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J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. (2007)s1040905 DOI: 10.

1007/s1177100702947

Frost resistance of recycled concrete


QIN Yin-hui()1, DENG Shou-chang()1, ZHANG Xue-bing()2 (1. College of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; 2. Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China)
Abstract: The frostbite situation of recycled concrete suffered one-time freezing was analyzed, and was then compared with that of the normal concrete. In order to improve the frost resistance of recycled concrete, antifreeze was used and good effect was obtained. The results show that the frost resistance of recycled concrete is inferior to that of recycled concrete. Differences exist in the microstructures of the recycled concrete and normal one, which makes the decrease of frost resistance. Antifreeze can improve the microstructure of recycled concrete, so the frost resistance of it is improved as well. Key words: recycled concrete; anti-frozen performance; antifreeze; freezing-thawing cycle; compressive strength

1 Introduction
The use of recycled aggregate(RA) for manufacture of concrete started as far back as the end of World War . Rubble obtained from demolition of concrete road pavement, runways, foundations and building structures has been reused successfully around the world. During the Post World War era in the United States, rubble from demolished concrete pavement was crushed and reused as aggregate in unstablished base course of a number of road construction projects. And, in one form or another, concrete has been recycled successfully in other countries such as China, France, Canada to mention a far. The reuse of old concrete not only conserves the finite raw materials, but also reduces energy consumption and therefore the overall construction costs. Many research studies were carried out on the use of RA in concrete in an attempt to understand the properties of RA concrete, however, most of the studies are focused on the mechanical properties of the resulting concrete. Limited work carried out on the understanding of frost resistance of recycled concrete[13]. The frost resistance of recycled concrete consists of the following two aspects: 1) the thawing and freezing resistance of fully hardening concrete; 2) the frost of recycled concrete when freezed in the early period. The latter is universal and the main danger in winter working. The focus of this paper is to study how minus temperature affect the recycled concrete and obtain the law, and is then compared with ordinary concrete. At the

same time, improved its anti-frozen performance through adding antifreeze, analyzed the reason how did antifreeze influence anti-frozen performance of recycled concrete.

2 Experimental
2.1 Raw material The main raw materials is as follows. Cement was 32.5R portland cement produced by Xiangxiang Cement Factory in Hunan Province. Fine stuff was natural sand of Xiang River in Hunan Province. Coarse aggregate was recycled aggregate obtained from concrete specimen with different grades in Examining Center of Xiangtan University. Water was running water. The properties of recycled concrete is shown in Table 1. The formula of additional water content is shown as[4]
(2.005 69 0.617 93 exp(0.204 8t ))m RCA (0t60 min) 4 (1.993 18 + 1.102 34 10 )m RCA W = (60 mint24 h) 0.021 5m RCA ( t 24 h)

where mRCA is the quality of recycled aggregate. 2.2 Frost temperature of recycled concrete The frost essence of concrete is the frost of water in

Foundation item: Project(k042013-12) supported by the Science and Technology Office of Changsha City, China Corresponding author: QIN Yin-hui; Tel: +86-731-5094170; E-mail: qinyinhui2003@126.com

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J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. 2007, 14(s1) Table 1 Properties of recycled concrete Additional water content, W 25.59 26.23 25.61

Design Recycled Natural Cement W/C1) strength content/(kgm3) aggregate/(kgm3) sand/(kgm3) grade C20 0.55 340 1 190 645 C30 0.46 380 1 220 575 C40 0.37 475 1 191 511 1) Mass ratio of water to cerment; 2) Mass ratio of cerment to sand, aggregate and water.

Mixture ratio2) 11.8973.50.55 11.5133.2110.46 11.0762.5070.37

it. When water is frozen, it becomes solid state from fluid state, the volumes expands 9% likely which damage the concrete quality. When ordinary concrete is put at 0 , most water exists between cement particles and isnt restrained essentially. Because of this, also the strength of recycled concrete at 0 was studied. The result is listed in Fig.1.

2.3 Frozen rule of recycled concrete Put recycled concrete specimen in low-greenhouse in which control temperature was (101), the strength grade of concrete was C30 and C40, 3 d later, a group of specimen was tested immediately, another group of specimen was cured in standard condition for 28 d continually, tested them when total curing age was 31 d, the result is shown in Fig.3.

