of distortion at the specified bus, equipment cost, and amount of correction desired. Voltage-type has an advantage in that they can be readily expanded in parallel to increase their combined rating. Their combined switching rate can be increased if they are carefully controlled so that their individual switching times do not coincide. Therefore, using parallel voltage-type converters without increasing individual converter switching rates can eliminate higher order harmonics. Voltage type converters are lighter and less expensive than current-type converters. The main drawback of voltage-type converters lies in the increased complexity of their control system. For systems with several connected in parallel, this complexity is greatly increased. Current-type converters have advantages of excellent current controllability, easy protection and high reliability over Voltage source APF. More over CSI topology has superior characteristics compared to VSI topology in terms of direct injected current, which result in a faster response in time varying load environment and lower dc energy storage requirement. The drawback of the current source APF is larger power losses of the dc-link inductor. However, the current-type active power filter will become more attractive when the super conducting coils are
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available in the future. Losses are less important in low- power applications but very important in high power applications. Since they are easily expandable, voltage type APFs are likely to be used for network wide compensation. Current type APFs will continue to popular for single-node distortion problems. In other words, electric utility interest will likely to be focused on voltage type converters, while industrial users likely to use both type of converters.

2.5 OPERATION OF THREE PHASE ACTIVE POWER FILTERS In recent years, the power quality of the AC main system has become a great concern due to the rapidly increased number of electronic equipment. In order to reduce the harmonic contamination in power lines and improve the transmission efficiency Active power filters become essential. A current source is connected in parallel with nonlinear load and controlled to generate the harmonic currents needed for the load. The basic configuration of a three-phase three-wire active power filter is shown in Fig 3.7. The diode bridge rectifier is used as an ideal harmonic generator to study the performance of the Active filter. The current-controlled voltage-source inverter (VSI) is shown connected at the load end. This PWM inverter consists of six switches with anti-parallels diode across each switch. The capacitor is designed in order to provide DC voltage with acceptable ripples. In order to assure the filter current at any instant, the DC voltage V dc must be at least equal to 3/2 of the peak value of the line AC mains voltage.

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Fig 2.7 Configuration of the three-phase, three wire Active filtering system.

Three aspects have to be considered in the design of APF. The parameters of the inverter such as inverter switches and the values of the link inductances. Modulation method used and The control method used to generate the harmonic reference template.

MODULATION METHODS FOR SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM

There are many methods to obtain a pulse width modulated signal for driving inverter switches. Control of inverter switching in single phase include following methods. 2.6.1 Error Saw tooth Control Error saw tooth control produces a PWM signal by first differencing the power system waveform with the desired signal. The error signal is then compared with a saw tooth wave and
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the points of intersection gives the switching instants. The overall scheme for error saw tooth control is given in Fig 2.8. When considering the error saw tooth control as continuous linear system, smaller steady state error requires larger gain; the sampled nature of the switching converter will result in instability for larger loop gain. For medium loop gain the tracking error will converge to a limited steady state error with constant switch frequency contribution.

Fig 2.8 Block diagram of error saw tooth control 2.6.2 Hysteresis control Hysteresis band PWM is basically an instantaneous feedback current control method of PWM where, the actual current continuously tracks the command current within a hysteresis band. The control circuit generates the sine reference current wave of desired magnitude and frequency. It is compared with the actual phase current wave. When the current exceeds a prescribed hysteresis band, appropriate switches are turned on so that actual current is within the hysteresis band. Hysteretic control operation is illustrated in Fig 2.9. This method is simple to implement in analog hardware up to quite high switch rates. The disadvantage of hysteresis control is that both the hysteresis level and the system determine the switch rate. When the switch device is required to operate near its switch rate limit, the variation of the rate with system changes is unacceptable. This control law is still proportional to error and will give poor damping performance in the control of resonant systems.

