Lecture Note 5

WATER POLLUTION
Prof. Drs. Manihar Situmorang, M.Sc., PhD

Bilingual & International Chemistry

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI MEDAN

2012
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Introduction
The quality of drinking water is used to measure the welfare of the nation Disease: In developing nations, 80% of diseases are water-related. Synthetic Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds & Mineral Substances such as Acids, etc. Radioactive substances Oxygen-demanding wastes Plant Nutrients Sediments Thermal Discharges
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Indicators for Water Pollution

Defined as the change of natural water from normal condition becomes potentially to harm organism (unhealthy water) Could be seen from the change in physics appearance, chemicals contents, thermal change, biological, and radioactive
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Water Pollution
Indicators for Water pollution 1) Change in temperature 2) Change in pH, basic or salt 3) Change in color (visualized), odor, taste 4) Formation of coagulant, colloids 5) The presence of microorganism
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1. Change in Temperature
The change in the temperature of water Could be caused by the human activities (machine, industries, etc) Influencing the solubility of O2 in water Influencing the physiological of aquatic organism such as fish, etc Increasing the temperature of water will results to increasing the toxicity of chemicals Multiplication on the toxic ability of the chemicals in water
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2. Change in pH, Basic and Salt pH of normal water is in the range of pH 6.0 7.5 To be survive, an organism has to adapt with the salinity, basic condition and the pH of the water through osmotic process

2. Change in pH, Basic and Salt

The change in the pH, basic and salt of water occurred from nature and the activity of organism Microorganism degraded organic and inorganic minerals to become acid, basic or salt Sulfuric acid could decreases the pH of water very low (pH 3.0) because the minerals contains sulfur decay The presence of basic in ore will increase the pH of water up to pH 9.0 7

2. Change in pH, Basic and Salt

The change in the pH, basic and salt of water could be caused by the human activities (fertilizer, waste of industries, etc) Influencing the pH of water will force the aquatic organism to be adapted survive Fish and plants survive in fresh water Fish and plants survive in sea water Influencing the physiological of aquatic organism such as fish, etc
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2. Change in pH, Basic and Salt

Increasing the pH, basic or salt mainly coming from Human activity Natural (Degradation of minerals, organic materials, etc)

3. Change in Color, Odor, Taste

Normal water is invisible, odorless, tasteless The change in color, odor and taste of water Could be caused by the human activities such as home waste or industrial waste, etc in the form of various waste
Dye Organic and inorganic chemicals Degradation of minerals, organic materials, etc

Change in the color, odor and taste of water will Influence the chemical properties of fresh water
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4. Formation of coagulant, colloids

Formation of coagulant, colloids could be coming from insoluble industrial waste Formation of coagulant or colloids is also coming from ions (anion-cation) The presence of coagulant and colloids in water will result in: Reduce the intensity of light Effect in photosynthesis process Reduce in O2 Influence the aquatic life
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Microorganism in Water
The presence of pathogenic microorganism in water potentially as the source of various diseases
Waste from food and home industries in water will multiply the number of pathogenic microorganism in water As reducer since they convert complex Bacteria chemicals become simple elements Fungus Algae as producer since it will converted light becomes energy
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Waste Water Component

Waste water components consisted of: Solid waste Inorganic waste Organic waste Food waste Oil and oily waste Chemical waste
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Waste Water Component

1) Solid waste solid waste enter the water in the form of : Colloid will influence the visibility of water aquatic life Slump will influence the condition of river

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Source of Solid Waste Water

Single large source Can localize it to one spot Industrial Plants Sewage pipes

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Waste Water Component

2) Inorganic waste waste from industry (metals, electroplating, electronics, chemicals) enter the water Will influence the conductivity of water and the hardness of water Toxic to organism Difficult be removed (degrade by organism) Difficult to identify (only by using modern analytical tools) Last longer in water 16

Source of Industrial Waste

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Waste Water Component

3) Organic waste waste from industry (Food, drink, pharmaceuticals, rubber, etc) enter the water Will influence the population of microorganism in the water Toxic to organism Changing the ecosystem
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Water Polutant
Forms of Pollution Organic: sewage, pesticides, plastics, etc. One drop of oil can render up to 25 liters of water unfit for drinking One gram of 2,4-D can contaminate 10 million liters of drinking water! One gram of PCBs can make 1 billion liters of water unsuitable for freshwater aquatic life! 19

Waste Water Component

4) Food waste waste from industry (Food, drink, etc) enter the water Will influence the population of microorganism in the water Toxic to organism Bad odour (bad smell due to N, S)

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Waste Water Component

5) Oil and oily waste waste from industry (oil, Food waste, etc) and oil from machinery enter the water Will influence the visibility of water (reduce the light, exhibit the photosynthesis) Toxic to organism do to limited dissolve oxygen

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Waste Water Component

6) Chemical waste waste from chemical industry (detergent, pesticide, etc) enter the water Will influence the population of aquatic organism in the water Toxic to aquatic organism

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Waste Water Component

Forms of Pollution as Chemical waste : Inorganic acids, salts, toxic metals One gram of lead in 20,000 liters of water makes it unfit for drinking. Lead is often found in the pipes of older homes What is the safe drinking water limit for arsenic? For lead? How much does UA water supply have?
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Waste Water Component

Chemical waste (heavy metal, organics chemicals, pesticide, etc (see examples in the text book)

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Chemical Waste
Chemical waste (heavy metal, organics chemicals, pesticide, etc (see examples in the text book)

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Trace Metal

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Heavy Metal in Water

Heavy metal that are commonly found as chemical waste in water: 1) Arsenic from fossil, pesticide (Pb3(AsO4)2; Na3AsO3; paris green Cu3(AsO4)2) very toxic and carcinogenic 2) Cadmium very toxic, the same properties with Zink (enzymatic reaction) 3) Lead from fossil (oil) toxic and harmful to human 4) Mercury from minerals, organometallic (fungicide) very toxic, mutagenic
S Hg S C N(CH3)2 (Fenil merkuri dimetilditiokarbamat)

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Pesticide in Water
Pesticide that are commonly found in water Insecticide for insect Rodentiside for Rhodesia Aviside for bird Ficiside for fish Herbicide for plant Name of pesticide and their structure are presented in page 96-98

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Detergent in Water
Detergent is a salt and easily dissolve in water, containing of surfactant as an active material to lower the hardness of water Alkyl benzene sulphonate (ABS) difficult degrade by microorganism potentially as pollutant
O Na+ + O S O H C CH2 CH CH3 CH3 CH3

CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 ABS (alkil benzen sulfonat)

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Detergent in Water
dodekana benzensulfonat or linear alkyl benzene sulfonat (LAS) easily degrade by microorganism save for environment
H3C CH CH2 CH2 CH2 H2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH C CH CH3

LAS (-dodecanebenzen sulfonat) O S O O Na+

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Cyanide in Water
Cyanide as NaCN and KCN are used to extract gold and silver in mining

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Assignment 4
Write a short assay (2-4 pages) on the issue of water pollution It is good if you could present with photos or other sources You could also write its relation to the health, diseases or disaster The topic could also taken from the news or related articles Never copy paste, plagiat, and double submission 32 Due date submission on week 10