Dr.

Shikha Nema

IS-95

Dr. Shikha Nema

Services & Capabilities

CDMA frequency based is the same as AMPS Channel Bandwidth is 1.25MHz Modulation is based on QPSK and OQPSK Channel Bite Rate is based on 1.2288 Mb/s Channel data rate from 1200 b/s to 9600 b/s Channel uplink frequency is 824 to 849MHz; down link is between 869 to 894 MHz; with frequency spacing of 45 MHz.

Dr. Shikha Nema

Radio Link Overview

Channel Structure
Forward Channel Reverse Channel

Different modulation techniques for uplink and down link Variable Bit Rate Power control Rake reciever

Dr. Shikha Nema

Processing Gain
Early Implementations use R=9600 b/s for a Processing gain of 128 ch/b G = Processing Gain Later Implementations W = Switching Rate Ch/s use R=14400 b/s for a R = Source Information Rate b/s processing gain of 85.3 ch/b

W G R

Dr. Shikha Nema

PN Sequence
Signal is spread using a pseudorandom noise sequence Low cross correlation

ORTHOGONAL SPREADING:-

TX
USER INPUT 10011 01101001100101100110

Dr. Shikha Nema RX

USER OUTPUT

Cell

Cell

10011

10011001100110011001

10011001100110011001

CODE
User Input Spreading Sequence TX Data 1 1001 0110 0 1001 1001 0 1001 1001

CODE
1 1001 0110 1 1001 0110

Dr. Shikha Nema

Decoding using correct Orthogonal Function

Rx Data Correct Function

0110 1001 1001 0110 0110

1001 1001 1001 1001 1001 1111
1

0000 0000 1111 1111

0 0 1 1

Dr. Shikha Nema

Decoding using incorrect Orthogonal Function 0110 0101 0011 1001 0101 1100 1001 0101 1100 0110 0110

Rx Data
Incorrect Function

0101 0101 0011 0011

Dr. Shikha Nema

Spreading Codes
IS95 systems use two types of code sequences: Orthogonal sequences (Walsh codes). Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences. Long codes (242 =4400 Billion) Short codes (215 =32768)

Dr. Shikha Nema

Walsh Codes:In CDMA the traffic channels are separated by Unique Walsh code. These are
(a) (b) (c) 64 codes of 64 Bit Length. Forwarded traffic channel Codes. All codes are orthogonal to each other.

(d) These codes provide Isolation between multiple signals transmitted by base stations

Dr. Shikha Nema

The basic concept behind creation of the code is as follows: (a)Repeat the function right (b)Repeat the function below (c) Invert function (diagonally)
Fig: Seed 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0

Dr. Shikha Nema

By using this technique we create a set of 64 such codes of 64 bit length which is known as Walsh codes. All such codes are orthogonal to each other.
The individual subscriber now can communication using one of these codes. start

These codes are traffic channel codes and are used for orthogonal spreading of the information in the entire bandwidth.

Orthogonality provides nearly perfect isolation between the multiple signals transmitted by the base station.

Dr. Shikha Nema

PN offset (Masking)
- Masking will cause the generator to produce the same sequence but offset in time. - Masking provides the shift in time for PN codes. - Different masks corresponds to different time shifts. - ESN are used as masks for users on the traffic channels.

Dr. Shikha Nema

LONG CODE
(a) 242 Bits polynomials. (b) Forwarded channel Data (traffic and paging chls) scrambled. (c) Provides channelizations for the reverse chls. (d) This code is unique for every subscriber. (e) It is known as user address mask or user identification. (f) Subscriber are differentiated as no two same codes are used. (g) Repeats every 41 days (at a clock rate of 1.2288 Mcps)

Dr. Shikha Nema

SHORT CODES
(a) This PN sequence is based on 215 characteristics polynomial. (b) (c) Differentiates cells and sectors. Identifies cells and sectors.

(d)
(e) (f)

Consist of codes for I & Q chls.

