ROOTS OF IRANIAN REVOLUTION at 1979 Nail KAYAPINAR

The objective of this paper is realize the main reasons of the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979 and see what is changed by revolution. In 1979, a drastic change has been occurred in Iran. It was a revolution in the true sense of the concept for its lust for justice, liberty and equality. It was also a popular uprising against imperialism of which all revolutions had the same stand. But it has also many novelties not to the theory, but for the Islamic perspectives. First and foremost, it was a breaking point within the Islamic history in general and within the Shiite tradition in particular1. To understand and anlyze; todays politic norms ,practical politics of Iran it is so important to know; which things that islamic revolution include, how was the political and social situation before ,during and after the revolution. Beside this Iranian Islamc Revolution one of the biggestand most important revolution in the World history also it has an anti- imperialist attitude. For these reasons it worthfull to write and read about it. In this article firstly we try to understand how was the religion and society pattern of Iran with historical background, before the revolution. Because i belive that religious structures, the relationship between religion and goverment and historical background of Iran indicates the main reasons of Islamic Revolution of Iran. For this section we will look which relegious denomination has majority in this territory and how was their relations with political authority. The reason why we look the dominant relegious denomination and relegion pattern is, influence of relegion on political system is pretty strong. We also look the where Shii ulama take place in Iranian history and how Shii ulama took power. Then article continues with islamic revolution process, in oher words we will focus on the things which led to the revolution. The attitude of shah, modernization project, interference in the internal affairs of other countries,
1

Dr. nal GNDOAN, Gemiten Bugne ran slam Devrimi: Genel Deerlendirme, Ortadou Analiz Dergisi, Mays 2011 - Cilt: 3 - Say: 29,sy.93

the economy that getting worse, strugle for political authority between ulama and shah . All these things has a effect on to revolution comes to alive. Also we will mention about the other things that has a effection revolution process.

IRAN and SHIISM The findings about first humanbeing at Iran plateu is approximately one thousand years old (the lower paleolithic age). At 691 Iran conquered by Muslim Arabs. Since that conquer Islam became the domiant religion in Iran. From XI. Century to XVI. Century Iran dominated by Turkish dynasties. After that at XVI.century Safevi Dynasty that founded by Shah Ismail, provide the political integrity of country and Shiism became offical religion in Iran.

Definition of Shiism The words ia which is origin Arabic, comes from the roots of he word: Mayaaand its meaining: a person who follow somebody (birine uyanlar). In Islamic History Shi meaning the people who follow Hz. Muhammeds bridegroom Ali, after Hz. Muhammed died. Shis strongly argue that caliphate must pass to the family of Hz. Muhammed, in other meaning pass to the Ali and his sons. At he era of Alis caliphate; Islamic World separated in two by who dont accept the Alis caliphate with leadership Muaviye. Then Ali was murdered in 661 and his son Hasan take the caliphate but Muaviye killed Hasan. So caliphate pass the brother of Hasan;Huseyin . son of muaviye, yezid see Huseyin as a rival.People that live in Kufe want to the Husyims caliphate so they invited Huseyin to Kufe but Yezid had heard this news and welcome Huseyin and his family with a big army and killed Huseyin and his family. This occurrence called Karbala massacre. And this event may also the born of Shiism. Shiism has got three denomination, Zeyidiyye, smaliyye and cafer,yye. Among them most common denomination is caferiyye. The person who is

