THEORY AND WORKING

Let the alternating emf supplied by the a.c. source connected to primary be

E= E0 Sin wt
As we have assumed the primary to be a pure inductance , the sinusoidal primary current Ip lags the voltage Ep by 90 degree . The primarys power factor,

Cos= cos 90 = 0 .
Therefore , no power is dissipated in primary . The alternating primary current induced an alternating magnetic flux B in the iron core because the core extends through the secondary winding, the induced flux also extends through the turns of secondary .

of induction, the induced emf per turn ( Eturn) is same for the primary and secondary . Also, the voltage EP across the primary is equal to the emf induced in the primary, and the voltage Es across the secondary is equal to the emf induced in the secondary . Thus ,

According

to faradays law

Eturn =d B = Ep =Es dt NP Ns
Here , Np;Ns represent total no of turns

in primary and secondary coils respectively.

Or,

Es =Ep * Ns Np

** Ns
Np

= K

( TRANSFOMATION RATIO)

Note that this relation assumption 1) 2) 3)

is based on

three

The primary resistance and current are small. There is no leakage of flux . The same flux links both, the primary and secondary coils. The secondary current is small .

Now , the rate at which generator / source transfers energy to the primary = IpEp. The rate which the primary then transfers energy to the secondary( via the alternating magnetic field linking the two coils) is IsEs. As we assume that no energy is lost along the way , conservation of energy requires that

Ip*Ep = Is*Es
Or , Or,

Is=Ip*Ep Es Is = Ip* Np =Ip .(1) Ns K

Types of Transformer
** Set up transformerA transformer which increases the a.c. voltages is called a step up transformer. Here,

Ns > Np ; Es > Ep
Hence,

K > 1

& Is < I p

** Set down transformerA transformer which decreases the a.c. voltages is called step down transformer . Here ,

Ns < Np ; Es < Ep
Hence ,

K < 1 &

Is > Ip

From equation 1

Ip = Is(Ns/Np)=(Es /R)(Ns/Np) Ip = (1/R)* Ep (Ns/Np)(Ns/Np) Ip = (1/R) * Ep {(Ns/Np)^ 2}

This equation has the form

Ip=Ep /R eq
, where the equivalent resistance Req is

Req={(Np/Ns)^2}*R
thus Req is the value of load resistance as seen by the source /generator i.e. the source / generator produces current Ip & voltage Ep as if it where connected to a resistance Req .

EFFICIENCY OF A

TRANSFORMER

= the ratio of output power to the input power. i.e.

= output power = EsIs input power EpIp

For an ideal transformer, 1( i.e. 100%). However , practically there are many energy losses. Hence efficiency in practice is <1( i.e. < 100%).

n=

Energy Losses Transformer

in

In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained below.
1. Loss of Magnetic Flux:

The coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.

2. Iron Loss:

In actual iron cores inspite of lamination , eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron core.

2. Copper Loss:
In practice , the coils of the transformer possess resistance. So a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss:

The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So Energy is lost due to hysteresis.

5. Magneto restriction:

The may be may be part of

alternating current in the Transformer set its parts in to vibrations and sound produced. It is called humming. Thus, a energy may be lost due to humming.