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Fig. 2.9 Hysteresis control operation. 2.6.3 Sampled Error Control The aim is to produce a closed loop control scheme with a high loop gain and fixed switching frequency. At regular sample instants the error is sampled and the control switched high or low depending on the sign of error. The limitation of this approach is that the switch instants are quantized and cannot approach the waveform of off line-optimized signals. This approach can yield good performance for high switch rate systems. 2.7 VARIOUS MODULATION METHODS FOR THREE-PHASE SYSTEM Three-phase inverter control includes the following methods. 2.7.1 Periodic Integral Control Many of the disturbances to the power system voltage are periodic as in supplying rectifier loads. In these cases the residual error in the waveform can be used to improve the correction on the next cycle, which is the integral of the errors occurring at k th points of all previous cycles unfortunately yields unstable operation. For stable convergence to zero periodic error, the errors must be filtered before being integrated. The required filtering is derived from a model of the transfer function between compensator action and bus voltage correction. 2.7.2 Three Phase Hysteresis Control The simplest extension of hysteretic control to three-phase is to have a separate control on each phase. This is able to give reasonable control but with increased ripple since it ignores the coupling between the phases, that an increase in A phase must generate corresponding
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reductions in the other phases in the absence of a neutral wire. Coordination of the switching in two phase space can approach the performance of optimized waveforms. As for single phase, auxiliary controls are required to adjust the hysteresis levels to keep the switching frequency controlled for variations in the load characteristics. 2.7.3 Three Phase Sampled Error Control Using the two-phase description the error is sampled at the regular switching decision points and the switching configuration for the next period determined from which of the drive vectors of the current sector is in the direction to reduce the error. The methods of the modulation are affected by time delays, generated in the driving circuitry and the turn-on and turn-off time of the power switches. In particular, the Periodic Sampling method, improve the performance by the addition of time delays. Hysteresis band and triangular Carrier methods deteriorates the performance. So APFs with very low power switches could perform better with Periodic Sampling than with Hysteresis band. For sinusoidal reference, Triangular carrier, using PI control to adjust the current error is best. Hysteresis band control gives better performance than the others. The transient response of Hysteresis band PWM method is better compared to Periodic Sampling and Triangular Carrier. 2.8 VARIOUS METHODS IMPLEMENTED TO GENERATE THE REFERENCE TEMPLATE Most conventional methods of harmonics/current reference can be classified either as time domain or frequency-domain. Other modern techniques do exist. 2.8.1 Time-domain approaches The following seven subdivisions of time-domain approaches are mainly used for threephase systems except for the fictitious-power compensation technique, which can be adopted for single-phase or three-phase systems. (i) Instantaneous-reactive-power algorithm: In this technique, suitable only for three-phase systems, the Instantaneous power of the load is calculated. It consists of a DC component and an oscillating component. The oscillating component is separated over a certain interval of time (an
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integral number of cycles). The reference signals are then calculated by distributing the total current equally to each of the three phases. This operation takes place only under the assumption that the three-phase system is balanced and that the voltage waveforms are purely sinusoidal. (ii) Synchronous-detection algorithm: This technique, which is very similar to the previous one, relies in the fact that the three phase currents are balanced. The average power is calculated and divided equally between the three phases. The signal is then synchronized relative to the mains voltage for each phase. (iii) Constant-active power algorithm: The instantaneous and average powers of the load are calculated. The active power component of the system is controlled to keep the instantaneous real power constant, while maintaining the imaginary power to zero. (iv) Unity power factor algorithm: This is another technique, which is very similar to that in (iii) above, except the fact that it forces the instantaneous current signal to track the voltage reference waveform. This implies that the power factor would be fixed to unity and the system would only be suitable for the combined system of VAR and current-harmonic compensation. (v) Fictitious-power-compensation algorithm: This technique relies on the principle of fictitious power compensation. The system controller is designed to minimize the undesired component of power. In this aspect, it is similar to the instantaneous-reactive-power algorithm but with a different definition of power. This approach is suitable for both single- and three-phase systems. However it involves a large amount of computation. (vi)Synchronous-frame-based algorithm: This algorithm relies on the Park transformations to transform the three phase system from a stationary reference frame into synchronously rotating direct, quadrature and zero sequence components. These can easily be analyzed since the fundamental-frequency component is transformed into DC quantities. The active and reactive components of the system are represented by the direct and quadrature components, respectively. The high-order harmonics still remain in the signal; however they are modulated at different frequencies. These are the undesired components to be eliminated from the system and they represent the reference harmonic current. The system is very stable since the controller deals mainly with DC quantities. The computation is instantaneous but incurs time delays in filtering the DC quantities. This method is applicable to only three-phase systems.
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(vii) Synchronous-flux-detection algorithm: This technique is similar to that in (vi) above, in applying Park transformations to transfer the system into synchronously rotating direct, quadrature and zero-sequence frames of reference. However, it applies the transformation on the flux linkage of the filter inductance, which is then controlled using the output voltages and currents in separate integral loops. The presence of these integral loops incorporates time delays, which depend on the frequency response of the special feed forward and feedback integrators. 2.8.2 Frequency-domain approaches Frequency-domain approaches are suitable for both single and three phase systems. They mainly derived from the conventional Fourier analysis and include the following three subdivisions. (i) Conventional Fourier and FFT algorithms. (ii) Sine-multiplication technique. (iii) Modified-Fourier-series techniques.