member of Caferiyye dnomination, belive in Ali and twelve mam in other words thy belive in imamiyye doctrine. Untill XVI.century, in other words untill Safevi Dynasty, shiism was not a popular denomnation in Iran. After Safevi domination started in Iran shiism become national religion of Iran. At first period of XVII. Century the era of Nadir Shah (1736-47), pover of Shiism was reduce. After this period sub group of shiism Ahbaris and Usulis started to struggle with each other. Usulis strongly advocated the instution mtehit that implement itihat ( indvidual jurisdiction at interpretion religion law or doctirine), altouhgh Ahbaris argue that each muslim must behave according to Quaran and The Imams.2 In the end of this Usulis won the struggle. So this growth of the Usuli ulama was thus reinforced by their ability to perform educational, judicial, and legitimation functions of the Qajar state.3 Usulis accepted not only the legal authory that have right to express opinion about Islamic Law, they also the people whose decisions consider as rules that people have to obey them. Ayetullah Humeyni comes from usuli scholarship also. At XVII. Cntury ulema became effective on most law instution. At IIXX. Century dynasty in Iran in the confilict and struggles among thirty different group for seize authority led to both a large gap in political authority and start bad reletions between ulama and goverment. At this era that there is no political authority ulama took had authority on the local adminstration, legislation, juridiction and the other law institutions. At te end of IIXX. Century with the Qajar dynasty become authority , relationship between ulama and monarchy started to getting worse. And latter with the pehlevi dynasty and its reforms especially White revoluton reletionship between ulama and monarchy almost breakdown.

Rafig Rustamov randa slam, Kimlik ve D Politika: Konstrktivist nceleme( T.C.Ankara niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Uluslararas likiler Anabilim Dal, yksek lisans tezi 2004) sy.39
3

The Shi'i Ulama and the State in Iran Mansoor Moaddel Theory and Society , Vol. 15, No. 4 (Jul., 1986), pp. 519-556

Role Shii Ulama in Political History in Iran The ulama who came to play historically significant roles in Iranian politics in the course of the nineteenth century and thereafter were adherents of a particular brand of Shi'ism, Usulism, whose somewhat exclusive domination in society was established in the early nineteenth century. Up until the nineteenth century there had not been much consensus among the ulama on the nature of their role in society4 About role Shi ulama in political historyis related with the process of modernization.5 of iran, there are different opinions. But according to Mansur Muaddel, two of them is more clear than others.6 First is ideologic model: this model mostly shaped by the opinions of Hamid Algar. According to this model, ulama is strictly bind to the main theme of shi islam imamet. n other meaning they belive there is no legal authority on the World because of the twelvth Imam is lost. The second is: Class Contradictions Model; this model developed by Muaddel according to this model ulama does not constitute a social class and ulama is not a member of any group eighter. Ulama is a category that isolated tself from the rest of the people wit its religonal and professional function. Also the another approach: Modernization model developped by Nikki Keddie. According to this model ; the role of the ulama in politics . After this theoretical framework related to the position of ulama in Iran politics we will mention historical events abot Shii ulama. At the Qajar sovereignty era ulemas political activities is increase. But this activities not as a part of goverment bureaucracy but as a social-political power against goverment. At the begining of IXX. Century,with some important problems in internal and international policy of Iran, peoples belief reinforced alternative problem solver role of ulama. When we came the end of this century,ulama had capacity that uprising society against the goverment . So some social movements occured by leadership ulama untill Islamic Revolution. The role of the ulama
4

The Shi'i Ulama and the State in Iran Mansoor MoaddelTheory and Society , Vol. 15, No. 4 (Jul., 1986), pp. 519556
5

Nikki Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran , Yale University Press, New Haven, 1981. 6 Mansur Muaddel, randa ii Ulema ve Devle t, Serpil r (der.), ran Devrimi: Din, AntiEmperyalizm ve Sol, Belge Yaynlar, stanbul, 1992, s. 151-200

in Iranian politics during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries has been studied extensively. Particularly the rise of the ulama's social influence and power in the Tobacco Movement (1891-1892) and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1911 has been investigated at lengt.7 At 1950s Nationalize Petroleum Crisis and Stroke Against Musaddk Goverment and 1962-1966 continuing rebel movements aginst Shah at Solid Reform. Esspecially at last two occurrence caused close co-operation between traditional bourgeoisie and ulama. 8 THE WAY TO REVOLUTION We see the political,social activity and attitude of ulama. We see the power of the ulama also In light of this information we will look at the revolutionary process. The first months of 1979 has witnessed the collapse of the one of the dictators of the twentieth century the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Although the irony,Pehlevi regime that the most dependeble ally of U.S.A in Middle East and with the fifth largest army in the World is collapse in more than one year with unarmed street protests.9 At the revolutionary process, the event of President Dr. Musaddk removed from office by U.S.A and England supporting coup in 1953 is considered one of the most important issues. The most popular and known by the public as the defender of national interests, Prime Minister Mossadegh in Iran ousted from power in this way, had a quite negative effect on Iranian people. Also Iranian experts agree that this event was the trigger of the revolutionary process.10 When we come to the thing that caused Islamic Revolution in Iran we see some of the customary causes of revolution that were lacking include:
7

