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Periodic Table Trends by Steve Hall SCH3U for Vance McPherson date: March 20th/2013

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Introduction The periodic table is arranged according to periodic law. It displays chemical elements organized by their atomic numbers, electron configurations and recurring chemical properties. Two of these recurring chemical properties will be looked at in this report 1. The periodic table was really revolutionized by a Russian chemist named Dmitri Mendeleev. He started his periodic table before electrons were discovered, so his version is no longer used today, but the periodic table we know and appreciate is the way it is because of Mendeleev. Dmitri Mendeleev was no ordinary chemist he was a genius. He was so genius, when other chemists claimed to have discovered a new element, he could dispute them, and prove them wrong without even seeing there element, solely because he understood the periodicity of elements in our environment. In this report, the periodicity of atomic radius and electronegativity is examined for the first 18 elements on today's periodic table. It's all thanks to Mendeleev that we can look at a sheet of paper with the table printed on it and obtain so much knowledge and only a small fraction of this knowledge will be applied in this report. There are so many hidden secrets on the periodic table. It truly is fascinating that the world around us all fits in to one chart! Task 1. Using online or print resources, research the following variables for the first eighteen elements of the periodic table (i.e. hydrogen argon): a. Electronegativity (measured in Pauling units) b. Atomic Radius 2. Using Microsoft Excel or another comparable spreadsheet, generate a graph that shows the relationship between electronegativity and radius. Your independent axis should be atomic number and should move sequentially from 1 to 18. Because atomic number is a discrete variable, you should be generating a bar graph. Each atomic number will show both variables. This may be done as a three-dimensional graph, an overlapping bar graph or another creative means. Since you are graphing two variable with different units, your graph needs a separate scale for each. Your graph needs to have two y-axis, one on the left, and one of the right. One axis will be for Electronegativity, and one will be for Atomic radius. Be sure that your graph has a title, axis labels, and units. 3. Produce a report to summarize your work. Your report should contain: a. A brief introduction to the report. b. A table showing your values you have researched for Electronegativity and Atomic Radius c. The graph showing the relation ship between Electronegativity and Atomic Radius d. A written, 250 word, analysis of your graph. Your analysis should include several trends from the graph, several examples to support these trends, exceptions to the trends, and a thorough explanation as to why the trends occur.

Electronegativity & Atomic Radius

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Observations These are the results I found through online resources: Electronegativity Values Atomic # Element Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) Lithium (Li) Beryllium (Be) Boron (B) Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O) Fluorine (F) Neon (Ne) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Aluminum (Al) Silicon (Si) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Chlorine (Cl) Argon (Ar) Atomic Radius Values Atomic # Element Name 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) Lithium (Li) Beryllium (Be) Boron (B) Carbon (C) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O) Fluorine (F) Neon (Ne) Sodium (Na) Magnesium (Mg) Aluminum (Al) Silicon (Si) Phosphorus (P) Sulfur (S) Chlorine (Cl) Argon (Ar)

Value 2.20 0 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 0 0.93 1.31 1.50 1.80 2.19 2.58 3.16 0

Value 53pm2 31pm 167pm 112pm 87pm 67pm 56pm 48pm 42pm 38pm 190pm 145pm 118pm 111pm 98pm 88pm 79pm 71pm

These values are in picometers (pm). They are accurate within 5 pm.

SCH3U Graph 1: Electronegativity

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Graph 2: Atomic Radius

SCH3U Graph 3: Comparison Graph

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Electronegativity and Atomic Radius Comparison

Steve Hall - SCH3U - March 20/2013
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Atomic Number

4 3.5
Electronegativity (P)

Atomic Radius (pm)