2.8.3 Different Approaches For Three Phase Four Wire For three phase four wire circuits, two compensation criteria are possible. 1. Based on the instantaneous value concept: According to this concept the instantaneous reactive current is reduced, without altering the instantaneous active power (time instantaneous compensation). However, although the instantaneous reactive power is compensated to zero; the zero-sequence current component can still exist. 2. Based on the average value concept: The average value concept for three phase systems, in contrast to the instantaneous value, has been based on time-averaged quantities developed in both the frequency domain and time domain. 2.8.4 Time domain Vs Frequency Domain Time-domain and frequency-domain correction techniques have both been successfully implemented, but specific trend toward either technique has not been identified. Both techniques have been used with voltage-type and current type converters.
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The greatest advantage of time-domain correction is its fast response to changes in the power system conditions. Also, it is easy to implement and has little computational burden. Of course, it ignores periodic characteristics of the distorted waveform and does not learn from past experiences. Since time-correction techniques take measurements at only one point in the power system, they are generally limited to single-node applications and are not well suited for overall network correction. Frequency-domain correction depends on the periodic characteristics of the distortion waveform. For, example voltage or current distortion produced by adjustable speed motor drive tends to be very periodic. The highest harmonic to be eliminated can be selected beforehand using theoretical limits that are a function of device switching frequency. Frequency-domain correction can handle single-node problems and can also be extended to minimize harmonic distortion throughout a network. The greatest disadvantage of frequency-domain techniques lies in increased computational requirements. Therefore, as the order of the highest harmonics to be eliminated increases, the number of calculations also increases, resulting in longer response times. For these reasons, compensation in on-line applications has been limited in the references to harmonics at or below the 20th multiple.

2.9 INTERFACE FILTER IN ACTIVE POWER FILTERS The active power filter with the interfacing filter is shown in Fig. 2.10. The current waveform for canceling harmonics is achieved with the voltage source inverter in the current controlled mode and an interfacing filter. This filter provides smoothing and isolation for high frequency components. The desired current waveform is obtained by accurately controlling the switching of the insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in the inverter. Control of the current wave shape is limited by the switching frequency of the inverter and by the available driving voltage across the interfacing inductance.

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Fig. 2.10 Location of the interfacing Filter in APF

The driving voltage across the interfacing inductance determines the maximum di/dt that can be achieved by the filter. This is important because relatively high values of di/dt may be needed to cancel higher order harmonic components. Therefore, there is a trade-off involved in sizing the interface inductor. A larger inductor is better for isolation from the power system and protection from transient disturbances. However, the larger inductor limits the ability of the active filter to cancel higher order harmonics. The inductors connected in Interfacing Filter at the APF will perform the voltage boost operation in combination with DC capacitor, at the same time acts as low pass filter for the AC line current. This filter inductor acts as synchronous link reactor. 2.9.1 Design of the Synchronous link reactor The design of the synchronous link is performed with the constraint that for a given switching the minimum slope of the inductor current is smaller than the slope of the triangular waveform that defines the switching frequency. In this way, the current error signal is forced to remain between the maximum and minimum of the triangular waveform and as a result the inverter line current follows the reference signal closely. The slope of triangular waveform defined by 2.1
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Where

is the amplitude of triangular waveform, which has to be equal to the maximum

amplitude permitted in the high frequency ripple current and f t is the frequency of inverter switching (i.e., the frequency of the triangular waveform). The maximum slope of inverter line current is equal to

2.2 In order to ensure that the intersection between the current error signal and the triangular waveform exists, the slope of the triangular wave from above equations

2.3 This value of the inductor must circulate at harmonics of the power mains and support voltages at the switching frequency. The preferred magnetic core should exhibit relatively low losses at ultrasonic frequencies under high DC magnetization.

2.9.2 Criterion for selection of capacitor for VSI fed APFs The PWM inverter used in APF makes the harmonic control possible. This inverter uses DC capacitors/inductors as the supply and can switch at high frequency to generate a signal that will cancel the harmonics from the nonlinear load. The active filter does not need to provide any real power to cancel harmonic currents from the load. The harmonic currents to be cancelled show up as reactive power. Therefore, the DC capacitors/inductors and the filter components must be rated based on the reactive power associated with the harmonics to be cancelled and on the actual current waveform (r.m.s and peak current magnitude) that must be generated to achieve the cancellation. If the inverter is loss free one, the active power flow from the inverter will get translated as an even increasing voltage in the DC side capacitor. Similarly, an active power flow out of the inverter will eventually take the DC side to zero voltage condition. It is necessary that the DC side capacitor voltage be maintained at fixed value (at least within a band around the nominal

