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Yakovlev Suzuki [i] has posed the problem of finding sufficient to a lattice of subgroups UDC 519.51:519.45 conditions under Anishch-
of a group $.
that $ is an Abelian p-group with not more than two generatrices. we formulate in terms of lattice theory the necessary and sufficient under which a lattice is isomorphic Theorem 6). to a lattice of subgroups
of a group
They follow from the conditions under which a lattice is isomorphic characterization of a normal divisor of a
to a lattice of subgroups of a free group of rank not smaller than two (3, Theorem 5), and from a lattice-theory free group (3, Theorem 4). As an application of the obtained results we shall group in which any two (4,
prove that any lattice isomorphism of a noncommutative Theorem 7). Hence, follows Sadovskii's
elements generate a free group can be induced only by one group isomorphism a noncommutative Everywhere locally free group by a lattice of subgroups. in the following paper we shall denote by L a complete of G.
by o the null element of L, and by L (G) a lattice of subgroups sum, and product of two lattice elements ~,a+~, M ~L, with the symbols ~,u,n then ~ M w i l l Following
[5], we shall say that an element aeL is cyclic if the interval lattice with a maximality condition. Such a definition from the re-
~//0 is a distributive
[~), or simply by C.
If
a,~e ~,
we shall write
In particular,
if ~
Translated from Algebra i Logika, Vol, 13, No. 6, pp. 694-712, NovemberDecember, 1974, Original article submitted September 25, 1974.
l 9 75 Plenum Publishing Corporation, 22 7 West 1 7th Street, New York, ~: Y. 10011. No part o f this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission o f the publisher. A copy o f this article is available from the publisher for $15.00.
400
.....
e,~
'(1)
and let
be a system of nonzero cyclic elements of the lattice , ~ 0 , ~ g ~ ) , A~ c_ Bioa (Z=I,2..... ~) . any aie A~ '9" eAJ" we have the condition
ai oOl/ Cl gi, o ~ ~
system of elements is expressed by (i).
(~;,~--~.2 . . . . . r~),
(2)
then ~=(A~,~2,...,A~) will be called a complex defined by the element = and the A complex defined by the null element and system (i)
~ = (e,, e2,..., e,,).
The set of all complexes defined by the element a and system (i) will b e denoted by /( ~o, (I)). If # -- (2~,2~,,...,~) e/((b,(1)), we shall assume by definition that ~ =,p ~ ~i -~
By ~fi we shall denote the set of all complexes ~ - ( 2 1 , / _ 7 z .....2n), for which #eK(i(l)) and there exist a,~,de ~ s u c h that ~e K (a, (I) ), pe. Kf(,(l)), deoo{,
.o o jnAzo$+
The set ~
. . . . .
<3)
l
THEOREM i. A lattice /. is isomorphic to a lattice of subgroups of a group (i) that satisfies
if Z is a complete lattice, if each of its elements is a sum of a set of cyclic elements, and if there exists at least one system of elements the following conditions: i.i. For any ~ E C , a~o, element ~ and system (i).
I f
then
e~o~]f?~i$~& ~.
1.3. If ~K(~,(1)), ~e K ({,(1)) and ~_-~, thena={. 1.4. For any ~ e K{=,(! ))and #~/<(~,(I)), the set ~ # will consist of one and only one complex. 1.5. For any complexes ~,~,~ defined by cyclic elements of the lattice and the system (i) we have ( ~ p ) ~ - ~ (~). 1.6. If ~ ~ ~, aeg, = ~ ~,~ and ~ e K [a,(1)), then there exists a finite set of complexes #~,#z,...,flm, defined by elements of ~ and the system (i), and such (l/% /~z)/Os) ...)pr,_~ )/~ m . that == E ((...
401
Proof.
Let us take a system of elements (i) that satisfies the conditions The conditions 1.4 and 1.5 of the
of the theorem, and denote by K the set of all complexes defined by cyclic elements of the lattice L and by system (I). complexes. Hence, instead of # ~ theorem define in K an associative algebraic operation, namely multiplication of we shall write ~--~/o .
Let us show that $ e K (o, (I)) is a right unit element under the operation of multiplication of complexes. and that Let ~ e/( (=, ( I )). For showing that c~$= ~, it suffices by virtue of the definition of a product of complexes to show that m e m o o
A o.nA oel
evident. The second holds if A g = 8 ( ~ .
