Q- quality of blood represented by the aliquot portion analyzed. Formula: W-U X ______ B X Q Factors of affecting alcohol absorption: 1.

Concentration and total quality of alcohol taken the higher the % greater the alcohol per unit of time. Greater volume of alcohol will enhance absorption. 2. Nature of food in the stomach and intestine fatty foods makes absorptions lower as compared to sugar, other carbohydrates and proteins. 3. Volume of gastric content sufficient amount of food and water in the stomach may delay the rate of absorption. 4. Diseased condition of the stomach and Intestine slower absorption in achlorhyria, chronic, gastritis however subtotal gastronomy or a gastroenterostomy may cause abnormally early intoxication because of its early evacuation of food to the duodenum where absorption is more rapid. 5. Optimum concentration of alcohol in beverages between 10-20% is the mossy rapidly absorbed. 6. Length of time the gastric contents is held in the stomach prior to the opening of the pylorus and permeability of the stomach or intestinal walls warm drinks gastric capillaries to cause more absorption. Note: In as much as alcohol does not require digestion after Ingestion, It is immediately absorbed in the walls of the stomach and duodenum 30-60 minutes after initial intake. Methyl Alcohol This is variously known as methanol, wood alc pyroxylic acid, wood spirit, wood napthol, Columbia spirit, Colonial spirit, methyl hydroxide, Manhattan spirit, etc. It is obtained by the destructive distillation of wood and has the chemical formula of CH3 OH. Properties: pure methyl alcohol is colorless, with sp, gr. of 0.8021 at 15.50C. Its boils at 60o C and has a pungent taste and odor not different from ethyl alcohol. On oxidation it yields HCHO & HCOOH. It finds extensive use as a solvent, especially in vanishes and as an anti-freezer for auto mobiles. It is used in a no. of occupation such as aniline dye makers, art glass workers, artificial flowers and silk makers, automobile painters, bookbinders, photo engravers, vulcanizers. Physiological Action This substance is a poison when taken internally or absorbed through the skin. The toxicity is increased by its impurities. The cause of the more prolonged action of CH3OH than C2H5OH is due to the difference in the fate of the 2 in the body; ethyl alcohol is easily and comparative quickly oxidized to CO2 and water which are quickly excreted. On the other hand, the body was a great difficulty in disposing of methyl alcohol; some is slowly excreted in the urine and in expired air. Some is excreted from the stomach and is doubles reabsorbed from this organ or from the intestine. The body oxidizes methyl alcohol slowly and incompletely with the formation of formic acid. Symptoms: The symptoms of methyl alcohol poisoning are different from those of ethyl alcohol; the condition of exhalation or stimulation such as seen in the latter is rarely seen In methyl alcohol poisoning. The symptoms commonly observed: 1. Nausea, vomiting, excruitiating pains in epigastria and temporal regions. 2. Deprecator, weakness and headache. 3. Deep-sea and cyanosis 4. Delirium, or maniacal condition, or stupor from which the patient is aroused by pain and vomiting 5. Cold sweat and subnormal temperature

x 0.5 = mg. of ethyl alcohol/cc. or gm. of sample.

