OBJECTIVES To investigate the output voltage/rotor speed characteristics of a synchronous generator. EQUIPMENT 1. Synchronous machines. 2. Induction machines. 3.

Frequency Inverter. 4. Tachometer. 5. Multimeter/Voltmeter. 6. Direct on line Starters. PROCEDURE 1. Set up the equipment as shown in figure 1. 2. Set the speed of the rotor to 1000 rpm (by adjusting the input frequency to the prime over i.e induction motor) 3. Set the D.C excitation voltage to 20V. 4. Start the prime mover the record the output voltage of the synchronous generator, the speed of the prime over and the field excitation voltage in Table 1. 5. Increase the speed of the prime over in steps of 100 rpm and increase the field excitation voltage in steps of 5 volts. Repeat step 4. 6. Plot the output voltage/rotor speed curves for various field excitation voltages (refer to fig. 2) 7. Analyse results and produce a report.

INTRODUCTION 1. Principles of synchronous machines. Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating current (AC) generators. They supply the electric power used by all sectors of modern societies: industrial, commercial, agricultural, and domestic. Synchronous machines are sometimes used as constant-speed motors, or as compensators for reactive power control in large power systems. This article explains the constructional features and operating principles of the synchronous machine. Generator performance for stand-alone and grid applications is discussed. The effects of load and field excitation on the synchronous motor are investigated. The hunting behavior of a synchronous machine is studied, and a review of various excitation systems provided. The synchronous machine is an important electromechanical energy converter. Synchronous generators usually operate together (or in parallel), forming a large power system supplying electrical energy to the loads or consumers. For these applications synchronous machines are built in large units, their rating ranging from tens to hundreds of megawatts. For high-speed machines, the prime movers are usually steam turbines employing fossil or nuclear energy resources. Low-speed machines are often driven by hydro-turbines that employ water power for generation. Smaller synchronous machines are sometimes used for private generation and as standby units, with diesel engines or gas turbines as prime movers. Synchronous machines can also be used as motors, but they are usually built in very large sizes. The synchronous motor operates at a precise synchronous speed, and hence is a constant-speed motor. Unlike the induction motor, whose operation always involves a lagging power factor, the synchronous motor possesses a variable-power-factor characteristic, and hence is suitable for power-factor correction applications. A synchronous motor operating without mechanical load is called a compensator. It behaves as a variable capacitor when the field is overexcited, and as a variable inductor when the field is underexcited. It is often used in critical positions in a power system for reactive power control.

2. Application synchronous machines as generators What is a Synchronous Generator? A "synchronous" generator runs at a constant speed and draws its excitation from a power source external or independent of the load or transmission network it is supplying. A synchronous generator has an exciter that enables the synchronous generator to produce its own " reactive" power and to also regulate its voltage. Synchronous generators can operate in parallel with the utility or in "stand-alone" or "island" mode. Synchronous generators require a speed reduction gear. Customers worried about future blackouts and having increased power reliability should only consider cogeneration and tri-generation power plants that have SYNCHRONOUS generators. Additionally, systems with synchronous generators can provide up to 100% of the facility's power, whereas induction generators can only supply about 1/3 of the facility's power requirements. What is an Induction Generator? An "induction" generator is essentially a special purpose motor that is run slightly above synchronous speed by the turbine. Induction generators receive their excitation from the grid, or electric utility and they have no means of producing or generating voltage until such time the generator is connected to the grid. Induction generators are direct-drive. The frequency and voltage of the power generated with induction generators are governed by the frequency and voltage of the incoming electric utility line. Induction generators can ONLY be run in parallel with the grid, which means when the electric grid goes down, or there is a blackout, ALL gensets, cogeneration and trigeneration power plants within the grid that has the blackout, also go down. This is why customers seeking greater power reliability should only consider cogeneration and trigeneration power systems that have SYNCHRONOUS generators. References :http://www.cogeneration.net/synchronous_generators.htm http://www.eolss.ne. Tze-Fun Chan, (2003), SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES, in Electrical Engineering.