3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

Electronegativity Atomic Radius

Analysis From the graph above, we can see many trends. On the periodic table, elements #1-2 are considered, period 1. A period is a row on the periodic table. Elements #3-10 are considered period 2, and elements #10-18 are considered period 3, and so on, adding on 8 each time. An exception to this trend, as you may have already spotted is period one. Hydrogen and Helium are all alone up in period 1. These two elements will show that they have exceptions later on as well. By looking at the graph, you will notice that electronegativity gets higher as atomic radius gets smaller each period. Without the knowledge that periods exist on the periodic table, this graph looks quite choppy and trends may be hard to spot. They are there though! The line representing atomic radius crosses the bars representing electronegativity, as if it is drawing an X. This pattern is called a trend. But why is this happening? Why does electronegativity get larger while atomic radius gets smaller? Believe it or not, this doesn't just occur. There is a scientific explanation! Across the row (period) on the periodic table, nuclear charge is increasing and electrons are pulling tighter and tighter in towards the nucleus. We know the nuclear charge is increasing, because the numbers of neutrons is determined by the atomic number, and the atomic number increases as you progress through the table. The electrons are pulling closer into the nucleus, because protons (that have positive charges) are found in the nucleus, and electrons have negative charges. It's like with magnets! The positives and negatives attract. If that's too difficult, think of it like this because the nuclear charge is higher, the electrons just love that so much, they want to be closer to the nucleus to experience the awesomeness! When the electrons pull tighter towards the nucleus, the atomic

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(Analysis continued) radius decreases, and this is the relationship we see on the graph above! Our exceptions in period 1 aren't as confusing as you think they may be. Period 1 is only made up of 2 elements one is hydrogen, and that has an electronegativity of 2.20. The second element in period 1 is helium, which is a noble gas. Noble gases always have an electronegativity of 0, because they are unreactant. You can also see values of 0 on the graph for element #10, neon and #18, argon. These are also noble gases. But we can also notice the exception of hydrogen as a group 1 element. Elements in group 1, otherwise referred to as column 1, include #1, #3 and #11. When the period restarts, the elements in group 1 have low negativity and high atomic radius usually. For hydrogen, it has a low atomic radius and a high electronegativity. This is because hydrogen is the first element on the table; meaning, 1 proton, 1 neutron, 1 electron. To understand this, I like to think of each element on the table like a school. At this school, there are uniforms that are mandatory to wear, however hydrogen likes to be different. If the uniform is a blue blazer, hydrogen comes to school wearing a pink t-shirt. Why? Simply because, young hydrogen is programmed differently than the rest of the students at our Periodic Table school. How? Because hydrogen only has 1 proton and 1 electron, the nuclear charge is not very strong in our school analogy, we could think of this as the student, hydrogen is a little slow. With a weaker nuclear charge, the sole electron on hydrogen likes to float around, not sticking to the proton very tightly, making the atomic radius larger maybe, if hydrogen were a person, they'd be a little bit bigger. If we say that the first 18 elements is a class of 18 students, hydrogen is the only student in the class who is not conforming, however hydrogen is not alone in the entire school. Conclusion Before I had even constructed the graph, I noticed some trends. I found that the atomic radius seemed to be much larger for the elements in group 1 and 2, and decrease as the elements move to the right along the table. At first glance, I was thinking by means of mentally organizing the elements by groups, however I soon realized it is much easier to notice the trends by period. By creating this report, I was able to develop a deeper understanding of some different periodic trends, and deeper understanding of the periodic table, leads to a deeper understanding of the whole world around us!

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Bibliography Atomic radius for all the elements in the periodic table. (n.d.). Retrieved April 7, 2013, from Periodic Table website: http://periodictable.com/Properties/A/AtomicRadius.v.html Chan, M. (2008). Chemistry 11, university preparation (SCH3U) (Ontario ed.). Mississauga, ON: Castle Rock Research. Clancy, C. (2010). McGraw-Hill Ryerson chemistry 11. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Haberer, S., & DiGiuseppe, M. (2011). Nelson chemistry 11: University preparation. Toronto, Ont.: Thomson/Nelson. The periodic table [Show #4]. (2013, March 4). Crash course chemistry. Podcast retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RRVV4Diomg Salem, M. (2010). Pauling electronegativity. Retrieved April 7, 2013, from ChemWiki website: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Atomic_Theory/ Pauling_Electronegativity Scerri, E. R. (2007). The periodic table: Its story and its significance . Oxford: Oxford University Press.