Fig.1 Timestrength curve under different curing conditions

Fig.2 Timestrength curve at different temperatures

From the experiment result above, the strength of recycled concrete is increased after freezed for 3 d, but the speed is very slow, which indicates that the recycled concrete is not iced over, but hydration speed is very slow. In another word, the freezing point of water in recycled concrete is also below 0. In order to know the frozen temperature of recycled concrete, put recycled concrete specimen in lowgreenhouse at 5 , 10 after precuring for 0, 3, 7, 10 and 14 d in standard condition, put them out after 3 d, a group of specimen was tested immediately, another group of specimen was cured in standard condition for 28 d continually, tested them when total curing age was 31 d, strengthtime curves are shown in Fig.2. From Fig.2, the strength of recycled concrete curing for 28 d was the same approximately after frozen at 5 , 10 separately. For recycled concrete without precuring in standard condition, their strength was damaged greatly, in other words, recycled concrete has already suffered freezing injury at 5 , the frozen temperature of recycled concrete is 5 about.

Fig.3 timestrength curve at different curing days of recycled concrete

From Fig.3, precuring days are advantageous to recycled concrete either the melting strength or the final strength curing for 28 d. But recycled concrete hasnt anti-frozen threshold strength, there is frostbite for recycled concrete frozen after precuring for 10 d in

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standard condition. Compared with normal concrete (see Fig.4[5]), if normal concrete is precured for 1.5 d before frozen, it will not suffer frostbite. As a result, the anti-frozen performance of recycled concrete is inferior to that of normal concrete.

performance of concrete, it can improve the strength of concrete curing at minus temperature, but if antifreeze is applied to concrete curing in standard condition, the result is shown in Table 3. It can be seen from Table 3 that antifreeze does no influence on the strength of recycled concrete curing in standard condition, even the strength is higher than the design strength of recycled concrete. This is because antifreeze has the ability of water-reducing, so the factual W/C of recycled concrete is lower than the design W/C which will make the factual strength higher than the design strength. 2.5 Strength development regular of recycled concrete with antifreeze at minus temperature Put the shaped concrete limestone in the low greenhouse in which the control temperature was (10 1) , the designing compressive strength of recycled concrete was C30, C40 separately. Tested them at different curing ages, the timestrength curves of C30 and C40 are shown in Fig.5.

Fig.4 Timestrength curve at different curing days of normal concrete

2.4 Anti-frozen performance of recycled concrete with antifreeze In order to improve the anti-frozen performance of recycled concrete, the means of adding admixture was used. In the winter poor weather condition in the northern area of our country, application of antifreeze is extremely widespread, and the dosage is also extremely great, even it passes 5% limiting value prescribed by international[6]. In the text, the durability of recycled concrete with antifreeze was studied, the antifreeze was YJ-4 antifreeze produced by Beijing New Vision Building Construction Technology Co., Ltd, its superior mixing dosage is 1% of cement content. And its other technical index is shown in Table 2. Antifreeze is advantageous to the anti-frozen

Fig.5 Timestrength curve at different curing days of recycled concrete

Table 2 Technical index of YJ-4 antifreeze (No rust for reinforced bar) Waterreducing ratio 12% Air content 2.5% Bleeding ratio 90% Setting time gap of concrete Initial setting 0120 min Final setting 0120 min Compressive strength ratio
1) R 7

R28 100%

2) R 7 + 28

Strength loss ratio fter 50 freezingthawing cycles 100%

12%

120%

1) Cured at minus temperature for 7 d; 2) Cured at standard condition for 28 d after cured at minus temperature for 7 d.

Table 3 Strength at age of 28 d of recycled concrete curing in standard condition with antifreeze Design strength grade C20 C30 C40 W/C1) 0.55 0.46 0.37 Cement content /(kgm3) 340 380 475 Recycled aggregate /(kgm3) 1 190 1 220 1 191 Natural sand/ (kgm3) 645 575 511 Additional water, W 25.59 26.23 25.61 Compressive strength cured for 28d/MPa 22.49 33.98 46.51

1) Content ratio of water to cerment.

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Regardless of the recycled concrete of C30 and C40, the strength was developed continually even if the curing temperature was (10 1). When antifreeze was adding, the hydration of cement carried on, but the speed of cement hydration has direct ratio with curing temperature, in other words, the higher curing temperature, the faster hydration speed, so the hydration speed of cement is very low at an minus temperature. The strength develops slowly and there is no turning point in strengthtime curve, strength development is steady. 2.6 Freezing-thawing ability of recycled concrete Freezing-thawing destruction was the main part of concrete frostbite[7]. To study the freezing-thawing resistance ability of recycled concrete, cured the shaped recycled concrete specimen in standard condition for 28 d, saturated specimen with water, then tested them with freezing-thawing cycle, the method of freezing-thawing cycled was freezing slowly and melting slowly. The results are listed in Table 4.
Table 4 Resistance ability to freezing-thawing cycle Design strength grade C20 C30 C40 Times of freezingthawing cycle 25 50 50 Mass loss/% 0 0 0 Strength (without antifreeze/ MPa 15.53 28.89 42.00 Strength (with antifreeze)/ MPa 17.56 34.12 46.89