The Ulama-State Relations in Iran: 1921-1941Mohammad H. Faghfoory International Journal of Middle East Studies , Vol. 19, No. 4 (Nov., 1987), pp. 413-432 8 Rafig Rustamov randa slam, Kimlik ve D Politika: Konstrktivist nceleme( T.C.Ankara niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Uluslararas likiler Anabilim Dal, yksek lisans tezi 2004) sy.41
9

Rafig Rustamov randa slam, Kimlik ve D Politika: Konstrktivist nceleme( T.C.Ankara niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Uluslararas likiler Anabilim Dal, yksek lisans tezi 2004) sy. 52
10

Dr. nal GNDOAN, Gemiten Bugne ran slam Devrimi: Genel Deerlendirme, Ortadou Analiz Dergisi, Mays 2011 - Cilt: 3 - Say: 29,sy.93

defeat at war, a financial crisis, peasant rebellion, gigantic national debt, disgruntled military; Beside these, there are so many causes of revolution. The source of these causes can put in a group as: mistakes an attitude of Shah,personal features of Humeyni , failures and succeses of other Iranian political or cultural forces. For instance; Shas strong policy of Westernization and close identification with a Western power (the United States) despite the resulting clash with Iran's Shi'a Muslim identity.11 This included his original installation by Allied Powers and assistance from the CIA in 1953 to restore him to the throne, the use of large numbers of US military advisers and technicians and the capitulation or granting of diplomatic immunity from prosecution to them, all of which led nationalistic Iranians, both religious and secular to consider him a puppet of the West12. This situation collect negative reaction from the Iranian people and ulama. Also Extravagance, corruption and elitism (both real and perceived) of the Shah's policies and of his royal court,13 reduce trustworthy of shah. The other mistake was authoritarian tendencies that violated the Iran Constitution of 190614including repression of dissent by security services like the SAVAK,15 followed by appeasement and appearance of weakness as the revolution gained momentum;16 The idea of Alexis de Tocqueville that "when a people which has put up with an oppressive rule over a long period without protest suddenly finds the government relaxing its pressure, it takes up arms against it." In addition, failure of Shah overly ambitious 1974 economic program to meet expectations raised by the oil revenue windfall. A short, sharp period of
11 12

Mackay, Iranians (1998), pp. 259, 261. http://www2.irib.ir/worldservice/imam/speech/16.htm 21.12.2011 13 Harney, The Priest (1998), pp. 37 14 Mackay, Iranians (1998), p. 219. 15 Kapuscinski, Shah of Shahs (1985) 16 Harney, The Priest (1998), p. 65.

economic contraction and decline in 1977-78 following a considerable period of economic growth, that according to scholar of revolutions Crane Brinton creates disappointment much greater "than if people had been left in poverty all along." 17 Also bottlenecks, shortages and inflation that were followed by austerity measures, attacks on alleged price gougers and black-markets, that angered both the bazaar and the masses.18 The personalised nature of the Shah's government, where prevention of any possible competitor to the monarch trumped efficient and effective government and led to the crown's cultivation of divisions within the army and the political elite,19 and ultimately to a lack of support for the regime by its natural allies when needed most (thousands of upper and middle class Iranians and their money left Iran during the beginning of the revolution).20 The monarch "took a personal interest in the most picayune governmental matters, discouraged initiative by frequently overruling and dismissing officials, and refusing to allow officials to cooperate, for fear of regicidal conspiracies. The shah was careful to meet with each of his top aides and generals individually. In the absence of a fully functioning shah, the system could not function." 21 The other mistakes of shah are: Failure to cultivate supporters in the Shi'a religious leadership to counter Khomeini's campaign against him.22 Unpopular disregard for Islamic tradition in his 1976 change from an Islamic calendar to an Imperial calendar, marking the birth of Cyrus as the first day, instead of the flight of the Prophet Muhammad from Mecca to Medina. Overnight, the year changed from 1355 to 2535. His antagonizing of formerly apolitical Iranians, especially merchants of the bazaars, with the creation of a single party political monopoly
17