25

value) in order to synthesize rated amplitude sinusoidal output at the inverter for all load conditions. In order to realize good compensation of the reactive and harmonic current to the nonlinear load at any point in the line cycle, the capacitor voltage must be greater than the peak of the ac voltage. Practical constraints on the maximum modulation index achievable in sinusoidal PWM will put the desired DC voltage in the range of 350 V to 370 V DC. Thus in a loss free inverter, the active power flow from the line must be exactly to the active power required by the load and no active power flow into or out of the inverter under steady state and the inverter must be able to draw/deliver active power when the DC side capacitor is to be corrected. This calls for a continuous adjustment of phase angle of inverter output conditioned up on the value of the DC side capacitor. Usually the switches in the inverter will have diodes connected across them. At the time of start up, the capacitor will charge up to line voltage peak through the line inductor and these diodes like ordinary rectifier circuit. After that the active power flow control will maintain the DC side voltage at the desired value. However the inverter has the losses, in the resistances of inductor, switches etc. and switching losses when the Inverter is generating current. Unless these losses are compensated, the capacitor voltage will come down steadily. Hence the control of capacitor voltage involves drawing an in phase sinusoidal component of current from the source along with the required harmonic currents, i.e. the reference current for IL should contain an appropriate amount of 1800 component to maintain the D.C voltage across the capacitor. In order to get good performance, DC bus voltage of APF should be constant, therefore a feedback circuit is used, in order to avoid the interference between control signal on the AC side and the DC side, the response speed of the DC controller is very low, which means that the capacitor on the DC bus of APF should be able to buff instant energy flowing in and out. The requirement depicts that the key of capacitor's selection is to calculate the value of instant energy. The quality of distortion correction can be considered in two aspects, transient suppression and correction of steady state disturbance. The steady state suppression is of the importance since the majority of the harmonic sources such as rectifiers, have slowly varying harmonic components.
26

CHAPTER 3 PRESENT WORK

3.1 INTRODUCTION The use of sophisticated equipment/loads at transmission and distribution level has increased considerably in recent years due to the development in the semiconductor device technology. The equipment needs clean power in order to function properly. At the same time, the switching operation of the devices generates current harmonics resulting in a polluted distribution system. The power-electronics-based devices have been used to overcome the major power quality problems. To provide a balance, distortion-free, and constant magnitude power to sensitive load and, at the same time, to restrict the harmonic, unbalance, and reactive power demanded by the load and hence to make the overall power distribution system more healthy, the unified power quality conditioner(UPQC) is one of the best solutions.

27

A unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is a device that is similar in construction to a unified power flow conditioner (UPFC). The UPQC, like a UPFC, employs two voltage source inverters (VSIs) that are connected to a common dc energy storage capacitor. One of these two VSIs is connected in series with the ac line while the other is connected in the shunt with the same line. A UPFC is employed in a power transmission system to perform shunt and series compensation at the same time. Similarly a UPQC can also perform both the tasks in a power distribution system. A power distribution system, on the other hand, may contain unbalance, distortion and even dc components. Therefore a UPQC must operate under this environment while providing shunt or series compensation. 3.2 UPQC CONFIGURATIONS Unified power quality conditioners are viable compensation devices that are used to ensure that delivered power meets all required standards and specifications at the point of installation. The ideal UPQC can be represented as the combination of a voltage-source converter (injecting series voltage VC), a current-source converter (injecting shunt current IC), and a common DC link (connected to a DC capacitor). There are two possible ways of connecting the unit to the terminal voltage (Vt) at PCC 1. Right-shunt UPQC (Fig. 3.1a), where the shunt compensator (IC) is placed at the right side of the series compensator (VC). 2. Left-shunt UPQC (Fig. 3.1b), where the shunt compensator (IC) is placed at the left side of the series compensator (VC). These two structures have similar features; however, the overall characteristics of the right shunt UPQC are superior (e.g., operation at zero power injection/absorption mode, achieving unity power factor at load terminals, and full reactive power compensation). In this chapter, a right-shunt UPQC configuration is assumed and analyzed.

28

Fig. 3.1 Ideal UPQC Structure (a) the Right-Shunt UPQC (b) The Left-Shunt UPQC 3.3 THREE PHASE FOUR WIRE (3P4W) UPQC STRUCTURE Generally, a 3P4W distribution system is realized by providing a neutral conductor along with three power conductors from generation station or by utilizing a three-phase -Y transformer at distribution level. Fig. 3.2 shows a 3P4W network in which the neutral conductor is provided from the generating station itself, where Fig. 3.3 shows a 3P4W distribution network considering, a -Y transformer. Assume a plant site where three-phase three-wire UPQC is already installed to protect a sensitive load and to restrict any entry of distortion from load side toward utility, as shown in Fig. 3.4. If we want to upgrade the system now from 3P3W to 3P4W due to installation of some single-phase loads and if the distribution transformer is close to the plant under consideration, utility would provide the neutral conductor from this transformer without major cost involvement. In certain cases, this may be a costly solution because the distribution transformer may not be situated in close vicinity.