Each cell uses different codes. Repeats every 26.67 msec (at a clock rate of 1.2288 Mcps)

Dr. Shikha Nema CDMA Channels Forward Link Channels

Pilot Channel
Sync Channel Paging Channels Traffic Channels Reverse Link Channels Access Channels Traffic Channels

CDMA CHL ARCHITECTURE Pilot channel (W0)

Dr. Shikha Nema

The pilot is used by the subs unit to obtain initial system synchronization and to distinguish cell sites. Every sector of every cell site has a unique pilot channel. Transmitted constantly. Allows the mobile to acquire the system. Provides mobile with signal strength comparison. Approximately 20% of the radiated power is in the pilot.(4-6 db higher)
.

Dr. Shikha Nema

Pilot channel
Carries unmodulated DSS signal Period of 26.667ms 75 pilot channel ever 2 seconds Has unique PN Offset(215 ) for each cell or sector

Dr. Shikha Nema

Sync channel (W32)

Used during system Acquisition stage. Sync chl provides the subs unit with network information related to cell site identification, pilot transmit power & cell site PN offset. Used by mobile to synchronize with the system

Transmits sync message with

- Pilot PN offset - Long PN code - Network ID Tx at 1200 bps - System time - System ID - Paging chl data rate

PAGING CHLS (W1-W7)

Dr. Shikha Nema

On this chl base station can page the subs unit and it can send call set-up and traffic chl assignment information.

Means of communication between base to mobile station.

Paging CHL data Rates can be 4.8 or 9.6 Kbps. CDMA assignment has 7 paging CHLs. Each paging CHL supports 180 pages per set. Total pages/ CDMA RF chl = 1260

Dr. Shikha Nema

Provides mobile with

- System Parameter message PN offset index

BS identifier

- Neighbour list - Access Parameter list - CDMA Channel list

Used by base station to :

- Page mobile - Transmit overhead information

- Assign mobile to traffic channel

Dr. Shikha Nema

Traffic Channels ( W8-W31 & W33-W63)

The traffic chl carries the actual call. That is, the voice and control information between the subs unit & base station. TX upto 9.6kbps on rate set 1 and upto 14.4kbps on rate set 2.

Access CHLS.

Dr. Shikha Nema

(a) Provides communication from Mobile to base station when mobile is not using traffic Chl. The access chl is used for call origination & for response to pages, orders & registration requests. It is paired with corresponding paging chl.

(b) Each Access CHL use long PN code.

(c) Base station responds to transmission on a particular Access CHL.

(d)Mobile responds to base station message by emitting on Access CHL.

(e) Tx at 4800bps

Dr. Shikha Nema

IS95 Modulation
Information A/D Vocoder

Information Bits
FEC Code symbols

Spreading code generator

Chips Spreader

PSK

Dr. Shikha Nema

Forward Traffic Channel Generation

I PN

9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps Rate set 1

R=1/2
19.2 ksps Convolutional Block Encoder & Repetition interleaver

Power Control bit

Wt

Rate set 2 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps

R=3/4

19.2 ksps

1.2288 Mcps

User Address Mask (ESN)

1.2288 Mcps Long Code PN decimator 64:1

decimator

800bps

24:1 O PN

Dr. Shikha Nema

Forward channel Modulation

Convolution encoder works with generator vectors G0 and G1 which are 753 and 561 (octal) During silent period speech output is reduced from 9600bps to 1200bps Repetition block makes sure that data rate is 19.2kbps

Dr. Shikha Nema

Forward channel modulation

Block interleaver : 20ms block 24x16 array Long PN sequence:242-1 polynomial: p(x)=x42+x35+x31+x27+x26+x25+x22+x21+x19+ x18+x17+x16+x10+x7+x6+x5+x3+x2+x+1

Dr. Shikha Nema

Forward channel modulation

Public mask(ESN) Private mask(MIN)

Dr. Shikha Nema

Long code mask format

Dr. Shikha Nema

Forward Channel modulation

Decimator will keep only first chip out of 64 consecutive chip Data rate becomes 19.2ksps Data scrambling is performed by Mod2 addition

Dr. Shikha Nema

Power control subchannel

Since signal and interference is varying , Power control updates are sent every 1.25ms 1 bit is send to increase or decrease the power level Last four bits of 24 bits used are used to determine the position of Power control bit

Dr. Shikha Nema

Power control bit position

Dr. Shikha Nema

I channel modulation

Dr. Shikha Nema

Q channel Modulation

Reverse CDMA channel

Dr. Shikha Nema

Dr. Shikha Nema

Reverse Traffic Channel Generation

I PN

9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps Rate set 1

Orthogonal

R=1/3
Convolutional Block Encoder & Repetition interleaver 28.8 ksps

Modulation 307.2 KHz Data Burst Rand.