According to Kurzman, scholars writing on the revolution who have mentioned this include:Sick, All Fall Down, p.187; Fischer, Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution, Harvard University Press, 1980, p.189;Keddie, `Iranian Revolutions in Comparative Perspective,` American Historical Review, 1983, v.88, p.589;Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs, p.13 18 Graham, Iran (1980), pp. 19, 96. 19 Arjomand, Turban (1998), pp. 18990. 20 Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p. 233. 21 Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, (p.107) 22 Moin, Khomeini (2000), p. 178

(the Rastakhiz Party), with compulsory membership and dues, and general aggressive interference in the political, economic, and religious concerns of people's lives.23 Focusing of government surveillance and repression on the People's Mujahedin of Iran, the communist Tudeh Party of Iran, and other leftist groups, while the more popular religious opposition organized, grew and gradually undermined the authority of his regime24 When we comes to other side. The Ayatollah Khomeini's self-confidence, charisma, and most importantly his ability to grip the imagination of the masses by casting himself as following in the footsteps of the beloved Shi'a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, while portraying the Shah as a modern day version of Husayn's foe, the hated tyrant Yazid I.25 or alternately as the Hidden Imam in distant Paris, sending his messages through special representatives.26 In so doing he was seen by millions as a savior figure,27 and inspiring hundreds to feats of martyrdom fighting the regime. n addition, overconfidence of the secularists and modernist Muslims, of liberals and leftists, in their power and ability to control the revolution,28 a belief that "the clergy would not be capable of governing the state and would have to hand over power to others," so that "even the opponents of the Islamicists accepted their leadership of the revolution" at first,29 and failure to anticipate Khomeini's "total domination of the Iranian revolution" and to study his writings and try to understand what his true goals were.30 Also success of modernist Islamists Abolhassan Banisadr and Ali Shariati in presenting an Islamic ideology that "appeared modern, liberal and appealing," and in so doing won over much of the Iranian middle class.31 n addition: Shrewdness of the Ayatollah Khomeini in winning the support of these liberals and leftists when he needed them to overthrow the Shah by underplaying his hand and avoiding issues (such as rule by clerics or
23 24

Abrahamian, Iran Between Two Revolutions (1982) pp. 4426. Abrahamian, Iran (1982), pp. 5334. 25 Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini (2001), pp. 44, 745 26 Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, p.288 27 Taheri, The Spirit of Allah (1985), p. 238. 28 Schirazi, The Constitution of Iran (1997), pp. 2934. 29 Schirazi, Asghar, The Constitution of Iran : politics and the state in the Islamic Republic, London ; New York : I.B. Tauris, 1997, p.292 30 Zabih, Sepehr, Iran Since the Revolution, Johns Hopkins Press, 1982, p.9 31 Momen, Moojan, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale University Press, 1985, p.287

"guardianship of the jurists") he planned to implement but knew would be a deal breaker for his more secular and modernist Muslim allies.32 Lastly, the "third-worldist" and anti-imperialist discourse of the 1970s that sought freedom/independence from American and western influence.33

Iranian Streets Comes to Alive The first militant anti-Shah demonstrations were in October 1977, after the death of Khomeini's son Mostafa. Khomeini's activists numbered "perhaps a few hundred in total", but over the coming months they grew to a mass of several thousand demonstrators in most cities of Iran.34 The first casualties suffered in major demonstrations against the Shah came in January 1978. Hundreds of Islamist students and religious leaders in the city of Qom were furious over a story in the government-controlled press they felt was libelous. The army was sent in, dispersing the demonstrations and killing several students (two to nine according to the government, 70 or more according to the opposition).35 According to the Shi'ite customs, memorial services are held forty days after a person's death. In mosques across the nation, calls were made to honour the dead students. Thus on February 18 groups in a number of cities marched to honor the fallen and protest against the rule of the Shah. In May, government commandos burst into the home of Ayatollah Kazem Shariatmadari, a leading cleric and political moderate, and shot dead one of his followers in front of him. Shariatmadari abandoned his quietist stance and joined the opposition to the Shah.36 August 1978 Cinema Rex Fire in Abadan where over 400 people died. Movie theaters had been a common target of Islamist demonstrators37 but such was the distrust of the regime and effectiveness of its enemies'
32 33

