A.

Friction Losses in Pipe

DARCY-WEISBACH formula
L V2 f ( ----- ) -----d 2g

Hf = Where

L = Length of pipe (ft) d = Inside diameter (ft) V = Velocity (ft /sec) g = Gravitational constant (ft/sec2) f = DARCY-WEISBACH friction loss coefficient f = function (Re * /d) Hf = Head loss due to friction (ft) = Absolute roughness (ft)
(ft) Commercial pipe (new)

Glass, drawn brass, copper, lead Wrough iron, steel Asphalted cast iron Galvanized iron Wood stave Concrete Riveted steel

Smooth 0.00015 0.0004 0.00085 0.0006 - 0.003 0.001 - 0.01 0.003 - 0.03
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PIPE ROUGHNESS VALUES Jacques Chaurette p. eng. www.lightmypump.com February 2003

Pipe absolute roughness values (RMS)

Material Riveted steel1 Concrete1 Ductile iron2 Wood stave1 Galvanized iron1 Cast iron asphalt dipped1 Cast iron uncoated1 Carbon steel or wrought iron1 Stainless steel1 Fiberglass3 Drawn tubing glass, brass, plastic1 Copper2 Aluminium2 PVC2 Red brass2 Sources : Absolute roughness (in x 10-3) 36-360 12-120 102 3.6-7.2 6 4.8 10 1.8 1.8 0.2 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 Absolute roughness (micron or m x 10-6) 915-9150 305-3050 2591 91-183 152 122 254 45 45 5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

1. Cameron hydraulic data Book 2. Enginereed Softwares PIPE-FLO software www.engineeredsoftware.com 3. Fiberglass Pipe Handbook, SPI Composites Institute

B. Friction Losses in Piping Components

For purposes of calculating losses in a piping system, fittings and valves are made into equivalent lengths of pipe.

One 90O LR elbow has the same head loss as a piece of pipe 20D long. 90o Short radius elbow = 1 D 90o Long radius elbow = 1.5 D

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C. Equivalent lengths of pipe of various valves & fittings

Valve/Fitting Elbows :
# 90o Short radius # 90o Long radius # 45o Short radius # 45o Long radius 30 20 16 12
Equivalent

length L/D

Drawing

Tees* :
Branch flow Run flow 60 20

Laterals* :
Branch-Run flow Run-Branch flow Run-Run Run-Run Branch-Run reverse Run-Branch reverse 30 40 20 25 130 130

Valves :
# Globe-Conventional # Globe-60o Y Pattern # Globe-45o Y Pattern # Angle-Conventional # Cock -Straight through -Three way-Run -Three way-Branch Check -Conventional Swing -Clearway Swing -Globe Lift or Stop -Angle Lift or Stop -Inline Ball Gate-Disk
* For full size branches.

340 175 145 145 18 44 140 135 50 345 145 150 13

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Resistance coefficients for various pipe entrance and exit conditions

K = L f ( ----- ) d

Head loss due to friction at exit/entrance, HL = K (V2 /2g)

Entrances

K = 0.78 Inward projected pipe entrance

K = 0.5 Sharp edged entrance

K = 0.23 Slightly rounded entrance

K = 0.04 Well rounded entrance

Exits

K = 1.0 Projecting pipe exit

K = 1.0 Sharp edged exit

K = 1.0 Rounded exit

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