6. Dilated pupils not reacting to light 7. Prolonged coma and death from respiratory failure. 8. Blindness, due to atrophy of the optic nerves Fatal Period Death usually occurs. In from 24-38 hours although some cases were reported in which death occurs bat. 6 and 20 hrs. Fatal Dose 1-2 oz. (depends on purity of alcohol and susceptibility of the individual 15cc may cause blindness, and death from 3-5 oz. Treatment Evacuation of the poison by stomach ravage by use of emetic such as Ipecac, mustard, or Cuso4 Stimulants such as camphor and caffeine, are indicated. Morphine may be necessary to relieve the pain. Eye symptoms may be relieved by the use of pliocarphine, strychnine, and cathartics. Chemical Tests: A. Qualitative: 1. Oxidation test by use of: a. Copper spiral: The distillate from the steam distillation is used for the best. A copper spiral method heated to redness is introduced into a test tube containing the distillate. ( 5-6x). Test for HCHO by either Schiffs rgt. Which gives a violet color or by Hehners test: 5-10cc. milk and a drop of FeC13 solution. Carefully add this mixture as an upper layer to a few cc of conc. H2SO4 A violet-blue color will be formed at the zone contact within 3 minutes if HCHO is present b. KMnO4, Test: Add to 5cc of the distillate (from steam distillation) ).2cc of 2.5% KMno, and 4cc of conc. H2SO4. After standing for 2-3 minutes. The color of permanganate is discharged by oxalic acid, and 1cc. H2SO4. A violet. 2. Chrotropic Acid Test: To 5cc of the distillate, add 5gtts. Of H3PO4 and 5 gtts of Kmno4. Shake and allow standing for 1 Add NaHSO3 drop until the color of permanganate is discharged. If a color appears, add 1gtt of H3PO4 then add 5cc of freshly prepared chromo tropic acid and heat on water bath. A violet color appears for methyl alcohol presence. Higher Alcohols: The toxicity of alcohol, at least in acute intoxication, increase up to a certain point with the size molecule thus prophyl alcohol is more toxic that ethyl, butyl alcohol more toxic than prophyl, etc; 1. Iso-amyl alcohol this higher alcohol; which toxicological significance are those obtained in the mixture known as fuel oil which consist chiefly of isoanyl alcohol Fuel oil is one of the products in the fermentation of juices and in used as solvent for paints and in chemical industries. Inhalation of the vapor may cause headache and palpitation of the heart. This alcohol is a thin, oily with a penetrating and oppressive odor and bumming acid test. Chemical Test: a. Odor test to make this in directly to liquor place 5cc of the liquor on a watch glass and allow evaporating spontaneously. The odor is characteristics. Add to the suspected materials H2SO4 and heat gently, a red color develops. b. Marquis test to a drop of a material, add a little water, a few drops of conc.H2SO4 and few drops of KMnO4 until a red color persist. Cover and stand for 24 hrs.When color disappears a few drops of permangate. The color of valeric aldehydeis perceived which will finally changed to odor of valeriantic acid.

c. Uffelmans test to the suspected material add 4X its volume of freshly prepared metyl violet which is made green by addition of HCI. If fusel oil is present reddish violet drops appear at once on the green fluid. 2. Isopropyl and N-butyl alcohol these are homologous of methyl and ethyl alcohol These are used extensively as solvents or dilutes for the manufacture and preparation of many materials a. Isoprophyl alcohol CH3-CH CH3 is a colorless liquid with a characteristics odor OH resembling acetone. It bolls 82.4OC. It is soluble in water . b. N butyl alcohol C4H9OH colorless it liquid, odor resembles that is isogamete alcohol. It boil at a range of 115-113OC. It burns with a luminous flame. It is soluble in water. Physiological action: All alcohol are slightly narcotic. Isopropyl alcohol is not toxic and resembles in some measure ethyl alcohol in its physiological action. The vapors of butyl alcohol have an irritant effect and cause coughing in a manner similar to amyl alcohol but less intensity. Butyl alcohol in concentration of 100 parts/ million has damaged the blood, liver, kidneys of experimental animals. It also causes marked dermatitis, early liver degeneration, and increase in RBC. Chemical tests: 1. Beiges reaction 2cc of the suspected material of isopropyl alcohol is added 3cc of water and 10cc of HgSO4 heat mixture on water bath for 3 minutes. A precipitates indicates the possible presence of the alcohol. Acetate and other topiary alcohol gives the same reaction. HgSO4 is prepared by dissolving 5gms. Of Hgo with 40cc, water 20cc, conc. H2SO4 mix then finally and 40cc water. 2. Diacetone alocohol 4 hydroxyl 2 Keto-4 methyl pentane it has a pleasant odor colorless, used as a solvent for all resins. It is prepared from acetone and Ba (OH)2 in the cold. It is miscible with water in all proportions. Physiological same with nebutyl and isopropyl alcohol. Chemical test: the solution is oxidized with chromic acid and the acetone formed is detected by mean of m- nitrophenythydrazine. ALDEHYDES: 1. Formaldehyde (HCHO) it is a colorless gas with characteristics pungent odor. Burning test, and prepared from the oxidation of methyl alcohol. It is freely soluble in water. The liquor formaldehyde (USP) contains not less than 37% by weight of formaldehyde with varying amounts of methyl alcohol. Formallin, also known as formo! is 35% aqueous solution of formaldehyde; formallith is infusorial earth impregnated with 40% formaldehyde; tannoform is a compound of formaldehyde with tannin; and dichthoform is a compound with ichthyol. Properties Condenses at 20oC into a colorless liquid, solidifies at 90o C and very soluble in water. On heating with dilute alkali, it split into methyl alcohol and formic acid. Physiological action: Undiluted formaldehyde solution acts upon animal skin producing a leather like product, When applied to unbroken skin, It hardens the epidermis and produces anesthesia. A strong solution causes superficial necprosis of the nails and skin, often causing a persistent eczema. It is very painful when applied in to the abraded skin. Foodstuffs containing protein those have been changed chemically by addition HCHO become party indigestible and have less