(z./-
.....
The first assertion is
theorem, it follows that for any ~=e 0 we have K Ca,(1))##. From the definition of a complex, it follows that if cc~ K(GoCIJ), then ~Z_~aogi, with ~ . = o ~ ~ ~ for any = e C a n d will any el. But in this case, also ~Z=gz. ~ ~ be a right unit element. Let ae ~, ~ 0 , ~ e K (a, (13),c~le K(~(1))and ~ ~ . The existence of such 0 and the relation
i.e., for = there exists a right inverse element. It follows from the foregoing that K is a group under multiplication of complexes. Let us prove that
L IK) is isomorphic to L.
{,zl. eK
Let us write
By also
taking into account condition I.i, we find that f is a mapping of K onto ~. Now let us define the mapping
9: Z,(K)--'-Z,,
by writing for any subgroup
H ~ K the formula
H= EH I ,
where H / is the set of images of all the elements of H under the mapping ~o. Let us show that is an isomorphism of the lattices L(K) and ~. It follows from the definition of ~ that if A,2~eL(K)and ~ 2 ~ , thenA~2~ ~. It remains to verify that ~ is a one-to-one mapping. It follows from the definition of ~ that to any subgroup /~c_K there corresponds a unique element of L. Let us show that any element gel is an image of a subgroup of the group K. Indeed, let us write
402
Since any element of /. is a sum of a set of cyclic elements, and ~ is a mapping onto 0, it follows that V#~. Let us show that V is a subgroup of K. Let ~,~ e V and ~# = ~, with ~ = = , ~ = {, #~-- ~. It follows from the definition of a product of complexes that ~ eao[(here we are using the fact that any complex is defined by a single element; However,a~ ,~J. this follows from condition 1.3), i.e., ~ + ~ = ~ % ~ = ~ + { Hence, ~ , and, therefore,#&V. From the proof of the existence of a right i n then o-le~. Thus, . Hence, V is closed under
verse element for z, it follows that ~--( -i)~. Hence, if ~ e ~ , It is evident that V ~-- ~.
Finally, let A and ~ be distinct subgroups of K and, for example, let J ~ , with ~ E A , but ~c~2~. Let us assume that A = Then $~ =/7 Since B#=Y,B ', whereB'={{I~-~,/e~}, it follows that ~ B I. By virtue of condition 1.6, there exists a finite set of complexes/~,,~ ..... #~, defined by elements i n B I and by system (i) such that
~=P,A...#~.
I t f o l l o w s from c o n d i t i o n 1.1 t h a t K(~(1)) f o r ~#0 c o n s i s t s o f p r e c i s e l y two comp l e x e s /~ and/~ ; we showed t h a t fl and fl a r e r e c i p r o c a l as e l e m e n t s o f t h e group K, and, t h e r e f o r e , t h e y e i t h e r b e l o n g o r do n o t b e l o n g s i m u l t a n e o u s l y to any o f
the subgroups of the group K. Hence, it follows that where{e~: then ~ e B . Hence, ~,/~z..... ~m6~ and ~ e ~ , which contradicts the choice of ~. Hence, A~#/~~ and ~ will be a one-to-one mapping. This completes the proof of the theorem.
if~eK({,(1)),
~2
In this section we shall show that a lattice of subgroups of a noncommutative group G in which any two elements generate a free group will satisfy the conditions of Theorem i. Such groups will be called 2-free groups (with regard to the existence of such nonlocally free groups, see [8]). In the Lermnas 1-5 formulated below, we are considering subgroups and elements of a 2-free group G.
I f tQ.1INt~J-=-E, then {alo{~J will consist only of the following subgroups [a{J, {a{-' t , {a"{], {a-'{-'}.
LEMMA 1.
of the fact
t h a t ~, and ~ a r e f r e e l y
t]'~a:J t~ ~6 t n { ~ t o [~ ~} ?~ ~,
then ~ = S
Proof. If {~==}N~9~sJ--E , then, by virtue of Lemma l, it follows from (4) that for certain 8 = + I, 2~ =-+4 and integer { we have
(f~a~) (]ea'~,l ~
]
403.
