Nonlinear transformation of electromagnetic wave in time-varying plasma medium: Longitudinal propagation

Zoran M. Trifkovic and Bozidar V. Stanic Citation: J. Appl. Phys. 100, 023303 (2006); doi: 10.1063/1.2218035 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2218035 View Table of Contents: http://jap.aip.org/resource/1/JAPIAU/v100/i2 Published by the American Institute of Physics.

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JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 100, 023303 2006

Nonlinear transformation of electromagnetic wave in time-varying plasma medium: Longitudinal propagation

Zoran M. Trifkovica
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia and Montenegro, Yugoslavia

Bozidar V. Stanic
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade 11000, Serbia and Montenegro, Yugoslavia

Received 15 July 2005; accepted 1 June 2006; published online 24 July 2006 The nonlinear transformation of a linearly polarized source plane electromagnetic wave, propagating along an external static magnetic eld in free space for t 0, due to the sudden creation of homogeneous plasma at t = 0 and sudden switching off the external magnetic eld after an elapsed time interval , is studied. This transformation has been analyzed by using the second order perturbation theory in radio approximation. For t , the stationary rectication and space-varying modes, the electron and electromagnetic plasma oscillations and traveling electron and electromagnetic plasma waves have been created. Among the large variety of nonlinear longitudinal electric modes the appearance of rectication mode was observed. The efciency of excitation of the longitudinal electric rectication mode has been studied for different values of source wave angular frequency, electron cyclotron angular frequency, and duration time of external static magnetic eld. 2006 American Institute of Physics. DOI: 10.1063/1.2218035
I. INTRODUCTION

eoz, t = xEo cosot koz , hoz, t = yHo cosot koz ,

1 2

Rapidly created plasmas appear practically in all pulse gas discharges, laser created plasmas, lightning, and plasmas created by nuclear explosions. The transformation of electromagnetic wave EMW in such time-varying linear media has been the subject of interest in many recently published papers. The basic results of these contributions were summarized by Kalluri.1 In this paper, we have assumed that for t 0 the linearly polarized LP source EMW with angular frequency 0 and wave number k0 is propagating in free space in the positive z direction. The external static magnetic eld is placed to be Bo = zBo, where z is the unit vector in the positive z direction. At time t = 0 the entire free space is ionized with an electron plasma density increase from zero to some constant value N0 and the source wave is therefore propagated in anisotropic plasma medium. The created electrons are stationary at t = 0. After the elapsed period of time external static magnetic eld is suddenly switched off and the previously created plasma behaves like an isotropic medium. This paper investigates transformation of the source wave due to these discontinuities in time domain and, in particular, the efciency of generation of an electric longitudinal rectication mode for different values of the source wave angular frequency, electron cyclotron angular frequency, and duration time of external static magnetic eld.
II. PROBLEM FORMULATION AND SOLUTION

where x and y are the unit vectors in positive direction of x and y axes, with H0 = 0 / 0E0, where 0 and 0 are permeability and permittivity of free space, respectively. The electromagnetic EM, electron velocity and electron density elds ez , t, hz , t, uz , t, and nz , t in magnetoplasma medium satisfy Maxwells equations 3 and 4, the equation of electron motion 5 and the equation of continuity for electron uid 6: ez, t = o

hz, t , t ez, t , t

h z , t = N oq u z , t + o

duz, t uz, t = + uz, t uz, t t t = q q e z , t u z , t B o z , t m m q uz, t hz, t . m 5

Electric and magnetic elds of the linearly polarized source EMW for t 0 are given by
a

nz, t + nz, tuz, t = 0. t

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; 381113370364; electronic mail: ztrifkovic@mas.bg.ac.yu

FAX:

The ion motion was neglected i.e., we apply the so called radio approximation. Equations 5 and 6 are nonlinear due to the second term on left-hand side and last term
2006 American Institute of Physics