nutritive value. On this account and due to its toxicity. HCHO is prohibited by law to be used as a preservative. Fatal dose: very according to individual but it has been reported that 1oz. has caused death; the largest quantity from with recovery has been achieve is 2 oz The fatal lose for mammals IV is about 0.07-00gm/kg body weight. Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, pallor, cold clammy skin, reddening of the eyes and mouth, a burning in the throat and stomach, and collapse. Chemical tests: 1. General aldehyde reactions HCHO, like other aldehyde is a strong reducing agent. It reduces the ff. a. Schiff reagent red color b. Tollens reagent Silver mirror c. Fehlings reagent Red precipitate of cuprous oxide d. Nesslers reagent gray precipitate of metallic mercury 2. Jorisses morphine sulfuric acid test: with morphine hydrochloride in concentrated sulfuric acid test, HCHO gives a red-violet to blue-violet color with changes to indigo- blue. 3. Riminis Phenyl hydrazine HCI and 1 drop of 0.5% sodium nitroprusside solution Fatal Dose : 1-2 oz ( depends on putty of alcohol and susceptibility of the individual) 15cc may cause blindness, and death from 3-5 oz. Treatment : Evacuation of the poison by stomach lavage are by use of emetic such as pecac, mustard, or CuCO4. Stimulants such as camphor and caffeine are indicated Morphine may be necessary to relieve the pain. Eye symptoms may be relieved by the use of pilocarpine strychnine and cathartics. Chemical Tests: A. Quantative: 1. Oxidation test by use of a. Copper spiral The distillate from the steam distillation is used for the best. A copper spiral method heated to redness is traduced into a test tubecontaining the distillate ( 5-6X). Test for HCHO by either Schill rgt. Which gives a violet color or by Hehners test 5-10cc milk and a drop of FeC13 solution. Carefully add this mixture as an upper layer to a few cc of conc. H2SO4 A violet- blue color will be formed at the zone to contact within 3 minutes if HCHO is present. b. KMno4 Test: Add to 5cc of the distillate (from steam distillation) 0.2cc of 2.5% KMno4 and ) 4cc of conc. H2SO4 After standing for 2-3 minutes. The color of permanganate is discharged by oxalic acid add 1cc conc H2SO4 A violet . 2. Chrotropic Acid Test: To 5cc of the distillate, add 5 gtts of H3PO4 and 5gtts, of Kmno4. Shake and allow to stand for 1 Add NaHSO3 drop by until the color of permanganate is discharged. If a color appears add 1gtt of H3PO4 then add 5cc of freshly prepared chromotropic acid and heat on water bath. A violet color appears for methyl alcohol presence. Higher Alcohols: The toxicity of alcohol, at least in acute intoxication, increase up to a certain point with the size of the molecules thus prophyl alcohol is more toxic than ethyl, lutyl alcohol more toxic than prophyl, etc. 1. Iso-amyl alcohol this higher alcohol which toxicological significance are those obtained in a mixture known as fuel oil which consist chiefly of isoamyl alcohol. Fuel oil is one of the products in the fermentation of juices and

