AN ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM (AIS) APPLICATION TO REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH FOR LOSS MINIMIZATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

AHMAD FAIZ BIN NOOR AZAM

SCHOOL OF ELECTRIC SYSTEM ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PERLIS 2007

AN ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM (AIS) APPLICATION TO REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH FOR LOSS MINIMIZATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

by

AHMAD FAIZ BIN NOOR AZAM

Report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering

MARCH 2007

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I would like to say ALHAMDULLAH and thank ALLAH the Almighty that I am able to complete my final year project with success and without much problem. I am really thankful to my family, classmates and friends that had given me full support, cooperation and bountiful knowledge with regards to the assigned project.

To my supervisor Miss Siti Rafidah Abdul Ralim, thank you personally from the bottom of my heart for your sincere guidance and support. I would also like to thank and give tremendous credit to all those who have helped me in achieving my task especially my colleagues Mohd Faizal, Mohd Izhar, Mohammad Tarmimi and Mohd Nur Ridzuan who shared the same research interest for supporting me all the way .

Finally I hope this collaboration and networking will enhance understanding and support throughout. I thank all of you for this rewarding experience and wish all of you success in your undertaking.

APPROVAL AND DECLARATION SHEET

This project report titled An Artificial Immune System (AIS) Application To Reactive Power Dispatch For Loss Minimization In Distribution System was prepared and submitted by Ahmad Faiz Noor Azam (Matrix Number: 031070016) and has been found satisfactory in terms of scope, quality and presentation as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor of Engineering ( Industrial Electronic Engineering ) in University Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP)

Checked and Approved by

_______________________ (Siti Rafidah Abdul Ralim) Project Supervisor

Industrial Electronic Engineering Universiti Malaysia Perlis

March 2007

APLIKASI ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM (AIS) BERDASARKAN REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH UNTUK MENGURANGKAN KEHILANGAN PADA SISTEM PENGAGIHAN

ABSTRAK

Projek ini menerangkan kaedah mengawal voltan disamping memperbaiki paras voltan dalan sistem kuasa dan mengurangkan kehilangan. Kaedah Newton-Raphson digunakan untuk menghitung kehilangan untuk mengawal operasi kuasa reaktif. Aliran reactive power tak terkawal di dalam sistem pengagihan boleh memberi kenaikan terlampau dalam kehilangan kuasa aktif dan kuasa reaktif dan penurunan nilai voltan pada keadaaan mantap di aliran beban. Dalam sistem pengagihan, penurunan nilai voltan berlaku pada keadaan contohnya, semasa kehilangan pada penjana berlaku dan ini akan menganggu proses yang berterusan. Tahap kuasa aktif di dalam komponen sistem pengagihan akan mengalami penurunan yang serius. Projek ini mengunakan sistem ujian enam bus dan program dibuat dengan mengunakan perisian MATLAB.

AN ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEM (AIS) APPLICATION TO REACTIVE POWER DISPATCH FOR LOSS MINIMIZATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT

This project presents voltage control methods to improve the voltage level of a power system whilst minimizing losses. Newton Raphson method is used to calculate losses to control the operation of reactive power dispatch and tap changing transformer to minimize losses. Uncontrolled reactive power flow in an industrial distribution system can give rise to excessive active and reactive power losses and voltage drops on steadystate load flow. In an interconnected distribution system with cogeneration, voltage drops under contingency conditions, i.e. on loss of a generator or tie line, can disrupt the continuous processes. The active power rating of the distribution system components can be seriously degraded. The test system that is used for the project is a six bus system and the program is done using MATLAB software.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT APPROVAL AND DECLARATION SHEET ABSTRAK ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS OR NOMENCLATURE i ii iii iv v viii ix x

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4

Overview Objective Scope of study Project Organization

1 2 3 4

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1

Power Flow 2.1.1 2.1.2 Power Demand Voltage Changes Due to Slow Changes in Electrical Voltage Changes Due to Large Changes in Reactive Power Demand

5 5 7

and Outage of a Source 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.2 Reactive Power Losses Options Available to Reduce or Eliminate Voltage Problems 7 9 9 14 15 15 15 16 17

Reactive Power Dispatch 2.2.1 Reactive Power Control

2.3

Artificial Immune System 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 Background History Introduction Artificial Immune Network Negative Selection Mechanism

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.1

Introduction 3.1.1 3.1.2 Slack Bus Load Buses

19 19 20 20 20 22 22 22 23 24 26 26 27 27 29 30

3.1.3 Regulated Buses 3.2 3.3 Test System Power Flow in MATLAB 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4 Data Preparation Bus Data File Line Data File Power Flow Programs

Artificial Immune System (AIS) 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 Flow Chart Initial Population Clone Mutate Selection

3.4.6

Convergence

30

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS & DISCUSSION

4.0 4.2

Introduction Results 4.2.1 Bus Number 2

31 32 32 36

4.3

Discussion

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION

5.1 5.2

Summary Recommendation For Future Projects

37 38

REFERENCES

39

APPENDICES Appendix A Appendix B

LIST OF TABLES

Tables No. 4.1 The optimal size of RPD and losses test 1 for bus 2

Page 32

4.2

The optimal size of RPD and losses test 2 for bus 2

33

4.3

The optimal size of RPD and losses test 1 for bus 2

34

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures No. 2.1 Voltage-active power (V-P) and voltage-reactive power (V-Q) characteristics

Page 6

2.2

Reactive power received versus transmitted and voltage drop through reactors.

2.3

AC voltage and current phase shift

11

2.4

Power Triangle

12

2.5

Mechanism of Immune System

18

3.1

Six Bus System

20

3.2

Bus data and line data for six bus system

21

3.3

Flow chart for AIS technique

26

3.4

The clone program

28

3.5

The mutation program

29

4.1

Comparison graph for three evaluations on bus number 2

35

LIST OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS OR NOMENCLATURE

RPD AIS

reactive power dispatch artificial immune system