0021-8979/2006/1002/023303/6/$23.00

100, 023303-1

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023303-2

Z. M. Trifkovic and B. V. Stanic

J. Appl. Phys. 100, 023303 2006

on the right-hand side in Eq. 5 and the last term in Eq. 6. These terms are generating the elds with wave number 2k0 and a variety of angular frequencies. EM, velocity, and electron density elds for weakly nonlinear plasma could be expressed in the following form: e z , t = e 1 z , t + e 2 z , t , h z , t = h 1 z , t + h 2 z , t , u z , t = u 1 z , t + u 2 z , t , n z , t = N 0 + n 1 z , t + n 2 z , t , 7 8 9 10

u 2z z , t =

0 e 2z z , t , N 0q t

16

without the rectication mode, where angular frequencies i, i = 1 , 2 , 3 are positive roots obtained from dispersion relation
2 2 3 B 2 k 2c 2 + 2 P k c B = 0,

17

as

1,3 = 21/3 cos

i = 1,3,

2 1 1 q arccos + i 1 + B, 3 3 3 2

where subscript 1 refers to the linear and subscript 2 to the weakly nonlinear elds. The generated EM and velocity elds in the anisotropic plasma are given in Kalluri2 linear elds and in Trifkovic and Stanic3 nonlinear elds in the following forms. Linear traveling EM and velocity transverse elds, e 1x z , t =
i=1 3 3 r,t E1 x

2 = 21/3 cos
with 1 = p 3

1 1 q arccos + 2/3 B , 3 3 2

18a

cosit k0z , 11 and

3/2

p=

2 B 2 + 2 0 + P , 3

,t e1yz, t = Er 1y sinit k0z , l=1 3

B 2 2 q= 2B + 182 0 9 P , 27

18b

h 1x z , t =
l=1 3

1 = 1 2,
r,t E1 x

2 = 1 3,

3 = 3 2 ,

19

sinit k0z , 12

,t h1yz, t = Hr 1y cosit k0z , i=1 3

r,t u 1x z , t = E 1 x sinit k0z , i=1 3

13

,t u1yz, t = Ur 1y cosit k0z , l=1

while there are not nonlinear propagating transverse elds, i.e., e 2x z , t = e 2 y z , t = h 2x z , t = h 2 y z , t = u 2x z , t = u 2 y z , t = 0 14 and the nonlinear longitudinal electric eld with a complicated structure, e2zz, t = Est sin2k0z +
0 Eosc

sinl, t + Eosci sinit

i=1 3

t,r t,r + Ew 0 sin Pt 2k0z + Ewi sinit 2k0z , i=1

15

where 0, P = N0q2 / 0m, and B = qB0 / m are the source wave angular frequency, electron plasma angular frequency, and electron cyclotron angular frequency, respectively. The upper sign and superscript t in Eqs. 1115 refer to the transmitted and lower sign and superscript r to the reected wave modes, respectively. The corresponding expressions for the amplitudes of generated elds 15 are given in Ref. 3. After elapsed time t = external magnetic eld is suddenly switched off. The EM, electron velocity, and electron density elds ez , t, hz , t, uz , t, and nz , t in isotropic plasma satisfy Eqs. 36 where the second term on the right-hand side in Eq. 5 is omitted as the external magnetic eld is switched off and the time t is replaced by the t1 = t , i.e., the running time in isotropic plasma. Substituting the generated elds 710 in the modied equations 36 for t1 = t 0 and applying the Laplace transform in time Lgz , t = t1 + = esGz , s , Gz , s = Lgz , t1 and, as the plasma is unbounded, Fourier transform in space FLgz , t = t1 + = esGk , s and taking into account that EM and velocity elds are continuous across the time discontinuity: e2z , t = = e2z , t1 = 0+, h2z , t = = h2z , t1 = 0+, and u2z , t = = u2z , t1 = 0+, one obtains the systems of linear algebraic equations in the domain of complex frequency s = j and wave number k. Solving that systems and applying inverse Laplace and Fourier transformations the generated linear elds may be expressed in the following closed form: Linear traveling EM and velocity transverse elds and stationary magnetic and velocity elds2