Moin, Khomeini (2000), p. 200. http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/iran-a-green-wave-for-life-and-liberty 21.12.2011 34 Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, HUP, 2004, p.137 35 Abrahamian, Iran (1982), p. 505. 36 Mackey, Iranians (1996) p. 279. 37 Taheri, Spirit (1985) p. 220

communication skills that the public believed SAVAK had set the fire in an attempt to frame the opposition.38 The next day 10,000 relatives and sympathizers gathered for a mass funeral and march shouting, burn the Shah, and the Shah is the guilty one.39 A new prime minister, Jafar Sharif-Emami, was installed in late August and reversed some of the Shah's policies. Casinos were closed, the imperial calendar abolished, activity by political parties legalized to no avail. By September, the nation was rapidly destabilizing, and major protests were becoming a regular occurrence. The Shah introduced martial law, and banned all demonstrations but on September 8 thousands of protesters gathered in Tehran. Security forces shot and killed dozens, in what became known as Black Friday. On December 2, during the Islamic month of Muharram, over two million people filled the streets of Tehran's Azadi Square (then Shahyad Square), to demand the removal of the Shah and return of Khomeini.40 A week later on December 10 and 11, a "total of 6 to 9 million" anti-shah demonstrators marched throughout Iran. According to one historian, "even discounting for exaggeration, these figures may represent the largest protest event in history."41 The Fall of the Monarchy and the Revolution By mid-December the Shah's position had deteriorated to the point where he "wanted only to be allowed to stay in Iran." He was turned down by the opposition. In late December, "he agreed to leave the country temporarily; still he was turned down.42" On January 16, 1979 the Shah and the empress left Iran and left a goverment by ladership of Sahpur Bahtiyar .Scenes of spontaneous joy followed and "within hours almost every sign of the Pahlavi dynasty" was destroyed.43

38 39

Moin, Khomeini (2000), p. 187. W. Branigin, Abadan Mood Turns Sharply against the Shah, Washington Post, 26, August 1978 40 Abrahamian, Iran: Between Two Revolutions (1982), pp. 5212. 41 Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, (2004), p.122 42 Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran, (2004), p.154 43 Taheri, Spirit (1985), p. 240.

On February 1, 1979 Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Tehran in a chartered Air France Boeing 747. The welcoming crowd of several million Iranians was so large he was forced to take a helicopter after the car he was being transported in from the airport was overwhelmed by an enthusiastic welcoming crowd. Khomeini was now not only the undisputed leader of the revolution,44 he had become what some called a "semi-divine" figure, greeted as he descended from his airplane with cries of 'Khomeini, O Imam, we salute you, peace be upon you.'45 Crowds were now known to chant "Islam, Islam, Khomeini, We Will Follow You," and even "Khomeini for King." On the day of his arrival Khomeini made clear his fierce rejection of Bakhtiar's regim and Khomeini appointed his own competing interim prime minister Mehdi Bazargan on February 4, 'with the support of the nation'46and commanded Iranians to obey Bazargan as a religious duty.
Through the guardianship [Velayat] that I have from the holy lawgiver [the Prophet], I hereby pronounce Bazargan as the Ruler, and since I have appointed him, he must be obeyed. The nation must obey him. This is not an ordinary government. It is a government based on the sharia. Opposing this government means opposing the sharia of Islam ... Revolt against God's government is a revolt against God. Revolt against God is blasphemy.47

Newly appointed Bazargan government, was commissioned to establish a post-revolutionary regime. As a result of a referendum on 30 March 1979, the Iranian Islamic Establishment of the Republic was declared. In November 1979 a new Islamic constitution come into force by referandum again and Khomeini was officially recognized as a jurist or a higher judicial authority with extensive powers.48