RESULTS

Excitation voltage (VF) 20 VDC 20 VDC 20 VDC 20 VDC 20 VDC

Rotor speed (rpm) 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600

Output voltage (VOUT) 253.6 VAC 285.7 VAC 315.2 VAC 360.9 VAC 409 VAC

Excitation voltage (VF) 25 VDC 25 VDC 25 VDC 25 VDC 25 VDC

Rotor speed (rpm) 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600

Output voltage (VOUT) 326.5 VAC 364.2 VAC 401 VAC 453 VAC 494 VAC

Excitation voltage (VF) 30 VDC 30 VDC 30 VDC 30 VDC 30 VDC

Rotor speed (rpm) 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600

Output voltage (VOUT) 398.7 VAC 442 VAC 493 VAC 540 VAC 606 VAC

Excitation voltage (VF) 35 VDC 35 VDC 35 VDC 35 VDC 35 VDC

Rotor speed (rpm) 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600

Output voltage (VOUT) 454 VAC 520 VAC 575 VAC 625 VAC 704 VAC

Excitation voltage (VF) 40 VDC 40 VDC 40 VDC 40 VDC 40 VDC

Rotor speed (rpm) 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600

Output voltage (VOUT) 506 VAC 584 VAC 643 VAC 709 VAC 772 VAC

Excitation voltage (VF) 45 VDC 45 VDC 45 VDC 45 VDC 45 VDC

Rotor speed (rpm) 2400 2700 3000 3300 3600

Output voltage (VOUT) 563 VAC 633 VAC 699 VAC 768 VAC 840 VAC

ANALYSIS From the graph, observed and analyzed by using formula y = mx + c to find the slope (m) and cut-off (c) from y axis. When excitation voltage Vf = 20 Volts, the slope of output voltage is 0.11 at 2400rpm to 3000rpm and the interception y axis (c) is 210 Volt. When rotor speed increased from 3000rpm until 3600 rpm, the slope of output voltage is 0.14 and the interception y axis (c) is 170 Volt. At excitation voltage Vf = 25 Volts, the slope of output voltage is 0.13 at 2400rpm to 3000rpm and the interception y axis (c) is 275 Volt. When rotor speed increased from 3000rpm until 3300 rpm, the slope of output voltage is 0.17 and the interception y axis (c) is 230 Volt. The speed of the rotor increased from 3300rpm until 3600 rpm, the slope of output voltage is 0.14 and the interception y axis (c) is 280 Volt. At excitation voltage Vf = 30 Volts, the slope of output voltage is 0.16 at 2400rpm to 3300rpm and the interception y axis (c) is 330 Volt. When rotor speed increased from 3300rpm until 3600 rpm, the slope of output voltage change to 0.22 and the interception y axis (c) is 275 Volt. At excitation voltage Vf = 35 Volts, it have 4 changes of slope according to rotor speed. First at 2400rpm to 2700rpm, the slope of output voltage is 0.21 and the interception y axis (c) is 370 Volt. When rotor speed increased from 2700rpm until 3000 rpm, the slope of output voltage change to 0.18 and the interception y axis (c) is 385 Volt. At 3000rpm until 3300 rpm, the slope of output voltage change to 0.17 and the interception y axis (c) is 410 Volt. The speed of the rotor increased from 3300rpm until 3600 rpm, the slope of output voltage is 0.26 and the interception y axis (c) is 280 Volt. At excitation voltage Vf = 40 Volts, it have 3 changes of slope according to rotor speed. First at 2400rpm to 2700rpm, the slope of output voltage is 0.26 and the interception y axis (c) is 400 Volt. When rotor speed increased from 2700rpm until 3000 rpm, the slope of output voltage change to 0.20 and the interception y axis (c) is 450 Volt. At 3000rpm until 3600 rpm, the slope of output voltage change to 0.43 and the interception y axis (c) is 425 Volt.