This equation is possible only for 8=I,%=-/,.~=S, by virtue of the fact that and c are freely generating the subgroup[~,=}. If I~}
~ {~s}
~ ~,
then{~x~Jand
~ z ~
~$
{~}
~ ~
cyclzc subgroups.
K=d,~=8.
Therefore, ~ a ~ a ~ ~ a ~ ~ , whzch zs possible only for This completes the proof of Lemma 2.
In the same way we can prove the following two lemmas. LEMMA 3. If {q~n{~ = E , ~ ( and { ~ } ~ { ~ } ~{~o{~} ~ ~ , then { ~ } =
LEMMA 4.
If
{/r}O{uT}=
~ andlK~}n{~}#~,
we have
~.~
5.
Le~ . ~ g
.
,{= ~
. ~,. = ~ e ~ C ~ = ~ . ~
.....~), with { { } ~ { 5 }
(K= ,z,3) such that
and
{ur/,}~: 1%.}
for 6+j
If
(4/'--42
re)where exist
2,,,.=+./
then
=~.
It is evident that any of the equations ~4'c--i, z~a ~ i and (by vir&
Proof.
rue of Lemma 4) any of the relations{~t'cJnluf]4E and { 6 2 8 } O { ~ } + f can hold for not more than one value of ~ for any ~,=il ,l~-~il. Without loss of generality, it can be assumed that if there exist such values of ~, they will be found among the numbers I, 2, 3, and 4. If g>f, then (as before) one 7'-/(~) we can have it follows from Lemma 4 that for not more than
1 %t n {'5"
for any %--I, ;~z-+-L Since ~m5 and/#/Cb),
dJ + e.
In
view of this we find, by virtue of Lemma i and of (5), that for any pair ~,j /~/(6) , we have at least one equation of the form
(6)
Let ~ be fixed, ~), and let / run through the values from i to/a, with /~/fi). Since ~>~258, and there exist precisely 256 eight-sets of the form (~1,~,~z,~, 7~3,6, @~, 8~) , it follows that there exist Y'~,/z '/I~ , such that
404
Let us show that (7) and (8) can simultaneously hold only for 85= I. deed, let 8s = - / and, for example, let 8z - ~ . From (7) and (8) we obtain
In-
this equation cannot hold, since under our assumption we have{6Z'c~ o I u/~ ~, u/~ f,and the subgroup ~J?C,~ is a free group. 8z =-~ is also unfeasible.
In the same way we can see that the case @~=-4 Thus, ~ = 4.
If ~ ,
this equation will be valid (by virtue of the fact that {u/} O {{} === and
{~,~} is a free group.) only for IzSz = 9# . that for any i ~ F we must have
Bz=-!
andA~=-~
8s=I) it
By a s s i g n i n g fz ' we h a v e
to
L the
values
f r o m 5 t o m , we f i n d
c)
(lO)
(ll)
..
3.
of the values of ~ , ~ , ~ , ~ .
If ~,= $~, ~,=/, ~--/, we obtain from (I0) and (Ii) the equation
we have
/IS,2-//.f s == ~Z-".
This equation cannot hold in a free group ~ a ~ . In the same way we can see that the case %1=~j, 01 = -4 , possible. If 2~I = ~j, G I = - I , ~---I, @3= / is also im-
from (I0)
405
have
j-s =
This equation cannot hold for ~y~/, since I~Jn{~J=Eand tO',(J is a free group. For ~=( it follows from (I0) that ( ~ i = ~ , ~ = - 4 ~ - ~ - / ) c = a , i.e.,c----=~. In the same way we can consider the case that ~1~%j . proof of Lemma 5. COROLLARY. This completes the
If ~ = ! under the conditions of Lemma 5, then c = ~ . Let us recall that cyclic elements of /,[G) coincide with
Let $ be a group.
cyclic subgroups of $. Instead of cyclic elements of L(G), we can therefore refer to cyclic subgroups of $ and vice versa. Let
(12) ~ consists
of subgroups {~=} and {~ffa}, with {~i=}~{~'I~}, (~ ~-~.2 ..... n), we can easily see that
= (4,Az
C~', C~2 ~)
~.
(12) and the element a, but also by a system of generatrices selected in the However, if K(a,(12))exists in a torsion-free group, it will be Since in a torsion-free ~ -~ a~ if and only if ~ - ~ = ~z"~ , we obtain the following uniquely determined by system (12) and the element ~. group we have ~ } = lemma. LEMMA 6. j ~ complex K If G is a torsion-free group and for any ~,/~a e ~, we have
=-i, it:follows that for any system (12) and any = e G there exists a unique
( a, (12)).