Rate set 2 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps

R=1/2

1.2288 Mcps

User Address Mask (ESN)

1.2288 Mcps Long Code PN

O PN

Dr. Shikha Nema

Reverse traffic channel

Convolution encoder with go, g1 and g2 as 557, 663 and 771 in octal respectively Block interleaving with 32 rows and 18 columns Symbols are written in coloumns and read in rows 64 bit orthogonal code is selected And is transmitted for each group of 6 bits

Dr. Shikha Nema

Reverse traffic channel

Walsh function =c0+2c1+4c2+8c3+16c4+32c5 28.8kbps x 64walsh chips/6coded bits = 307.2 kbps Interleaver will control the output data bit rate

Dr. Shikha Nema

Power control group

Dr. Shikha Nema

Power control CDMA will not work without an effective power control, because of the near-far problem, fading & varying path loss. The system requires fast closed loop power control for Raleigh fading.

Requires wide dynamic range open loop power control to handle variations in path losses in different locations.
Open loop power control: An original estimate is made by the mobile. Mobile adjusts its trans power according to changes in its received power from the base station.

Closed loop power control: Compares with the threshold value.

Dr. Shikha Nema

Base station provides rapid correction to the mobiles.

Takes decision for increasing or decreasing the power.

Commands the mobile to adjust the output power accordingly.

=== 0 ===

Dr. Shikha Nema

Open loop power control

When the mobile is turned on, it locks on to the pilot, paging and synch channel. There is no traffic channel assigned to the mobile and hence no closed loop. The mobile Tx power will be inversely proportional to the pilot strength received. If BTS does not responds, then increase the power level

Dr. Shikha Nema

Closed loop power control

After the traffic channel is assigned, the power control shifts to closed loop control Reverse channel has got 16 power control groups of 1.25ms in one 20ms frame. BTS receives the mobile receive power once every 1.25ms and BTS send Power control bit in the 2nd next 1.25 ms cycle to increase(0) or decrease(1) the power by 1db.

Dr. Shikha Nema

Hand offs
Softer handoff Multi sector hand off (Intra BTS)

Can have upto 3or 6 sectors involved (same cell)

Voice data is combined at cell and passed as one cell to BSC Make before break

Soft handoff
Multi-cell Handoff (Inter BTS) Can have upto 3 cells involved (same FA)

Each cell provides voice data to BSC

Voice data is selected at SVC to vocoder in BSC Make before break

Dr. Shikha Nema

CDMA Capacity
W/R 1 1 N= -------*-----*--------*n *g Eb/Io d 1+f Where N= calls per sector W= Spread spectrum Bandwidth (1.25 MHz) R= data rate (9.6 kbps or 14.4 kbps) Eb/Io= Bit energy/ other user interference density (7dB) d= Voice activity factor (0.4) f= other interference/ same interference (0.6) n= loading factor (0.8) g= reduction for variable power (0.85) N= 27 users per sector for R=9.6Kbps 18 users per sector for R=14.4Kbps

Dr. Shikha Nema

Rake receiver
CDMA mobiles use rake receivers. The rake receiver essentially a set of four or more receivers (or fingers). One of the receivers constantly searches for different multipaths and helps to direct the other three fingers to lock onto strong multipath signals. Allows combined reception of up to three different paths. Provides searcher receiver to identify changes in path characteristics/new cells. Provides both path diversity and frequency diversity.

Dr. Shikha Nema

Correlator 1

Correlator 2

Correlator 3
Searcher Correlator

c o m b i n e r

CDMA mobile rake receiver

Rake receiver
ANTENNA

Dr. Shikha Nema

T0

T1

T2

T3

DELAY TAPS

W0

W1

W2

W3

TAP WEIGHTS

Summing Circuit

OUTPUT