Teresa McDowell, Andrae L. Brown, Nicole Cullen, and April Duyn.

Social Class in Family Therapy Education: Experiences of Low SES Students Journal of Marital and Family Therapy Vol. 39 (2013): 72-__. Electronic.

In this article, the authors conduct research on low SES students and their higher education habits when they go into their career choice of Family Therapy. The authors first define how they view social class and what factors that they have found affect their definition of social class. Some of the factors they refer to are education level, income, and occupation prestige and then go on to further explain how these factors and how they are specifically affected. The authors of this article believe that pursuing higher education degrees and attending graduate school are directly related to social class. The authors of this article also believe that social class makes you who you are, and it has an influence on the education decisions you make. In the long run these authors believe that these students choose to pursue higher degrees and graduate school. They also believe that these people are more likely to work with people of low SES status after their own career is established. In this article they lay some things out that I had suspicions were true. They have done extensive research and surveyed many students, to get their results. I believed that students when they had the chance to choose their own education they would choose better classes for themselves. And these students could go into higher education after high school. This is ultimately what this article says in a lot of words. It also says that these students are targeted for these types of programs, which I had no idea about. In my paper I will use this article for the facts and its also very quotable. These things I can use to back up my own opinions about my inquiry question within my paper. For my paper I only needed the education level part of the article which was very interesting in its own right. It

also begins to answer my inquiry question; with my other sources my question will eventually be answered. It is also striking given the emphasis on recruiting and retaining diverse students(including students from lower- and working-class families) in graduate programs.(pg.72)

Career and occupational development including the possibility of attending graduate school and the range of choices relative to pursuing higher degrees, is directly influenced by social class.(pg.73) We expected our research to contribute a corrective agenda; that bringing the collective thoughts, ideas, and experiences of students from lower- and working-class families to the forefront is a way to promote more inclusive and just family therapy programs.(pg.74)

Dong Zefang, Wang Yanbin, Chen Wenijiao. Social Mobility and Educational Selection. Educational Research and Experiment vol. 1 (2009): 13-18. Electronic. This article goes more in depth with the relationship of social mobility and education selection. To begin they also define their definition of social mobility and the different types of social mobility, whether it would be vertical or horizontal. I can also be divided into inter-and intra- generational mobility. The authors then go on to say that these types of social mobility can happen to different people based on their social class. To tie in the education aspect the authors of this article say that social mobility is joined with social choice and education selection is a part of social choice. They define education selection as the quality of assessments, examinations, and assignation of students to different levels and types of educational unit. This is the two things that are closely related and interact according to these authors. The authors of this article believe that education is a bridge to social mobility and can give underprivileged people they way to a more privileged life. They also believe that in a more traditional since of social mobility is closed and educational selection can only be carried out within the ruling class,

but now that we live in a modern society its more open and educational selection can be more geared to the needs of different people. Like in the article Social Class in Family Therapy Education: Experiences of Low SES Students this article makes very good points. It also has good definitions that I feel are necessary to make my points again with my own opinions in my inquiry paper. For my paper there are a lot of different facts and quotes that I can use. This article explains how social mobility can influence the decision of students and how they choose the education they receive. On one side, the character, direction, speed, level, methods and trends of social mobility affect the aims, goals, functions, scope, strategy, content and methods of choice in education.(pg.610)

The function of social mobility in education is achieved by training and selecting members of society, enabling them to transform into members of different occupations, thus generating a degree of social stratification.(pg.611) Especially in modern society, education has become the basis of social mobility and irrational social mobility and a bridge leading to the ideal career.(pg.612) A Century Foundation Book. A Notion at Risk. New York: Richard D. Kahlenberg, 2000, Print. In this book I used 2 different sections that I think would be helpful in my inquiry paper, Making K-12 Public Education an Engine for Social Mobility and Equalizing Education Resources on Behalf of Disadvantaged Children. In the first section the author describes what he believes will make public education an engine for social mobility. He focuses on poor students and how to raise their education level to middle class or even private school levels. Summer school and increased funding for education within these underprivileged areas are what the author believes will give these students