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023303-3

Z. M. Trifkovic and B. V. Stanic

3

J. Appl. Phys. 100, 023303 2006

1t,r e 1x z , t 1 = E 1 xi coset1 i k0z i=1 2t,r + E1 xi coset1 + i k0z , 3

20a

modes, oscillating modes and traveling transmitted and reected wave modes with no nonlinear propagating transverse elds, i.e., The nonlinear propagating transverse elds are not excited e 2x z , t 1 = e 2 y z , t 1 = h 2x z , t 1 = h 2 y z , t 1 = u 2x z , t 1 = u2yz, t1 = 0. 23

t,r e 1 y z , t 1 = E 1 1yi sinet1 i k0z i=1 t,r + E2 1yi sinet1 + i k0z , 3

20b

The nonlinear longitudinal electric eld has a complicated structure3

rec osc osc st e 2z z , t = e 2 z + e 2z p + e 2z m e + e 2z 2 k 0 w w + e2 z p,2k0 + e2zme,2k0,

0 h 1x z , t 1 = H 1 xi sink0z i i=1 1t,r + H1 xi sinet1 i k0z i=1 2t,r + H1 xi sinet1 + i k0z , 3 3

m = 1,2, 24

where 21a
rec e2 z = 4

l=1 i=1,3 j=2,3 j i

l+4 l E sinli , ij sinlij + Ei l=1 l=1

h 1 y z , t 1 = H 0 1yi cosk0z i i=1 t,r + H1 1yi coset1 i k0z i=1 t,r + H2 1yi coset1 + i k0z , 3 3

24a
osc is the rectication mode and e2 z p are oscillating modes osc with electron plasma angular frequency, e2 z me are oscilst lating modes with angular frequencies e and 2e, e2 z 2 k 0 are stationary space-varying modes with wave number 2k0, w e2 z p , 2k0 are traveling wave modes with electron plasma w angular frequency and wave number 2k0, and e2 z m e , 2 k 0 are traveling wave modes with angular frequencies e and 2e and wave number 2k0, where

21b

0 u 1x z , t 1 = H 1 xi sink0z i i=1 1t,r + U1 xi sinet1 i k0z i=1 2t,r + U1 xi sinet1 + i k0z , 3 3

1i = 2 i P,

2i = 2 i + P , 2ij = i j + P; 4ij = i + j + P ,

1ij = i j P,
22a

3ij = i + j P,

u 1 y z , t 1 = U 0 1yi cosk0z i i=1 t,r + U1 1yi coset1 i k0z i=1 t,r + U2 1yi coset1 + i k0z , 3

22b

2 where e = 2 P + 0 and with neither longitudinal electric elds nor linear electron density elds. In the above equations 20a, 20b, 21a, 21b, 22a, and 22b the upper sign in traveling EM and velocity elds represented by sinet1 i k0z and coset1 i k0z refers to the transmitted and lower sign to the reected elds, while the upper sign in the stationary modes represented by sink0z i and cosk0z i refers to the stationary eld components with the phase shift i and lower sign to the stationary eld components with the phase shift +i. The nonlinear effect of switching on the magnetoplasma medium at time t = 0 and in addition switching off the external static magnetic eld at t = is the creation of a large variety of electron longitudinal electric elds with following components: rectication mode, stationary space-varying

where i and j are given by 18 and 19 and e 2 = 2 P + 0. l The corresponding terms for the amplitudes E ij and l+4 Ei are given in the Appendix, while the closed form expressions for the oscillating modes, stationary space-varying and traveling modes are given in Ref. 4. In optics the production of terahertz frequencies by optical rectication has become fashionable lately. It is called optical rectication because the rapid oscillations of the electric eld of the laser pulse are rectied and only the envelope of the oscillations remains. It is good to realize that optical rectication is a second-order nonlinear process and can thus only take place in media that lack inversion symmetry in which laser pulse creates time dependent polarization that radiates an electrical transient signal which typically consist of one or one-and-a-half oscillation of electric eld Bandwidths as large as 30 THz have been obtained using this generation mechanism.5 In this paper we analyze another second-order nonlinear process caused by the suddenly switching off the external static magnetic eld. As is well known this process in linear theory generates stationary magnetic so called wiggler mode and velocity elds in isotropic plasma.2 Analyzing the weakly nonlinear plasma by the second-order perturbation