in used as solvent for paints and in chemical industries. Inhalation of the vapor may cause headache and palpitation of the hear. This alcohol is a thin, oily liquid with a penetrating and oppressive odor and burning acid test. Chemical Test: a. Odor test to make this in directly to liquor; place 5cc of the liquor on a watch glass and allow to evaporate spontaneously. The odor is characteristics. Add to the suspected material H2SO4 and heat gently, a red color develops. b. Marquis test to a drop of a material, add a little water, a few drops of conc.H2SO4 and few drops of KMno4 until a red color persist. Cover and stand for 24 hrs. When color disappear a few drops of permanganate. The odor of valeric aldehydels perceived which will finally changed to odor of valariantic acid. c. Uffelmans test to the suspected material add 4x its volume of freshly prepared methyl violet which is made green by addition of HCI. If fusel oil is present reddish violet drops appear at once on the green fluid. 2. Isoprpyl and N-buly alcohol these are homologous of methyl and ethyl alcohol. These are used extensively as solvent or dilutes for the manufactures and preparation of many materials. a. Isoprophyl alcohol I CH3 CH CH3 is a colorless liquid with a characteristics odor OH resembling acetone. It boils at 82.4OC. It is soluble in water b. N-butyl alcohol- C4 H2 OH colorless liquid, odor resembles that is isoamyl alcohol it boil at a renge of 115-113OC. It burns with a luminous fame. It is soluble in water. Physiological Action: All alcohol are slightly narcotic. Isopropyl alcohol is not toxic and resembles in some measure ethyl alcohol in its physiological action. The Vapors of butyl alcohol have an irritant effect and cause coughing in a manner similar to amyl alcohol but less intensity. Butyl alcohol concentration of 100 parts/million has damaged the blood, liver. kidneys, of experimental animals. It also causes marked dermatitis, early liver degeneration, and increase in RBC. Chemical tests: 1. Benignes reaction 2cc of the suspected material of isopropyl alcohol is added 3cc of water and 10cc of HgSO4 heat mixture on water bath for 3 minutes. A precipitates indicates the possible presence of the alcohol. Acelate and other terciary alcohol gives the same reaction HgSO4 is prepared by dissolving 5gms. Of HgO with 40cc water, 20cc conc. H2SO4 mixes then finally add 40cc water. 2. Diacetone alcohol 4 hydroxy -2 Keto-4-metyhl pentane It has a pleasant odor, colorless, used as a solvent for all and resins. It is prepared from acetone and Ba (OH)2 in the cold. It is miscible with water in all proportions. Physiological action same with nebuty and isopropyl alcohol. Chemical test: the solution is oxidized with chromic acid and the acetone formed is detected by means of m-nltrophenythdrazine.

ALDEHYDES: 1. Formaldehyde (HCHO) it is a colorless gas with characteristics pungent odor, burning test, and prepared from the oxidation of methyl alcohol, It is freely soluble in water. The liquor formuladehyde (USP) contain not less than 37% by weight of formaldehyde with varying amounts of methyl alcohol. Formalin, also known as

formo! is 35% aqueous solution of formaldehyde; formalin is infusorial earth impregnated with 40% formaldehyde; tannoform is a compound of formaldehyde with tannin; and dichthoform is a compound with ichthyol. Properties: Condenses at 20oC into a colorless liquid, solidifies at 90oC and very soluble in water. On heating with dilute alkali, it split into methyl alcohol and formic acid. Physiological action: Undiluted formaldehyde solution acts upon animal skin producing a leather like products: When applied to unbroken skin, It hardens the epidemts and produces anesthesia. A stronger solution causes superficial necrosis of the nails and skin: often causing a persistent eczema. It is very painful when applied in to three abraded skin. Food duffs containing protein that have been changed chemically by addition HCHO become partly undetectable and have less nutritive value. On this account and due to its toxicity, HCHO is prohibited by law to be used as a preservative. Fatal close: very according to individual but it has been reported that 1oz. has caused death: the largest quantity from with recovery has been achieve is 2 oz, The fatal lose for mammals IV is about 0.07 0.9gm/kg. Body weight. Symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, pallor, cold clammy skin, reddening of the eyes and mouth, a burning in the throat and stomach, and collapse. Chemical tests: 1. General aldehyde reaction HCHO, like other aldehyde is a strong reducing agent. It reduces the ff. a. Schiff reagent red color b. Tollens reagent Silver mirror c. Fehlings Red precipate of cuprous oxide d. Nesslers reagent gray precipitate of metallic mercury 2. Jorissens morphine sulfuric acid test: with morphine hydrochloride in concentrated sulfuric acid test, HCHO gives a red-violet to blue-violet color with changes to Indigo- blue 3. Riminis Phenyl-hydrazine test: to 2cc of the suspected HCHO add 8 drops of a 5% solution of phenyl-hydrazine HCI and 1 drop of 0.5% sodium nitroprusside solution