formatted by many loose pellet, and the interface area has porous nature because of its high porosity percentage of void, the farther to interface, the less of hole. At the same time, recycled concrete has lower density and wider interface compared with normal concrete. Interface is the weak link for anti-frozen[9], because of the existence of interface, concrete cant form a powerful whole, the structure integrity is destroyed. Once the two interfaces (the one is natural aggregate-old mortar interface, and the other is old mortar-new mortar interface) of recycled concrete are frozen, the whole structure of it will loose correspondingly, the final strength will damage correspondingly.

Fig.6 Microstructure of recycled concrete

There is no any mass loss of recycled concrete enduring freezing-thawing cycle many times. For recycled concrete without antifreeze, the strength is damaged to a certain degree, especially for concrete C20, its strength loss is quite obvious after 25 freezingthawing cycles. But for recycled concrete with antifreeze, the strength does not change, just for recycled concrete C20, the strength drops slightly. From the above analysis, it can be concluded that the recycled concrete C20 is not applicable in cold area, the lowest design strength grade of recycled concrete for freezing-thawing cycle is C30.

Fig.7 Microstructure of normal concrete

3 Comparison and analysis


Compared recycled concrete with normal one, the two have the same chemical composition, the reason why the two have different anti-frozen abilities is that they have different microstructures. Figs.6 and 7 demonstrate that the interface of aggregate and cement mortar is loose relatively for concrete, and the thickness of interface area is different at different places. For recycled concrete, the interface is

Adding antifreeze can improve the anti-frozen performance of recycled concrete greatly. The reason is that YJ-4 antifreeze doesnt depend on reducing freezing point of water to achieve its anti-frozen goal, but depend on importing air bubble, reducing water content and improving early strength of concrete to achieve it. It can not react with cement, but changes the microstructure of recycled concrete. Compared Fig.8 with Fig.9, it can be seen that recycled concrete without antifreeze has large pore and less density which is disadvantageous to seepage resistance of concrete and influence the concrete performance. But from the microstructure of recycled concrete with antifreeze, antifreeze makes the concrete have the high density and decrease the size of the pore of

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recycled concrete which makes the interface reasonable. On the other hand, less pore between the concrete particle can make concrete seepage ability increase, the strength and durability of recycled concrete improve as well.

4 Conclusions
Recycled concrete is different from normal concrete in microstructure, so their anti-frozen performance is also different. Concluded from the experiments above, just like the normal concrete, the frozen temperature of recycled concrete is also below 0 , precuring time is advantageous to the anti-frozen performance of recycled concrete, the longer percuring time, the higher strength of recycled concrete. In order to improve the anti-frozen performance of recycled concrete, antifreeze was used, anti-frozen performance is improved greatly after adding antifreeze, the strength develops continually at minus temperature, once curing in standard condition, it is higher than the design strength, and the ability to resistant freezing-thawing cycled is also enhanced. So recycled concrete can apply in winter environment if adding proper admixture.

Fig.8 Microstructure of recycled concrete without antifreeze

References
[1] SAGOE-CRENSIL K K. Performance of concrete made with commercially produced coarse recycled concrete aggregate [J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2001, 31: 707712. DORUNSOGO F T. Performance of recycled concrete monitored by durability indexes [J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2002, 32: 179185. ZAHARIEVA R. Frost resistance of recycled aggregate concrete [J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 2004, 34: 19271982. ZHANG Xue-bing, DENG Shou-chang. Experimental research on unit water use in recycled concrete [J]. Concrete, 2004(10): 3840, 64. (in Chinese) XIANG Zhu-xing. Study on early frost resistance of concrete [J]. Architectural Technology, 1992(10): 578583. (in Chinese) XIANG Zhu-xing. Study on durability of concrete with antifreeze [J]. Architectural Technology, 1982(10): 1920, 31. (in Chinese) LI Tian-yuan. Preliminary Study on Anti-frozen Performance of Concrete [D]. Changsha: Hunan University, 1984. (in Chinese) (Edited by LONG Huai-zhong)

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Fig.9 Microstructure of recycled concrete with antifreeze

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