Under the conditions of Lermma 6, if = ~-
LEMMA 7.
K (~z,(12)),,~=/~ (~,(12)) ,
then ~ , ~ K (=(, (12))~ For the proof it suffices to use the definition of ~p. THEOREM 2. A lattice of subgroups of a 2-free noncommutative group satis-
fies the conditions of Theorem I. Proof. Let G be a 2-free noncommutative group. It is evident that L(G) is
a complete lattice.. As we noted above, the set of cyclic elements of L(G) coincides with the set of cyclic subgroups of $. Hence, any element of L (G)will be a sum of a set of cyclic elements. Let ~ G , ~g!
(K=~,2 ..... p ) and I ~ I ~
forK~.
406
(see, for example, [2]). Let us write ~ui-~u , Z~/. ~ O, E ~ i = ~ } (L,=4,...,,'n) with a~g ~ ; ~ for i~j. We obtain a system of elements of the lattice I~):
..., e,,.,,.
.....
ee,,.
(13)
Let us prove that for m ~ f a n d n~m2ES, system of elements (13) satisfies conditions i.i-1.6 of Theorem i. Condition i.i. The conditions of Lemma 6 are satisfied in a 2-free group. Therefore, the complexes ~ N (a,(la)), ~'= K (,Cla)) exist and are uniquely determined, with ~ i for l a 3 ~ . Let us show that other complexes defined by {a} and system (13) do not exist.
=
,A"
For at least one ~ we h a v e { c ~ } n ~ K } = E . By the definition of a complex we have II II AKin--{~K~} o ~ } By using Lemma i, we find that AK~ can contain only some of the subgroups
and Lemma 2, we obtain ~=8. K~$, As we just showed, A~6 n can contain only
Let { = } ~ { ~ K } = [ = J n { & } = E ,
subgroups of the form { ~ ~81, and Air zj can contain only subgroups of the form {$~~7= ~' where @ and 8, do not ,depend on L and j. By definition of a complex, we obtain for any Aj = 4,2 .....
where ~ ,/%~ = 1. From these relations we find, by virtue of the corollary of Lemma 5, that @ = 8~. Finally, let I]~} ~ {=J = E, {~zJ ~ ~ J ~ E Since ~= and ~ generate a free group, there exists an ~ e & s u c h that ~ z e { ~ j and~e{~]. On the other hand, A" c ~ J o ~ J . Hence, for any subgroup ~ ~A"J we have {FJ~--_{~J. For int.egers ~t, "~z' and s~we have ~=~s,, ff=~s~, ~ .=/~% . ByZ~virtue of AK~:~ { ~ @ ~ and of the definition of a complex, we obtain
By substituting into this formula the values as=~ 8~', ~=~s~, Lemma 3, we find that {br}={~zj~j or {~={~z; ~ j .
~7~j =
h%
and using
Thus, we have shown that for any complex ~// there exists a value of 8 ( @ - ior@---l) that does not depend on ~ and j and such that any ~j can contain only subgroups of the form {~;xGs}. But according to the definition of a complex, A~j contains precisely two cyclic elements belonging to /~G). Therefore, z~will consist of the subgroups {~z/=O and {~;=~} . But in this case for ~= A"
407
the complex ~
will coincide with ~ , and for @---lit will coincide with =i . Thus
condition I.i of Theorem i will be satisfied for system (13). Condition 1.2 will now assume the form
!
A,s e~7~t~,~ ~ j J
Condition
i.e.
1.3.
Let ~e K
({aJ,(la)), fleK(l{J,(la)),
that ~ = K
This signifies that for any 4 ~ K _ z p a n d 4_~g~ra we have ~~=~g. there exist two subgroups among {~}, for example, ~i~
tg,} n
{a) =
f~,} n f~3
(14)
Since ioz.F)~2~=. and ~ = ~ z ; , it follows that {~/.F}e~ u. In view of this it fol~j lows from the ~efinition of a complex that for any f,~--/,2 ..... nz,
. . . . . . .