29

Fig. 3.2 3P4W distribution system: neutral provided from generation station

Fig. 3.3 3P4W distribution system: neutral provided from -Y transformer

Recently, the utility service providers are putting more and more restrictions on current total harmonic distortion (THD) limits, drawn by nonlinear loads, to control the power distribution systems harmonic pollution. At the same time, the use of sophisticated equipment/load has increased significantly, and it needs clean power for its operation. Therefore, in future distribution systems and plant/load centers, application of UPQC would be common. The 3P4W topology that can be realized from 3P3W system is shown in the Fig. 3.4. This system has all the advantages of general UPQC, in addition to easy expansion of 3P3W system to 3P4W system. Thus, this topology may play an important role in the future 3P4W distribution system for more advanced UPQC-based plant/load center installation, where utilities would be having an additional option to realize a 3P4W system just by providing a 3P3W supply.
30

Fig. 3.4 3P3W UPQC structure As shown in Fig. 3.4, the UPQC should necessarily consist of three-phase series transformer in order to connect one of the inverters in the series with the line to function as a controlled voltage source. If we could use the neutral of three-phase series transformer to connect a neutral wire to realize the 3P4W system, then 3P4W system can easily be achieved from a 3P3W system (Fig. 3.5). The neutral current, present if any, would flow through this fourth wire toward transformer neutral point. This neutral current can be compensated by using a split capacitor topology or a four-leg voltage-source inverter (VSI) topology for a shunt inverter. The four-leg VSI topology requires one additional leg as compared to the split capacitor because the split capacitor topology essentially needs two capacitors and an extra control loop to maintain a zero voltage error difference between both the capacitor voltages, resulting in a more complex control loop to maintain the dc bus voltage at constant level. The four-leg VSI topology is considered to compensate the neutral current flowing toward the transformer neutral point. A fourth leg is added on the existing 3P3W UPQC, such that the transformer neutral point will be at neutral point will be at virtual zero potential.

31

Fig. 3.5 3P4W UPQC structure 3.4 UPQC CONTROLLER Based on the load on the 3P4W system, the current drawn from the utility can be unbalanced. The current unbalance present in the load currents can be compensated by expanding the concept of single-phase p-q theory. According to this theory, a signal-phase system can be represented in -- coordinates, and thus, the p-q theory applied for balanced three-phase system can also be used for each phase of unbalanced system independently. The actual load voltages and load currents are considered as -axis quantities, whereas the /2 lead load or /2 lag voltages and /2 lead or /2 lag load currents are considered as axis quantities. In this paper, /2 lead is considered to achieve a two-phase system for each phase. The major disadvantage of p-q theory is that it gives poor results under distorted and/or unbalanced input/utility voltages. In order to eliminate these limitations, the reference load voltage signals extracted for series APF are used instead of actual load voltages. For phase a, the load voltage and current in - coordinates can be represented by /2 lead as

32

3.1

3.2

Where

represents the reference load voltage and

represents the desired load voltage

magnitude. Similarly, for phase b, the load voltage and current in - coordinates can be represented by /2 lead as

3.3

3.4 In addition, for phase c, the load voltage and current in - coordinates can be represented by /2 lead as

3.5

3.6

By using the definition of three-phase p-q theory for balanced three-phase system, the instantaneous power components can be represented as

33

Instantaneous active power 3.7 Instantaneous reactive power 3.8 Considering phase a, the phase-a instantaneous load active and instantaneous load reactive powers can be represented by

3.9

Where

La

= =

La

+ +

La

3.10 3.11

La

La

La

In (4.10) and (4.11),

La

and

La

represent the dc components that are responsible for and represent the ac components

fundamental load active and reactive powers, whereas

La

La

that are responsible for harmonic powers. The phase- a fundamental instantaneous load active and reactive power components can be extracted from
La

and

La

, respectively, by using a low-

pass filter Therefore, the instantaneous fundamental load active power for phase a is given by
La 1

, =

La

3.12

And the instantaneous fundamental load reactive power for phase a is given by
La 1

, =

La

3.13

34

Similarly, the fundamental load active and the fundamental instantaneous load reactive power for phase b and c can be calculated as Instantaneous fundamental load active power for phase b
Lb 1