At excitation voltage Vf = 45 Volts, it have 2 changes of slope according to rotor speed. First at 2400rpm to 3000rpm, the slope of output voltage is 0.23 and the interception y axis (c) is 475 Volt. When rotor speed increased from 3000rpm until 3600 rpm, the slope of output voltage change to 0.47 and the interception y axis (c) is 465 Volt. MATHEMATHICAL ANALYSIS

Vf = 20 Volts. y = mx + c At 2000rpm to 3000rpm slope (m) = 315-210 3000-2000 = 105 1000 = 0.11

Vf = 25 Volts. y = mx + c At 2000rpm to 3000rpm slope (m) = 401-275 3000-2000 = 126 1000 = 0.13

cut-off y axis (c) = 210 Volts. At 3000rpm to 3600rpm slope (m) = 409-170 3600-2000 = 239 1600 = 0.14

cut-off y axis (c) = 275 Volts. At 3000rpm to 3300rpm slope (m) = 453-401 3300-3000 = 52 300 = 0.17

cut-off y axis (c) = 170 Volts.

cut-off y axis (c) = 230 Volts. At 3300rpm to 3600rpm slope (m) = 494-453 3600-3300 = 41 300 = 0.14

cut-off y axis (c) = 280 Volts.

Vf = 30 Volts. y = mx + c At 2000rpm to 3300rpm slope (m) = 541-330 3300-2000 = 211 1300 = 0.16

Vf = 35 Volts. y = mx + c At 2000rpm to 2700rpm slope (m) = 520-370 2700-2000 = 150 700 = 0.21

cut-off y axis (c) = 330 Volts. At 3300rpm to 3600rpm slope (m) = 660-540 3600-3300 = 66 300 = 0.22

cut-off y axis (c) = 370 Volts. At 2700rpm to 3000rpm slope (m) = 575-520 3300-2700 = 55 300 = 0.18

cut-off y axis (c) = 275 Volts.

cut-off y axis (c) = 385 Volts. At 3000rpm to 3300rpm slope (m) = 625-575 3300-3000 = 50 300 = 0.17

cut-off y axis (c) = 410 Volts. At 3300rpm to 3600rpm slope (m) = 704-625 3600-3300 = 79 300 = 0.26

cut-off y axis (c) = 280 Volts.

Vf = 40 Volts. y = mx + c At 2400rpm to 2700rpm slope (m) = 584-506 2700-2400 = 78 300 = 0.26

Vf = 45 Volts. y = mx + c At 2400rpm to 3000rpm slope (m) = 699-563 3000-2400 = 136 600 = 0.23

cut-off y axis (c) = 400 Volts. At 2700rpm to 3000rpm slope (m) = 643-584 3000-2700 = 59 300 = 0.20

cut-off y axis (c) = 475 Volts. At 3000rpm to 3600rpm slope (m) = 840-699 3600-3000 = 141 300 = 0.47

cut-off y axis (c) = 450 Volts. At 3000rpm to 3600rpm slope (m) = 772-643 3600-3000 = 79 300 = 0.43

cut-off y axis (c) = 465 Volts.

cut-off y axis (c) = 425 Volts.

CONCLUSION Refer from objectives, know that the characteristics of a synchronous generators using synchronous motor by investigate the output voltage with rotor speed. The output voltage Vout increased when adjusted the frequency and the speed of the rotor rpm. From motor that we used, ac rotating machine whose speed under steady state condition is proportional to the frequency of the current in its armature. It proved from the graph, by apply the formula of y = mx + c, showed the exchange of the slope. When value of slope is high the rotor speed will increase and produced the high output voltage from synchronous generator. This experiment will showed the exchanging of the output voltage Vout by increased the rotor speed and frequency of the synchronous motor with the different excitation voltage Vf. By the graph, know six characteristics of synchronous generators with different value of excitation voltage.