,,
tM
From the corollary of Lemma 5 it follows that a--~, i.e.,{a} = l~}. Condition 1.4. and that #e K Suppose that the complexes ~ and ,8 were defined as above,
({d}, rla)),
2 = (4,,4~,...,2,m,~,,
here we can a s s u m e that
.... ~p,.,,),
As in the verification of condition 1.3, it can be assumed that conditions (14) hold, and, moreover, that {~} old) = ~. It then follows from the definition of ~# (con-
In going over to the elements of the sets _~, 2~., Ali, we find that for any pair @" , where i,/=,=.....m, there exist ~b~-=-*! (~=!,2,B) such that
s)
By v i r t u e o f Lemma 5, it
; . { gz,,
hence follows that d=a~. T h u s , we h a v e p r o v e d t h a t ~ / ~
consists of not more than one complex. However, it follows from Lemma 7 that ~/~ffK (=~,(I~). Thus, condition 1.4 is satisfied. It hence follows that by denoting with K a set of complexes specified by cyclic elements of /.(G)and by
408
system (13), we thus define in K an algebraic operation, namely, multiplication of complexes. In checking condition i.i, we have proved that the complexes K ({a~,(la))is exhausted by Hence, the
1.3, we showed that if ~ = K (~,(IS)), ~--- K (~,(13))and ~=~, then~=~. mapping ~, according to the rule
proof of condition 1.4 (i.e., from the equation ~=a~) it follows that (~)~--~Pp~ , i.e., ~ is an isomorphism of K and $ under the operation of multiplication of complexes and the group operation in $. rem 2. 3 Let e,,e; ...., op~C(L), with The system of cyclic elements
e,,,% ..... e,~,
In view of this it is easy to see that This completes the proof of Theo-
6~ . . . . .
(15)
system of elements (13)
for p>.5, nz ~2F8 is called the basic system of the lattice L. Let us note, for example, that for p ~ E , n~fF$, of the lattice L CG~ . Following [7], a lattice g will be called a torsion-free lattice if the interval ~,/0 is finite for any ~e L , u ~ O. THEOREM 3. A group $ is a free group of rank ~72 if and only if L (G) satisfies the following conditions: 3.1. 6(G)is not a distributive torsion-free lattice. 3.2. If {a} and {{} are not subgroups of the same cyclic subgroup and constructed at the beginning of the proof of Theorem 2 will be a basic system
then
('"((~,~z)~3)'") ~s ~ g"
Proof.
Necessity.
see that conditions 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 are satisfied in L(G). condition 3.4 also holds.
As S we shall take the set of all cyclic groups whose generatrices are
4 0 9
Then ~ $ = G.
It follows from the proof of Theorem 2 that the set of all complexes defined by elements of ~ (Z (~)) and basic system (15) form a group K under multiplication of complexes, and that the mapping ~ defined at the end of the proof of Theorem 2 is an isomorphism of K and $. If ~ ~ K f{=gj,(Is)) then ~ = - K (=~, (Is)) or ~l =K(a-~,(m)), as it follows from the proof of Theorem 2. Therefore, ~--=~ or ~ = ~-1 and
(~,,~,
where
~,~[.
. .
~
""~s ~ 5 , i.e., formula (16)
~=+t. I f
{=~;~I~.} ~-~
the definition of $. But in this case, also, % ~ holds. Thus, condition 3.4 is satisfied.
Sufficiency ~ Let conditions 3.1-3.4 be satisfied in L(&). condition 3.3, there exists in L(~)a basic system (15):.
By virtue of
It fol-
lows from the condition 3.2 that ~ - ~ - ~ for any ~ , $ 6 ~ , ~ / . Indeed, if ~ ' ~ = O "~, then [ ~ } ~ { 9 ~ = { ~ ~ ~ and at the same time {~a) e { ~ o {aJ , which contradicts condition 3.2. (o~,(IS)). By virtue of Lemma 6, there exists for any a e S a K (ag,(Is)) comK plex ~ = K (a,(Is)). I f ~ = K(~,(Is)) , then by virtue of Lemma 7, we have ~ s Hence, it follows that if ~ =
(...
(~=/,2,...,~), then
C~,~ ~%
...)% ~
K ~,a~ ...
as, (l~)).
free group, it follows that for any set S of cyclic elements of D C$) such that ZS=&, there exist al,a z..... as e O s u c h that {og}~ i~JeS, i~J#{~.~j and Q~az... " ~s = ~. In this case,
(... ( ~ , % ) % . . . ) % ~ K ~a,a~ . . . a s , (1~))= K U.(15))---~
and condition 3.4 does not hold in completes the proof of Theorem 3.