, =

Lb

3.14

Instantaneous fundamental load reactive power for phase b

Lb 1

, =

Lb

3.15

Instantaneous fundamental load active power for phase c

Lc 1

, =

Lc

3.16

Instantaneous fundamental load reactive power for phase c

Lc 1

, =

Lc

3.17

Since the load current drawn by each phase may be different due to different loads that may be present inside plant, therefore, the instantaneous fundamental load active power and Instantaneous fundamental load reactive power demand for each phase may not be the same. In order to make this load unbalanced load power should be properly redistributed between utility, UPQC, and load such that the total-load seen by the utility would be linear and balanced load. The unbalanced or balanced reactive power demanded by the load should be handled by a shunt APF. The aforementioned task can be achieved by summing instantaneous fundamental load active power demands of all the three phases and redistributing it again on each utility phase, i.e., from (3.12), (3.14) and (3.16),
L,total

La 1

, +

Lb 1

, +

Lc 1

3.18

35

3.19

Equation (3.19) gives the redistributed per-phase fundamental active power demand that each phase of utility should supply in order to achieve perfectly balanced source currents. From (3.19), it is evident that under all the conditions, the total fundamental active power demanded by the loads would be equal to the total power drawn from the utility but with perfectly balanced way even though the load currents are unbalanced. Thus, the reference compensating currents representing a perfectly balanced three-phase system can be extracted by taking the inverse of (3.9)
-1

3.20

In (3.20),

is the precise amount of per-phase active power that should be taken

from the source in order to maintain the dc-link voltage at a constant level and to overcome the losses associated with UPQC. The oscillating instantaneous active power shunt APF. The reactive power (
La

should be exchanged between the load and

La

) in equation (3.20) is considered as zero, since the utility

should not supply load reactive power demand. In the above matrix, the -axis reference compensating current represents the instantaneous fundamental source current, since -axis quantities belong to the original system under consideration and -axis reference compensating current represents the current that is at /2 lead with respect to the original system. Therefore,

(t) =

.
36

3.21

Similarly, the reference source current for phases b and c can be estimated as

(t) =

3.22

(t) =

3.23

The reference neutral current signal can be extracted by simply adding all the sensed load currents, without actual neutral current sensing, as (t) = (t) + (t) + (t) 3.24

(t) = -

(t)

3.25

The balanced per-phase fundamental active power estimation, dc-link voltage control loop based on PI regulator, the reference source current generation as given by (3.21)-(3.23), and the reference neutral current generations as shown in Fig. 3.6 (a)-(d), respectively.

37

Fig. 3.6 Shunt active filter control block diagram 3.5 THE LIMITATIONS OF PRESENT WORK The present Three-Phase Four-Wire distribution system utilizing unified power quality conditioner is capable of compensating PQ problems in single feeder only. If there is an interruption supply, the DC link is not capable of power transfer to the load. To overcome all these limitations we have to go for the proposed one i.e. Multi-Converter Unified Power Quality Conditioner.

CHAPTER 4 PROBLEM FORMULATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION
38

Modern day power systems are complicated networks with hundreds of generating stations and load centers being interconnected through power transmission lines. An electric power system has three separate components- power generation, power transmission and power distribution. Electric power is generated by synchronous alternators that are usually driven either by steam or hydro turbines. Almost all power generation takes place at generating stations that may contain more than one such alternator-turbine combinations. Depending upon the type of the fuel used for generation of electric power, the generating stations are categorized as thermal, hydro, nuclear etc. many of these generating stations are remotely located. Hence the electric power generating at any such stations has to be transmitted over a long distance to load centers that are usually cities or towns. Even a few years back, the main concern of consumers of electricity was the reliability i.e. the continuity of electric supply. It is however not only reliability that consumers want these days, quality too is very important to them. In order to supply the quality in the power, it may be necessary to include some sort of compensation.

4.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT The term Electric power quality broadly refers to maintaining a near sinusoidal power distribution bus voltage at rated magnitude and frequency. In addition, the energy supplied to a customer must be uninterrupted from the reliability point of view. It is to be noted that even though power quality (PQ) is mainly a distribution system problem, power transmission systems may also have an impact on the quality of the power. Most PQ problems occur in distribution systems. As the feeders run overhead, these may in contact with trees. Furthermore, they are likely to be hit by lightning or suffer from interference from birds and smaller animals. Moreover distribution systems feed loads directly. It is at these low voltage connections that the power quality becomes significantly worse. The increasing of non-linear loads and switching devices in distribution system also causes PQ problems such as transients, voltage sags, voltage swells and interruption. But, for proper operation of the loads a pure sinusoidal supply voltage is required. To get this pure sinusoidal voltage some sort of compensation is required in the distribution system. It can be
39

done by using custom power devices such as DSTATCOM, DVR and UPQC. Out of these UPQC is the best solution. A new configuration of a UPQC called the multi-converter unified power quality conditioner (MC-UPQC) is presented. The system is extended by adding a seriesVSC in an adjacent feeder. The proposed topology can be used for simultaneous compensation of voltage and current imperfections both feeders by sharing power compensation capabilities between two adjacent feeders which are not connected. The system is also capable of compensating for interruptions without the need for a battery storage system and consequently without storage capacity limitations.

