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5 LENGTH OF LONG CHORD IN METERS (m) = 60 RADIUS OF CURVE IN METERS (m) = 180 SOLUTION ORDINATE AT THE MIDDLE OF LONG CHORD Distance x from Mid Point x (m) 0.00 7.50 15.00 22.50 30.00 Ordinate in m = (R2-x2) - (R2-(L/2)2) Distance R 2 - L x from 2 Mid Point 2.518 m
R2 - x2 -
( )
2.5
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 -40.0 -30.0 -20.0 -10.0 0.0 Distance (m) 10.0 20.0 30.0
In a Road curve between two straights, having deflection angle 108o, Bernoullis lamniscate is used as a transitional throughout. Make necessary calculations for setting out curve if the apex distance is 20 m. Delta = VM Pi = 108 20 3.14159 36 0.6283 Rad 18 V D=108o 38.042 q b = K*sqrt(Sin 2 Alpha) 20 m K= 49.62 Alpha Degrees Rad 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 0 0.0349 0.0698 0.1047 0.1396 0.1745 0.2094 0.2443 0.2793 0.3142 b m 0.00 13.11 18.51 22.63 26.05 29.02 31.65 34.00 36.12 38.04 T1 f M B
From Bernoullis lamniscate method, we have VT1M =a=D/6= VMT1 = By Sine rule T1M = b = 126
0.3142 Rad
T2
T1
T2
116.471 m
62.399 m 15.543 m
Output Grade Tangent Curve Remarks Station Chainage Elevation Correctn Elevn 0 320.00 329.85 0.000 329.850 Beginning of curve 1 350.00 330.00 0.015 329.985 Upward gradient with n1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Note:
380.00 410.00 440.00 470.00 500.00 530.00 560.00 590.00 620.00 650.00 680.00
330.15 330.30 330.45 330.60 330.75 330.54 330.33 330.12 329.91 329.70 329.49
0.060 0.135 0.240 0.375 0.540 0.375 0.240 0.135 0.060 0.015 0.000
330.090 Upward gradient 330.165 with n1 330.210 330.225 330.210 Vertex of curve 330.165 330.090 Downward 329.985 gradient with n2 329.850 329.685 End of curve 329.490
1. Grade elevation increases upto chainage intersection and decreases there onwards Grade elevation = Previous Grade elevation + n1 x Chain Length (Up to Apex) Grade elevation = Previous Grade elevation + n2 x Chain Length (After Apex) 2. Tangent correction increases upto chainage intersection and decreases there onwards Tangent correction = (Stn. No. (1/(n/2)))2(RL1-RLv) upto Apex Tangent Correctin for stations after Apex is Mirror image of stations upto Apex 3. Curve elevation = Grade elevation - Tangent correction
Lv = (n1 - n2)/G La = Lv / 2
Chi - La
Chi + La
Che - Chb)/ChL
RLi - La x n1
RLi + La x n2
Average of 1. and 2.
RLb+n1 x ChL
1/6)2(RLi - RLv)
er Apex)
Computation of Super Elevation for horizontal curves in roads Input Radius of the curve R (m) Design speed kmph Number of Lanes n Width of each lane B Constant k Wheel base L Super elevation e = e= We1 = We2 = We = B1 = C= Se = LS1 = LS2 = LS3 = LS = LS = 0.124212 0.07 0.157205 10.5731 10.7303 14.2 0.516129 0.996121 93.13537 74.70909 75.45852 93.13537 93.13537 Max(C27,C29,C31)
80 m/s
e = V2/(225R) If e > 0.07, then e=0.07 We1 = nL2/2R We2 = V/(0.5 Sqrt(R)) We = We1 + We2 B1 = B + We C = 80/(75+V) Se = B1 x e LS1 = 0.0215 V3/(C x R) LS2 = Se x k /2 LS3 = 2.7 V2/R
IF ((LS1 > LS2) and LS1 > LS3) Then LS = LS1, else IF (LS2 > LS1) and (LS2 > LS3) Then LS = LS2 else LS = LS
93.13537 m
n roads
> LS3) Then LS = LS1, else IF S3) Then LS = LS2 else LS = LS3
Bowditch's Rule dL = L x (l/l) dD = D x (l/l) Transit Rule dL = L x (l/L) dD = D x (d/D) l = Length of any leg l = Total length of traverse L = Total error (Algebraic sum) in Latitude D = Total error (Algebraic sum) in Departure dL = Correction to the Latitude of the leg dD = Correction to the Departure of the leg l = Latitude of any leg d = Departure of the same traverse leg L = Arithmetic sum of the Latitudes D = Arithmetic sum of the Departures Correction dD 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Corrected Values Latitude Departure -174.9 100.0 -1.1 130.0 85.8 50.0 247.9 0.0 -157.6 -280.0 0.0 0.0
Line AB BC CD DE EA Sum
Length (l) Latitude (L) Departure (D) Correction (m) dL 200.0 -173.20 100.00 1.700 130.0 0.00 130.00 1.105 100.0 86.60 50.00 0.850 250.0 250.00 0.00 2.125 320.0 -154.90 -280.00 2.720 1000.0 8.50 0.00 8.50 0.00 1000.0 664.7 560.0
Total Arithmetic sum of Latitude = L = Total Arithmetic sum of Departure = D = Line AB BC CD DE EA Sum