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023303-4

Z. M. Trifkovic and B. V. Stanic

J. Appl. Phys. 100, 023303 2006

rec FIG. 1. Normalized amplitude of excited rectication mode e2 z / E20 vs normalized source wave angular frequency 0 = 0 / P and normalized cyclotron angular frequency B = B / P for value of duration time = / p.

rec FIG. 3. Normalized amplitude of excited rectication mode e2 z / E20 vs normalized source wave angular frequency 0 = 0 / P and normalized cyclotron angular frequency B = B / P for value of duration time = 3 / p.

theory it is seen that the driving force on the right-hand side in the equation of motion for the second-order elds contains two terms expressed by the coupling of linear elds, i.e., q / muz , thz , t = zu1xh1y u1yh1x. It is easy to see from Eqs. 21a, 21b, 22a, and 22b that the coupling of these linear elds produces the constant driving force responsible rec for the generation of longitudinal rectication mode e2 z. The second nonlinear term u1 u1 = 0 and does nor generate any driving force. As the linear stationary eld components contain the signicant amount of energy in the frequency range 0 P H it is reasonable to expect the signicant excitation of rectication mode in this frequency range. As the amplitudes of linear stationary modes depend on the phase shift i the amplitude of nonlinear rectication mode will depend too on this phase shift.

III. NUMERICAL RESULTS

Distribution of amplitude of the nonlinear longitudinal electric eld rectication mode in isotropic plasma, normal2 ized to E20 = qE2 0 / mc P = 586E0 / p versus the normalized source wave angular frequency 0 = 0 / p, and the normal-

ized electron cyclotron angular frequency H = H / P are presented on corresponding diagrams see Figs. 14. The amplitude of the rectication mode strongly depends on time of duration of the static magnetic eld in the suddenly created plasma medium. The amplitude peak values are obtained for = n / P and n N. However, the efciency of excitation is zero for = 2n 1 / 2 P. The amplitude peak values and values of normalized source and electron cyclotron angular frequencies at which that peak values are reached are presented in Table I. For the assumed values for the source wave E0 = 100 V / m, 0 = 106 l / s H = 0 , 8 P, 0 = 0 , 15 P, n = 1 the corresponding amplitude rec peak value of rectication mode is e2 z = 2.92 V / m or rec e2z / E20 = 0.4985 with the excitation efciency approximately equal to 3%. As one can see in Figs. 14 the efciency of excitation of the rectication mode is becoming negligible for high source wave frequencies 0 30 3 p as the negligible amount of energy is transferred from the source EMW to the stationary linear modes in this frequency range. It is obvious that the generation of rectication electric eld in plasma has not such signicant role as the corresponding optical rectication mode in optics with

rec FIG. 2. Normalized amplitude of excited rectication mode e2 z / E20 vs normalized source wave angular frequency 0 = 0 / P and normalized cyclotron angular frequency B = B / P for value of duration time = 2 / p.

rec FIG. 4. Normalized amplitude of excited rectication mode e2 z / E20 vs normalized source wave angular frequency 0 = 0 / P and normalized cyclotron angular frequency B = B / P for value of duration time = 4 / p.