44 45

Taheri, Spirit (1985), p. 146. Moin, Khomeini(2000), p. 200 46 Moin, Khomeini(2000), p. 204. 47 Khomeini, Sahifeh-ye Nur, vol.5, p.31, translated by Baqer Moin in Khomeini(2000), p.204 48 Rafig Rustamov randa slam, Kimlik ve D Politika: Konstrktivist nceleme( T.C.Ankara niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Uluslararas likiler Anabilim Dal, yksek lisans tezi 2004) sy.39

Conclusion As a result this revolution can seems only the rebel movements against Shah but we see that this is not complately true. Roots of this Islamic Revolution is reach the dominance of Shii denomnation at Iran territory, in the history of Iran. Beside this interference of the U.S.A and England n Iranian internal affairs also one of the important reason of this revolution. Because tey dont only interference the internal affairs they also want to exploit the sources of Iran so voices rising against them and their partner Shah.
The obje ctive of thi s paper is realiz e the mai n reasons of the Isla mic Revolution in Iran in 19 79 and see what is change d by revolution. In 19 79, a drastic cha nge has been occurred in Ira n. It was a revolution in the true sen se of the concept for it s lust for j ustice, liberty and equality. It was also a popular uprising against i mperialis m of which all revolutions had the sa me stand. But it has also many novelties not to the the ory, but for the Isla mic per spe ctives. First and foremost, it was a break ing poi nt within the Isla mic hi story in general and within the Shiite tradition in particular . To understand and anly ze; todays politic nor ms , practical politics of Iran it is so i mportant to know; whi ch thi ngs that islami c revolution i nclude, how was t he political and s ocial situation be fore ,during and after the revolution. Beside this Ira nian Isla mc Revolution one of the bigg estand most important revolution i n the W orld history also it has an a nti- imperialist attitude. For these rea sons it worthfull to write and rea d about it. In this article firstly we try to understa nd how was the religion a nd society pattern of Iran with hist orical ba ckground, be fore the revol ution. Beca use i belive that religious struct ures, the relationship between religion and gover ment and histori cal backgr ound of Ira n indi cates the main reasons of Isla mic Revolution of Ira n. For this se ction we will look whi ch relegious de nomination has majority in this territory and how was their relations with political authority. The r eason w hy we look the domi nant relegious den omi nation and relegion pattern is, influen ce of relegion on political system is pretty strong. We also look the where Shii ula ma take place in Ira nian hist ory and how S hii ulama took power.

Then article continues with isla mic revoluti on proces s, in oher words we will focus on the things w hich le d to the revolution. The attitude of s hah, modernization proje ct, interference in the internal a ffairs of ot her countries, the e conomy that getting worse, strugle for political a uthority between ula ma objective of this pa per is realize the main reas ons of the Isla mic Revoluti on in Iran i n 1979 a nd see w hat is cha nged by revoluti on. In 1979, a dra stic change ha s been occurre d in Iran. It was a revolution in the true se nse of the concept for its lust for justice, liberty and eq uality. It was also a popular upri sing against imperialism of whi ch all revolutions had t he same stand. But it has als o many novelties not to the theory, but for the Isla mic perspectives. First and fore most, it was a breaking point within the I slami c history in gen eral and within the S hiite tradition in particular . To unders tand and a nlyze; todays politic nor ms ,pra ctical politics of Ira n it is so important to know; which things that isla mic revol ution include, how was the political and social situation before ,duri ng and a fter the revolution. Besi de this Iranian Islam c Rev olution one of the bigge stand most i mportant revol ution in the World history also it has an a nti - imperialist attitude. For these rea sons it worthfull to write and read about it.

In this article firstly we try to understa nd how was the religion a nd society pattern of Iran with hist orical ba ckground, be fore the revol ution. Beca use i belive that religious struct ures, the relationship between religion and gover ment and histori cal backgr ound of Ira n indi cates the main reasons of Isla mic Revolution of Ira n. F or this se ction we will look whi ch relegious de nomination has majority in this territory and how was their relations with pol itical authority. The reason w hy we look the domi nant relegious den omi nation and relegion pattern is, influen ce of relegion on po litical system is pretty strong. We also look the where Shii ula ma take place in Ira nian hist ory and how S hii ulama took p ower.