L(G).
This
the condition c~2~ is satisfied. Proof. case Let ~=la1~, ~ = I ~ } . If c e-(ao~f) o=, then
CE~o~,
of Lemma i, there exist 8~,8#=i4such that then C---~-~Q,~+@~ and hence ce(a.a).~. Let us assume that ~7~I and ~ = ~ . Then
x=ta,
but ~
(a,(~o{)),a.
410
c={a~'~al}.
This
completes
A lattice free-group
L that satisfies
THEOREM 5.
Let L be a free-group
will be satisfied in L, and hence L will be isomorphic groups of a group G. Since L satisfies the conditions that G is a free group of rank z~. Conversely, theorem. Elements of a free-group lattice a lattice of subgroups
is a free-
2 and 3.
4 are called normal elements of L. Let us specify a class F of lattices. F all the free-group lattices More precisely, we shall include in where lattice.
It follows from Theorem 5 that there exists an isomorphic mapping of any free-group lattice L into a lattice of subgroups of a free group G. As it follows from Theorem 4, in this case normal elements of ~ are mapped into normal divisors of ~. It also follows from Theorems is a free-group Thus, 4 and 5 that a lattice L(G} of any consist only of lattices theorem. of a group free group G of rank ~ Z are normal elements of that are isomorphic lattice and that normal divisors of ~ is a free group of rank ~ 2 ,
L(&).
to the lattices
L(G/H), where
A lattice L is isomorphic
to a lattice of class F.
4
THEOREM 7. Any lattice isomorphism of a noncommutative 2-free group is in-
duced by one (and only One) group isomorphism. Proof. isomorphism, group. In Let G be a 2-free noncommutative group, and let ~ be its lattice
L(G)
(17)
e,~, ef
is a basic system of elements of
e~
(18)
L(G~').
411
Let K and /~I be the sets of all complexes of L(G) and L(G~), defined by systerns of elements (17) and (18). Since the concepts of a complex and of a product of complexes are defined in terms of lattice theory, there exists between K and KI a one-to-one correspondence ~ such that if ~ e K ({=}, (17)), then
_ _
As we noted at the end of the proof of Theorem 2, a correspondence ~ under which for any = G w e have
a f'
= K (a,(17))
will be an isomorphism of K and ~ with respect to multiplication of complexes and the group operation in ~. Similarly, if for any s,e ~Y,
( ~" Ca,,
(,8)))~=~,,
then fz will be an isomorphism of the groups K I and G ~. Now it is easy to see that { # ~ ~ z is an isomorphic mapping of ~ into ~Y. In this case, if s~--al, then{a}-~-{=1], i.e.,{~}~= {~{] Thus, there exists an isomorphism { of the groups ~ and &~ that induces ~. Finally, if { and {, are isomorphisms that induce ~, a,{e~, {~]n{~] = E , then {~]~- {~{~t}={af'~').- Hence, follows that a { = ~ {' , i.e., { = ~ . This completes the proof of Theorem 7.
L I T E R A T U R E CITED
I. M. Suzuki, Structure of a Group and Structure of a Lattice of Its Subgroups [Russian translation], IL, Moscow (1960). 2. M. I. Kargapolov and Yu. I. Merzlyakov, Foundations of Group Theory [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1972). 3. S. A. Anishchenko, "Representation of modular lattices by lattices of subgroups," Matem. Zap. Krasnoyarskogo Gos. Ped. In-ta, No. i, 1-21 (1965). 4. L. E. Sadovskii, "Lattice isomorphisms of free groups and free products," Matem. Sb., 14, No. 1-2, 155-173 (1944). 5. B. I. Plotkin, "Problems of the theory of torsion-free groups," Ukr. Matem. Zh., 8, No. 3, 325-329 (1956). 6. O. Ore, "Structures and group theory, II," Duke Math. J., No. 4, 247-269 (1938). 7. P. G. Kontorovich and B. I. Plotkin, "Lattices with additive basis," Matem. Sb., 3__5, 187-192 (1954). 8. G. Baumslag, "On generalized free products," Math. Z., 78, 423-438 (1962).
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