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023303-5

Z. M. Trifkovic and B. V. Stanic

J. Appl. Phys. 100, 023303 2006

TABLE I. The amplitude peak values of the electric rectication mode and values of normalized source and electron cyclotron angular frequencies at which that peak values are reached. Value of Value of 0 = 0 / p 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Value of B = B / p 0.8 0.5 1.2 0.3 0.8 1.3 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.3 Value of rc e2 z / E20 0.4985 0.4704 0.4414 0.4883 0.4235 0.3744 0.4583 0.4654 0.4196 0.3965

01 U1 x1 =

qE0 1 001 B 1 0 2 2 2m P 2 e 3 1 2 B 1 0 1 01 = U 01 , U 1y1 1x1 A1

qE0 01 U , 2 m P 1x1

/ p 2 / p 2 / p 3 / p 3 / p 3 / p 4 / p 4 / p 4 / p 4 / p

01 U1 x2 =

qE0 2 002 + B 1 0 2 2 2m P 2 e 3 2 2 B 2 0 1 01 = U 01 , U 1y2 1x2 A2

qE0 01 U , 2 m P 1x2

01 U1 x3 =

qE0 3 003 B 1 0 2 2 2m P 2 e 3 3 2 B 3 0 1 01 = U 01 , U 1y3 1x3 A3

= the wide application in generation of terahertz frequency signals. One of the possible application of nonlinear rectication electric eld in plasma might be considered in the case of very strong source EMW with the electric eld amplitude of the order of 106 108 V / m, which has to be bellow breakdown eld. In that case excited rectication electric eld might be used for some sort of plasma acceleration

qE0 01 U , 2 m P 1x3

2 U1 x1 =

qE0 1 0up 01 B + 1 2 2 4m P 2 e 3 1 2 B 1 0 1 2 = U 2 , U 1y1 1x1 A4

qE0 2 U , 4 m P 1x1

2 U1 x2 =

qE0 2 0up 02 + B + 2 2 2 4m P 2 e 3 2 + 2 B 2 0 1 2 = U 2 , U 1y2 1x2 A5

IV. CONCLUSION

The initial value problem of interaction of LP EM source wave with time-varying medium, in the particular case of longitudinal propagation, is solved in the closed form. The nonlinearities caused by the interaction between the created linear electromagnetic and velocity modes in plasma are taken into account in the equation of electron uid motion. The nonlinear effect of switching on the magnetoplasma medium at time t = 0 and in addition switching off the external static magnetic eld at t = is the creation of electron longitudinal electric eld with following components: rectication mode, stationary space-varying modes, oscillating modes, and traveling transmitted and reected wave modes. The efciency of excitation of the rectication mode depends on the source wave angular frequency, magnitude of the external static magnetic eld and the time of duration external static magnetic eld in propagating medium and has apparent resonant character and is dominant in the frequency range 0 P B in which dominates the excitation of linear stationary magnetic and velocity elds which coupling is producing the rectication nonlinear electric mode. The possible application of the generated nonlinear rectication electric eld for the plasma acceleration is suggested.

qE0 2 U , 4 m P 1x2

2 U1 x3 =

qE0 3 0up 03 B + 3 2 2 4m P 2 e 3 3 2 B 3 0 1 2 = U 2 , U 1y3 1x3 A6

qE0 2 U , 4 m P 1x3

3 U1 x1 =

qE0 1 0up 01 B + 1 2 2 4m P 2 e 3 1 2 B 1 0 1 3 = U 3 , U 1y1 1x1 A7

qE0 3 U , 4 m P 1x1

3 U1 x2 =

qE0 2 0up 02 B + 2 2 2 4m P 2 e 3 2 2 B 2 0 1 3 = U 3 , U 1y2 1x2 A8

qE0 3 U , 4 m P 1x2

3 U1 x3 =

qE0 3 0up 03 B + 3 2 2 4m P 2 e 3 3 2 B 3 0 1 3 = U 3 , U 1y3 1x3 A9

=
APPENDIX

qE0 3 U , 4 m P 1x3

The corresponding terms of the amplitudes of magnetic and electron velocity linear eld modes generated in the isotropic plasma medium after switching off of the external magnetic eld are the following:

01 H1 x1 =

H0 1 01 B 0 1 2 2 2 2 e 3 1 2 B 1 0 1 01 = H 01 , H 1y1 1x1 A10

H0 01 H , 2 1x1

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023303-6

Z. M. Trifkovic and B. V. Stanic

J. Appl. Phys. 100, 023303 2006

01 H1 x2 =

H0 2 02 + B 0 1 2 2 2 2 e 3 2 + 2 B 2 0 1 01 = H 01 , H 1y2 1x2 A11

3 H1 x3 =

H0 03 03 Bup 0 3 2 2 4 2 e 3 3 + 2 B 3 0 1 3 = H 3 , H 1y3 1x3 A18

H0 01 H , 2 1x2

= where

H0 3 H , 4 1x3

01 H1 x3 =

H0 3 03 B 0 1 2 2 2 2 e 3 3 2 B 3 0 1 01 = H 01 , H 1y3 1x3 A12

0 = 0/ P,

e = e/ P,

i = i/ P,

i = 1,2,3.

H0 01 H , 2 1x3

The terms for the amplitudes of electric rectication modes are

2 E1 ij = Eij =

2 H1 x1 =

H0 01 01 Bup 0 + 1 2 2 4 2 e 3 1 2 B 1 0 1 2 = H 2 , H 1y1 1x1 A13

E02 3+ 3+ 3 H 3 2+ 2+ +U U H 1x,yi 1y ,xj + U1x,yj H1y ,xi 64 1x,yi 1y,xj 2 H 2 01+ 01+ 01 01 +U 1x,yj 1y ,xi U1x,yiH1y ,xj U1x,yiH1y ,xj 01+ H 01+ 01 01 +U 1x,yj 1y ,xi + U1x,yj H1y ,xi , A19

H0 2 H , = 4 1x1
2 H1 x2 =

H0 02 02 + Bup 0 + 2 2 2 4 2 e 3 2 + 2 B 2 0 1 2 = H 2 , H 1y2 1x2 A14

4 E3 ij = Eij =

E02 2+ 3+ 3 2 H U H +U 1x,yi 1y ,xj 64 1x,yi 1y,xj

H0 2 H , 4 1x2

2+ H 3+ 2 3 3+ 2+ +U 1x,yj 1y ,xi + U1x,yj H1y ,xi U1x,yiH1y ,xj 3 H 2 3+ 2+ U 1x,yi 1y ,xj U1x,yj H1y ,xi 3 H 2 01+ 01 01 01+ U 1x,yj 1y ,xiU1x,yiH1y ,xj + U1x,yiH1y ,xj 01+ H 01 01 01+ +U 1x,yj 1y ,xi + U1x,yj H1y ,xi ,
6 E5 ij = Eij =

H0 03 03 Bup 0 + 3 2 H1 x3 = 2 2 4 2 e 3 3 2 B 3 0 1 = H0 2 H , 4 1x3 2 = H 2 , H 1y3 1x3 A15

A20 A21

H0 01 01 Bup 0 1 3 H1 x1 = 2 2 4 2 e 3 i 2 B i 0 1 H0 3 H , = 4 1x1
3 H1 x2 =

E02 01+ 01 01 H 01+ +U U H 1x,yi 1y ,xi , 64 1x,yi 1y,xi

where
l k l k l Uk 1x,yiH1y ,xj = U1xiH1yj + U1yiH1xj .
1

3 H 1y1

3 , H 1x1

A16

A22

H0 02 02 + Bup 0 2 2 2 4 2 e 3 2 + 2 B 2 0 1 3 = H 3 , H 1y2 1x2 A17

H0 3 H ; 4 1x2

D. K. Kalluri, Electromagnetics of Complex Media CRC, Boca Raton, FL, 1999. 2 D. K. Kalluri, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 37, 1638 1989. 3 Z. M. Trifkovic and B. V. Stanic, J. Appl. Phys. 92, 3472 2002. 4 Z. M. Trifkovic, Ph.D. thesis, University of Belgrade, 2002. 5 Q. Wu and X.-C. Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 1285 1997.

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