CHAPTER 5 METHODOLOGY
5.1 INTRODUCTION
40

With increasing applications of nonlinear and electronically switched devices in distribution systems and industries, power-quality (PQ) problems, such as harmonics, flicker, and imbalance have become serious concerns. In addition, lightning strikes on transmission lines, switching of capacitor banks, and various network faults can also cause PQ problems, such as transients, voltage sag/swell, and interruption. On the other hand, an increase of sensitive loads involving digital electronics and complex process controllers requires a pure sinusoidal supply voltage for proper load operation. In order to meet PQ standard limits, it may be necessary to include some sort of compensation. Modern solutions can be found in the form of active rectification or active filtering. A shunt active power filter is suitable for the suppression of negative load influence on the supply network, but if there are supply voltage imperfections, a series active power filter may be needed to provide full compensation. In recent years, solutions based on flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) have appeared. The application of FACTS concepts in distribution systems has resulted in a new generation of compensating devices. A unified power-quality conditioner (UPQC) is the extension of the unified power-flow controller (UPQC) concept at the distribution level. It consists of combined series and shunt converters for simultaneous compensation of voltage and current imperfections in a supply feeder. Recently, multi converter (FACTS) devices, such as an interline power-flow controller (IPFC) and the generalized unified power-flow controller (GUPFC) are introduced. The aim of these devices is to control the power flow of multi lines or a sub network rather than control the power flow of a single line by, for instance, a UPFC. When the power flows of two lines starting in one substation need to be controlled, an interline power flow controller (IPFC) can be used. An IPFC consists of two series VSCs whose dc capacitors are coupled. This allows active power to circulate between the VSCs. With this configuration, two lines can be controlled simultaneously to optimize the network utilization. The GUPFC combines three or more shunt and series converters. It extends the concept of voltage and power-flow-control beyond what is achievable with the known two-converter connected UPFC. The simplest GUPFC consists of three converters- one connected in shunt and the two in series with two transmission lines in a substation. The basic GUPFC can control total
41

five power system quantities, such as a bus voltage and independent active and reactive power flows of two lines. The concept of GUPFC can be extended for more lines if necessary. The device may be installed in some central substations to manage power flows of multi lines or a group of lines and provide voltage support as well. By using GUPFC devices, the transfer capability of transmission lines can be increased significantly. Furthermore, by using the multiline-management capability of the GUPFC, active power flow on lines cannot only be increased, but also be decreased with respect to operating and market transaction requirements. In general, the GUPFC can be used to increase the transfer capability and relieve congestions in a flexible way. This concept can be extended to design multi-converter configurations for PQ improvement in adjacent feeders. The IUPQC consists of one series and one shunt converter. It is connected between two feeders to regulate the bus voltage of one of the feeders, while regulating the voltage across a sensitive load in the other feeder. In this configuration, the voltage regulation in one of the feeders is performed by the shunt-VSC. However, since the source impedance is very low, a high amount of current would be needed to boost bus voltage in case of a voltage sag/swell which is not feasible. It also has low dynamic performance because the dc-link capacitor voltage is not regulated.

6.1 System Configuration:

Basic block diagram of UPQC is shown in Fig 5.1, where as the overall control circuit is shown in the Fig 5.3. The voltage at PCC may be or may not be distorted depending on the other non-linear loads connected at PCC. Here we assume the voltage at PCC is distorted. Two voltage source inverters are connected back to back, sharing a common dc link. One inverter is connected parallel with the load. It acts as shunt APF, helps in compensating load harmonic current as well as to maintain dc link voltage at constant level. The second inverter is connected in series with utility voltage by using series transformers and helps in maintaining the load voltage sinusoidal.
42

Fig 6.1 Basic Block Diagram of UPQC

6.2 Reference generation (Phase Locked Loop) Reference currents and voltages are generated using Phase Locked Loop (PLL). The control strategy is based on the extraction of Unit Vector Templates from the distorted input supply. These templates will be then equivalent to pure sinusoidal signal with unity (p.u.) amplitude. The extraction of unit vector templates is shown in the Fig 5.2. The 3-ph distorted input source voltage at PCC contains fundamental component and distorted component. To get unit input voltage vectors Uabc, the input voltage is sensed and multiplied by gain equal to 1/Vm, where Vm is equal to peak amplitude of fundamental input voltage. These unit input voltage vectors are taken to phase locked loop (PLL). With proper phase delay, the unit vector templates are generated.