Then article continues with isla mic revoluti on proces s, in oher words we will focus on the things w hich le d to the revolution. The attitude of s hah, modernization proje ct, interference in the internal a ffairs of ot her countries, the e conomy that get ting worse, strugle for political a uthority between ula ma

objective of this pa per is realize the main reas ons of the I slami c Revol ution in Iran i n 1979 a nd see w hat is cha nged by revol ution. I n 1979, a drastic change ha s bee n occurre d in Iran. It was a revolution in the true s ense of the conce pt for its lust for justi ce, liberty and e quality. It was also a popular upri s ing against imperialis m of which all revolutions had the same sta nd. But it has also many novelties not to the the ory, but for the Isla mic perspe ctives. First and fore most, it was a breaking point within the Isla mic history in general and within the Shiite tradition i n particular . T o understand a nd anlyze ; todays politi c nor ms ,pra ctical politics of Iran it is so i mportant to know; whi ch things t hat islamic revol ution include, how wa s the political a nd s ocial situation before ,during and a fter the revolution. Be side this Irania n Isla mc Revolution one of the biggestand most i mportant revolution in the Worl d hist ory also it has an anti - i mperialist attitude. For the se reasons it worthfull to write and read about it.

In this article firstly we try to understa nd how was the religion a nd society pattern of Iran with hist orical ba ckground, be fore the revol ution. Beca use i belive that religious struct ures, the relationship between religion and gover ment and hist ori cal backgr ound of Ira n indi cates the main reasons of Isla mic Revolution of Ira n. For this se ction we will look whi ch rele gious de nomination has majority in this territory and how was their relations with political authority. The reason w hy we look the domi nant relegious den omi nation and relegion pattern is, influen ce of relegion on political system is pretty strong. We also look the where Shii ula ma take place in Ira nian hist ory and how S hii ulama took power.

Then article continues with isla mic revoluti on proces s, in oher words we will focus on the things w hich le d to the revolution. The attitude of s hah, modernization proje ct, interference in the internal a ffairs of ot her countries, the e conomy that getting worse, strugle for political a uthority between ula ma

objective of this pa per is realize the main reas ons of the I slami c Revol ution in Iran i n 1979 a nd see w hat is cha nged by revol ution. I n 1979, a drastic change ha s bee n occurre d in Iran. It was a revolution in the true s ense of the conce pt for its lust for justi ce, liberty and e quality. It was also a popular upri s ing against imperialis m of which all revolutions had t he same sta nd. But it has also many novelties not to the the ory, but for the Isla mic perspe ctives. First and fore most, it was a br eaking point within the Isla mic history in general and within the Shiite tradition i n particular . T o understand a nd anlyze ; todays politi c nor ms ,pra ctical politics of Iran it is so i mportant to know; whi ch things t hat islamic revol ution include, how wa s the political a nd s ocial situation before ,during and a fter the revolution. Be side this Irania n Isla mc Revolution one of the biggestand most i mportant revolution in the Worl d hist ory also it has an anti- i mperialist attitude. For the se reasons it worthfull to write and read about it.

In this article firstly we try to understa nd how was the religion a nd society pattern of Iran with hist orical ba ckground, be fore the revol ution. Beca use i belive that religious struct ures, the relationship between religio n and gover ment and histori cal backgr ound of Ira n indi cates the main reasons of Isla mic Revolution of Ira n. For this se ction we will look whi ch relegious de nomination has majority in this territory and how was their relations with political authority. The reason w hy we look the domi nant relegious den omi nation and relegion pattern is, influen ce of relegion on political system is pretty strong. We also look the where Shii ula ma take place in Ira nian hist ory and how S hii ulama took power.