an even playing ground later on in life. It also proposes increased funding and not just in school systems, but it goes all the way to individual classrooms. Thats exactly what the author of this book wants to change, the fact that underprivileged students are getting the same or even a similar education as even middleclass students. The book proposes that summer school or an extended school year would be good for these students to further explain the curriculum. I liked these ideas because it seems like the author of this book really wants to help these underprivileged students to better them and only them. Using this book will be simple because it has great ideas to change the problem that has arisen in the United States. These ideas include raise funding and summer school. To actually put in my paper, this paper gives me solutions, which are the same ideas from before, for my inquiry question. Summer programs should provide poor children with the types of enriching experiences that middle-class children receive during the summer, as opposed to the traditional approach of reviewing curriculum taught during the year. Rothstein also provides guidance on addressing other forms of school spending inequality, and he urges that more resources be provided to improve the social capital of disadvantage families outside of schools through programs that improve nutrition and housing. Americans are at once deeply committed to the institution of public education and fairly pessimistic about the current state of public schools suggesting the time is ripe for public school reform.

Stanford University Press. Mobility and Inequality. Stanford, California: Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford, 2006. Print. This book puts forth a lot of research to break the cycle of inequality and mobility not happening to those less fortunate. They gather their research and research of others to construct

the section that I used for my paper, Educational Attainment and the College Enrollment Decision. In their research they first compare students entry to college with that students parents income. Then they look at how the amount of students that want to go to college has grown so much because of the fact that degrees can provide them with more of an opportunity to grow and of course more income themselves. Even though these numbers have grown the authors believe that its still low for such an advanced nation, like the United States, so they believe that we can do more to improve the numbers. Throughout their research the authors of this book have exposed a lot about social mobility and educational attainment. Their research tells us that, many low SES students and families havent picked college just because they dont have the means to afford that option. They also believe that despite the income of a family, you cant predict if someones family is very frugal and saves for their college tuition before theyre even born. They even say that underprivileged people can sometimes have more of a drive to go to college because of how they grew up. So, their research is accurate, but there are some exceptions. These exceptions include the families that happen to be very frugal and have things like college funds for their children, so they cant be predicted and cant be put into the research. This book lays everything out on the table, research wise and lets the reader know just how social mobility and educational attainment is laid out within the United States. We are growing as a nation and some of the things that couldnt be attained by the some of the less fortunate. But we can do so much more than what we are already doing. I will use this extensive research in my paper to elaborate on ideas that others have from my other sources and also ideas that I have myself.

The customary practice of measuring family advantage with socioeconomic status was challenged by those who wished to focus more directly on the availability of resources. Wealth differences across families are interpreted more broadly, either as indicators of differential behavioral orientations correlated with savings behavior and lifetime success or reasons families to pursue alternative strategies for human capital investment in their offspring. In particular, increases in college enrollment should be smaller for prospective students from resources-poor families, as these students relative access to liquid funds to finance a college education has declined.

Attewell, Paul and David E. Lavin. Passing the Torch. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2007. Print. This book brings up some very interesting points. The authors of this book describes the relationship between the maternal grandparents and mothers income and education level compared to what you can expect in that mothers child. It describes how studies have been done to show that grandparents with low education or have a low income, their grandchildren are less likely to go to college and the opposite for high of both situations, same for the mother in the same situations. Another factor to a child entering college is if their mother has a high or low IQ and something they call high-mastery. This is defined as, a sense that one controls ones own fate. They believe that this is as close as youre going to get when predicting what your child can achieve in life. Saying that high-mastery women raise high-mastery children is just some of the thought they put into their research. They also say that these factors combine and something can outweigh or even balance another factor. So for someone with one factor can still achieve a lot in the education department because other factors outweigh that one less than complimentary factor Its not one strike and youre out.

The authors of this book are very meticulous with their research; they have very organized and thought out tables to explain this research. Things like tables with the income of other generations in a family and the educational level of the student.Because the information in this book is so organized it will be very easy to understand and add to my paper. Because the authors explain that about everyone can go to college based on the information about their mother and grandparents, I will add that information to my paper to enhance the idea that even low SES students can go on to secondary education. To what extent do social privilege and social disadvantage reach across the generations and affect the life prospects of grandchildren? We find that the probability of a childs educational success is substantially related to the resources of the maternal grandparents and mother, measured in most cases before the child was born.

This is partly because this psychological orientation is itself passed on from mother to child, so that high-mastery women bring up high-mastery children.