Ua = Sin (wt) Ub = Sin (wt-120) Uc= Sin (wt+120) Multiplying the peak amplitude of fundamental input voltage with unit vector templates of equation (1) gives the reference load voltage signals,
43

(1)

V*abc = Vm. Uabc

(2)

Fig 6.2 Extraction of Unit Vector Templates And 3-Ph Reference Voltages

In order to have distortion less load voltage, the load voltage must be equal to these reference signals. The measured load voltages are compared with reference load voltage signals. The error generated is then taken to a hysteresis controller to generate the required gate signals for series APF. The unit vector template can be applied for shunt APF to compensate the harmonic current generated by non-linear load. The shunt APF is used to compensate for current harmonics as well as to maintain the dc link voltage at constant level. To achieve the abovementioned task the dc link voltage is sensed and compared with the reference dc link voltage. A PI controller then processes the error. The output signal from PI controller is multiplied with unit vector templates of equation (1) giving reference source current signals. The source current must be equal to this reference signal. In order to follow this reference current signal, the 3-ph source currents are sensed and compared with reference current signals. The error generated is then processed by a hysteresis current controller with suitable band, generating gating signals for shunt APF.
44

Fig 6.3 Overall Control Circuit Configuration of UPQC 6.3 Modulation method (Hysteresis Control)

The UPQC uses two back-to-back connected three phase VSIs sharing a common dc bus. The hysteresis controller is used here to control the switching of the both VSIs. Hysteresis control law for Series APF: If (Vact) > (Vref + HB) upper switch of a leg is ON and lower switch is OFF. If (Vact) < (Vref - HB) upper switch of a leg is OFF and lower switch is ON. Hysteresis control law for Shunt APF: If (iact) > (iref + HB) upper switch of a leg is ON and lower switch is OFF. If (iact) < (iref - HB) upper switch of a leg is OFF and lower switch is ON. Where HB is the hysteresis band.
45

6.4 Matlab/Simulink Model

The SimPower Systems (SPS) Matlab/Simulink based simulation model of proposed UPQC is shown in Fig 5.4. The load is realized by using a diode bridge rectifier followed by a RL load. The distortion in the supply voltage is introduced by connecting a 5 th (20% of the fundamental input) and 7th (10% of fundamental input) harmonic voltage sources in series with the utility voltage. Both the series and shunt APF's are realized by six IGBT switches each, sharing a common dc link.

REFERENCES
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[2] C.A. Quinn and N.Mohan. Active filtering of harmonic currents in three-phase, fourwire systems with three-phase and single-phase nonlinear loads in proc. 7 th IEEE APEC,1992. Pp. 829-836. [3] H. Akagi, Y. Kanazawa and A.Nabae, Instantaneous reactive power compensators comprising switching devices without energy storage components. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 1A-20, no. 3. Pp. 625-630. May/jun. 1984. [4] Y.Komatsu and T.Kawabata.A control method of active power filter in unsymmetrical and distorted voltage system, in Proc. Conf. IEEE Power Converters., 1997. Vol. 1, pp. 161-168. [5] M.T.Haque, Single-phase PQ theory. In Proc. 33rd IEEE PESC,2002,vol.4, pp. 18151820. [6] J.M. Correa, S.Chakraborty, M. G. Simoes, and F.A.Farrent, A single phase high frequency AC microgrid with an unified power quality conditioner,in Conf. Rec. 38th IEEE Ias Annu. Meeting, 2003, vol. 2, pp. 956-962. [7] V.Khadkikar, A. Chandra, A.O. Barry, and T.D. Nguyen, Application of UPQC to protect a sensitive load on a polluted distribution network. In Proc. IEEE PES General Meeting, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2006. 6 pp. [8] V.Khadkikar, A. Chandra, A.O. Barry, and T.D. Nguyen, Conceptual analysis of unified power quality conditioner (UPQC)., in Proc. IEEE ISTE, 2006, pp 1088-1093. [9] M.Aredes, K.Heumann, and E.H.Watanabe, An universal active power line conditioner, IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol.13, no. 2, pp. 545-551, Arl.1998.

[10] R. Faranda and I. Valade, UPQC compensation strategy and design aimed at reducing losses, in Proc. IEEE ISIE, 2002, vol. 4, pp. 1264-1270.

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[11]G.Chen, Y.Chen and K.M.Smeldy, Three-phase four-leg active power quality conditioner without references calculation, in Proc.19th IEEE APEC,2004, vol. 1, pp.829-836.
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custom power

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