Then article continues with isla mic revoluti on proces s, in oher words we will focus on the things w hich le d to the revolution. The attitude of s hah, modernization proje ct, interference in the internal a ffairs of ot her countries, the e conomy that getting worse, strugle for political a uthority between ula ma

objective of this pa per is realize the main reas ons of the I slami c Revol ution in Iran i n 1979 a nd see w hat is cha nged by revol ution. I n 1979, a drastic change ha s bee n occurre d in Iran. It was a revolution in the true s ense of the conce pt for its lust for justi ce, liberty and e quality. It was also a popular upri s ing against imperialis m of which all revolutions had the same sta nd. But it has also many novelties not to the the ory, but for the Isla mic perspe ctives. First a nd fore most, it was a breaking point within the Isla mic history in general and within the Shiite tradition i n particular . T o understand a nd anlyze ; todays politi c nor ms ,pra ctical politics of Iran it is so i mportant to know; whi ch things t hat islamic revol ution include, how wa s the political a nd s ocial situation before ,during and a fter the revolution. Be side this Irania n Is la mc Revolution one of the biggestand most i mportant revolution in the Worl d hist ory also it has an anti- i mperialist attitude. For the se reasons it worthfull to write and read about it.

In this article firstly we try to understa nd how was the religion a nd so ciety pattern of Iran with hist orical ba ckground, be fore the revol ution. Beca use i belive that religious struct ures, the relationship between religion and gover ment and histori cal backgr ound of Ira n indi cates the main reasons of Isla mic Revolution of Ira n. For this se ction we will look whi ch relegious de nomination has majority in this territory and how was their relations with political authority. The reason w hy we look the domi nant relegious den omi nation and relegion pattern is, influen ce of relegion on political system is pretty strong. We also look the where Shii ula ma take place in Ira nian hist ory and how S hii ulama took power.

Then article continues with isla mic revoluti on proces s, in oher words we will focus on the things w hich le d to the revolution. The attitude of s hah, modernization proje ct, interference in the internal a ffairs of ot her countries, the e conomy that getting worse, strugle for political a uthority between ula ma

objective of this pa per is realize the main reas ons of the I slami c Revol ution in Iran i n 1979 a nd see w hat is cha nged by revol ution. I n 1979, a drastic change ha s bee n occurre d in Iran. It was a revolution in the true s ense of the conce pt for its lust for justi ce, liberty and e quality. It was also a popular upri s ing against imperialis m of which all revolutions had the same sta nd. But it has also many novelties not to the the ory, but for the Isla mi c perspe ctives. First and fore most, it was a breaking point within the Isla mic history in general and within the Shiite trad ition i n particular . T o understand a nd anlyze ; todays politi c nor ms ,pra ctical politics of Iran it is so i mportant to know; whi ch things t hat islamic revol ution include, how wa s the political a nd s ocial situation before ,during and a fter the revolution. Be side this Irania n Isla mc Revolution one of the biggestand most i mportant revolution in the Worl d hist ory also it has an anti - i mperialist attitude. For the se reasons it worthfull to write and read about it.

In this article firstly we try to understa nd how was the religion a nd society pattern of Iran with hist orical ba ckground, be fore the revol ution. Beca use i belive that religious struct ures, the relationship between religion and gover ment and histori cal backgr ound of Ira n indi cates the main reasons of Isla mic Revolution of Ira n. For this se ction we will look whi ch relegious de nomination has majority in this territory and how w as their relations with political authority. The reason w hy we look the domi nant relegious den omi nation and relegion pattern is, influen ce of relegion on political system is pretty strong. We also look the where Shii ula ma take place in Ira nian hist ory and how S hii ulama took power.

Then article continues with isla mic revoluti on proces s, in oher words we will focus on the things w hich le d to the revolution. The attitude of s hah, modernization proje ct, interference in the internal a ffairs of ot her countries, the e conomy that getting worse, strugle for political a uthority between ula ma

bibliography

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 Nikki Keddie, Roots of Revolution: An Interpretive History of Modern Iran, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1981. Mansur Muaddel, randa ii Ulema ve Devlet, Serpil r (der.), ran Devrimi: Din, Anti-Emperyalizm ve Sol,Belge Yaynlar, stanbul, 1992 The Shi'i Ulama and the State in Iran Mansoor Moaddel Theory and Society , Vol. 15