Homogeneous Mixtures

Solutions
Can be of any phase (solution of sugar in water; sterling silver; brass; air)

Component
Substances in the solution

Solvent
The component present in the greatest amount

Solute
Other components in the solution

The Dissolution Process

Ability of substances to form solutions depend on:
Intermolecular interactions involved Tendency of substances to diffuse into large volumes The Effect of Intermolecular Forces Solutions form when magnitudes of IFAs between solute and solvent particles are comparable with those between solvent-solvent and solute-solute interactions

The Effect of Intermolecular Forces

The Effect of Intermolecular Forces

Solvation/Hydration*
Process of surrounding and dispersing solute particles by the solvent Stabilizes ions in solution; prevents anions and cations from recombining

The Effect of Intermolecular Forces

Indicate the type of solute-solvent interaction that should be most important in each of the following solutions: (a) CCl4 in benzene; (b) methanol in water; (c) KBr in water; (d) HCl in acetonitrile Why doesnt NaCl dissolve in nonpolar solvents such as hexane, C6H14?

Energy Changes and Solution Formation

Energy Changes and Solution Formation

Solution Formations, Spontaneity and Entropy

Consider mixing CCl4 (nbp: 77oC) and C6H14 (nbp: 69oC)
Comparable magnitudes of IFAs Dissolution occurs spontaneously (energy considerations and the tendency to spread out into larger volumes entropy considerations) Processes in which the energy content of the system decreases tend to occur spontaneously. Processes occurring at a constant temperature in which the randomness in space of the system increases tend to occur spontaneously.

Solution Formations, Spontaneity and Entropy

Solution process involves two factors Change in enthalpy (heat, energy) Change in entropy (disorder)
AgCl is essentially insoluble in water. Would you expect a significant change in the entropy of the system when 10g of AgCl is added to 500 mL water?

Saturated Solutions and Solubility

Crystallization Process opposite of solution formation

Saturated solution the rates of dissolution and crystallization are equal There can be no further increase in the amount of solute in the solution Amount of solute in a saturated solution is given by the solubility

Saturated Solutions and Solubility

The solubility is the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specified temperature. Example Solubility of NaCl in water at 0oC is 35.7 g/100 mL water

Factors Affecting Solubility

1. Nature of Solvent and Solute
The stronger attractions are between solvent and solute particles, the greater the solubility

Polar liquids tend to dissolve readily in polar solvents Nonpolar liquids tend to be insoluble in polar solvents

Factors Affecting Solubility

Miscible vs. Immiscible liquids

Acetone and water Gasoline and water

Factors Affecting Solubility

Factors Affecting Solubility

Substances with similar intermolecular attractive forces tend to be soluble in one another Ex. Predict whether each of the following substances is more likely to dissolve in carbon tetrachloride or water: (a) C7H16; (b) Na2SO4; (c) HCl; (d) I2.

Factors Affecting Solubility

2. Pressure Effects
Important to consider in solutions with gaseous solutes The gaseous solute is in dynamic equilibrium between free gas and solution phases The solubility of a gas increases in direct proportion to its partial pressure above the solution

Factors Affecting Solubility

2. Pressure Effects
Henrys Law: Sg = kPg Calculate the concentration of CO2 in a soft drink that is bottled with a partial pressure of CO2 of 4.0 atm over the liquid at 25oC. The Henrys Law constant for CO2 in water at this temperature is 3.1 x 10-2 mol/L-atm

Factors Affecting Solubility

3. Temperature Effects
The solubility of most solid solutes in water increases as the temperature of the solution increases. The solubility of gases in water decreases with increasing temperature.