Length (l) Latitude (L) Departure (D) Correction (m) dL 200.0 -173.20 100.00 -2.215 130.0 0.00 130.00 0.000 100.0 86.60 50.00 1.107 250.0 250.00 0.00 3.197 320.0 -154.90 -280.00 -1.981 1000.0 8.50 0.00
Corrected Values Latitude Departure -175.415 100.000 0.000 130.000 85.493 50.000 246.803 0.000 -156.881 -280.000 0.000 0.000
Transit Rule
Computation of volume of earth work in filling or cutting of a Trapezoidal Section Number of Ordinates Interval of Ordinates Road or Bed width Side Slope Longitudinal Gradient Direction of Gradient Initial Formation R.L n x (m) B (m) 1H:kV 1 in S (m) 50 5 4 1.5 500 1 20
Distance (m) 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 Total Volume
FRL 20.000 20.010 20.020 20.030 20.040 20.050 20.060 20.070 20.080 20.090 20.100
GRL 20.50 20.25 20.30 20.75 21.10 20.80 20.40 20.90 21.20 21.50 21.90
x(A1+A2)/2 Y-Ordinate Area (m ) Volume (m3) -0.500 -1.6250 -0.240 -0.8736 -6.2465 -0.280 -1.0024 -4.6900 -0.720 -2.1024 -7.7620 -1.060 -2.5546 -11.6425 -0.750 -2.1562 -11.7771 -0.340 -1.1866 -8.3571 -0.830 -2.2866 -8.6831 -1.120 -2.5984 -12.2126 -1.410 -2.6579 -13.1406 -1.800 -2.3400 -12.4946 -97.0062
2
rapezoidal Section
Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1. Obtain the volume of earth work. Rising Grad Falling Grad Side Slope(Z) Top widh (B) Chainage (m) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0.025 0.01 2 12.0 m RL of Ground (m) RL of formation (m) Gradient 101.50 101.75 100.90 102.25 101.50 102.75 102.00 103.25 102.85 103.75 101.65 103.55 101.95 103.35 100.70 103.15 101.25 102.95 99.90 102.75 100.60 102.55 Falling 1 in 100 Rising 1 in 40
Stn or Length Chai nage 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 m 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Heght
Mean Height d m 0.80 1.30 1.25 1.08 1.40 1.65 1.93 2.08 2.28 2.40
Central Area bd m2 9.60 15.60 15.00 12.96 16.80 19.80 23.16 24.96 27.36 28.80
Side Area zd2 m2 1.28 3.38 3.13 2.33 3.92 5.45 7.45 8.65 10.40 11.52
Total Sectional area bd+zd2 m2 10.88 18.98 18.13 15.29 20.72 25.25 30.61 33.61 37.76 40.32
Quantity Filling m 217.60 379.60 362.50 305.86 414.40 504.90 612.20 672.26 755.14 806.40 5030.84
3
Cutting m3 -
m 0.25 1.35 1.25 1.25 0.90 1.90 1.40 2.45 1.70 2.85 1.95
Total
0.00
Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 t chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling g Obtain the volume of earth work.
re line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The fo 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slop
level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed h of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 Obtain the volume of earth work.
f ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m ch has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12 e of earth work.
n below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from Reduced levels of ground along the c 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradien Obtain the volume of earth work.
Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The format chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation w Obtain the volume of earth work.
nage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1.
5. The formation of road from Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is g ide slope of banking are 2:1. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 Obtain the volume of earth work.
proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of r d from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking
40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from c top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m i Obtain the volume of earth work.
ng the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 10 g gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and th ork.
e formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of mation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 Obtain the volume of earth work.
ced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at age 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road n the volume of earth work.
00 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from ent of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1.
Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The Obtain the volume of earth work.
ad from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1.
age is 102.75. The formation of road from Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 t m and the side slope of banking are 2:1. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling g Obtain the volume of earth work.
re line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The fo 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slop
level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed h of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 Obtain the volume of earth work.
f ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m ch has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12 e of earth work.
n below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from Reduced levels of ground along the c 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradien Obtain the volume of earth work.
Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The format chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation w Obtain the volume of earth work.
nage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1.
5. The formation of road from Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is g ide slope of banking are 2:1. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 Obtain the volume of earth work.
proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of r d from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking
40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from c top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m i Obtain the volume of earth work.
ng the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 10 g gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and th ork.
e formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of mation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 Obtain the volume of earth work.
ced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at age 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road n the volume of earth work.
00 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from ent of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1.
Reduced levels of ground along the centre line of a proposed road from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. chainage 0 to 80 has a rising gradient of 1 in 40 and from 80 to 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The Obtain the volume of earth work.
ad from chainage 0 to 200 m is given below. The formation level at the 40 m chainage is 102.75. The formation of road from 200 m it is falling gradient of 1 in 100. The formation width of road at top is 12.0 m and the side slope of banking are 2:1.
age is 102.75. The formation of road from m and the side slope of banking are 2:1.
t is the actual time of closure, L is the length of the pipe and C is Celerity usually 1430 m/s Gradual Closure p=rLV/t r is the mass density of the flowing fluid, V is mean flow velocity Sudden Closure p=rVC p = V Sqrt{r / (1 / K + D / d E)} Rigid Pipe Elastic pipe
E has to be ignored if the pipe is non-elastic or rigid E is the youngs modulous of elasticity of pipe material, K is Bulk modulous of fluid, D is diameter of pipe and d is the thickness of pipe The water is flowing the rate of 294.524 Litres/s in a pipe of length 2500 m and of diameter 500 mm. Find the rise in pressure if the valve provided at the end of the pipe line is closed in a) 25 Seconds b) 2 Seconds Rigid and Elastic
Take the values of E = 19.62 x 1010 Pa, K = 19.62 x 104 Pa, Pipe thickness is 10 mm Also find the Circumferential and Longitudinal stresses Data Discharge Length Diameter Pipe thickness Youngs Modulous Bulk Modulous Gradual ClosureTime Sudden ClosureTime Mass Density Area of flow Mean flow velocity Celerity a) Gradual Closure T= p= 4.812 Seconds 215604.88 Pa < 25 Seconds and Gradual Closure 215.60 kPa Q= L= D= d= E= K= t1 = t2 = r= A= V= C= 1.520E+00 3370 1.1 7.000E-03 1.962E+11 1.962E+09 25.0 2.0 1000 p D2/4 Q/A Sqrt(K/r) m3/s m m m Pa Pa Seconds Seconds kg/m3 (assumed)
2 0.950 m
b) Sudden Closure i) Rigid Pipe p= ii) Elastic Pipe p= 1397111.193 Pa 1.40 MPa Circumferential Stress (sc) sc = p D / 2 d ############ Pa Longitudinal Stress (sL) sc = p D / 4 d 54886511.159 Pa 109.77 MPa 2240362.035 Pa 2.24 MPa
54.89 MPa
1.7718
1.5 1.5 (2/3) 5 Head over the weir crest = H = [H1 +ha ] -ha
T1
W4
H W2 T2 W1 b1 b2 W3 W5
10.00 m 0.00 m 0.00 m Forces (N) Vertical 112,000.00 224,000.00 700,000.00 49,050.00 0.00 -404,662.50 Lever arm Horizontal (m) 7.583 6.750 4.167 7.917 0.000 5.500 490,500.00 3.333 0.00 0.000 490,500.00
b3
Moment at toe (N-m) +ve 849,333.33 1,512,000.00 2,916,666.67 388,312.50 0.00 2,225,643.75 1,635,000.00 0.00 5,666,312.50 3,860,643.75 1,805,668.75 -ve
2 3 3 4 5
680,387.50
Water Pressure intensity at the Heel = p = rgH = Safety against Overturning Eccentricity = e = B/2 - M/V Dam is Safe against overturning when the above value is less than B/6 Safety against Sliding Factor of Safety = m V/H >1 Shear Friction factor = (m V+bq) / Stresses Compressive Stress at Toe is Pn = (V/B)(1+6e/B) Compressive Stress at Heel is Pn = (V/B)(1-6e/B) Tan a = U/s Slope Tan b = D/s Slope Sec a = Sqrt(1+Tan2 a) Sec b = Sqrt(1+Tan b)
2
1.04 24.59
SAFE
W5
in Degrees m3/s
1 z q
HANNEL
y q B
Ty S C n D
m3/s
D
2q
OUTPUT V= Q=