EGR 236 Properties and Mechanics of Materials Lecture 26: Combined Loadings

Spring 2012

Today: -- Homework questions: -- New Topics: -- Combination Stress Loading -- Homework: Read Section 8:2 Work Problems from Chap 8: 15, 20, 36, 56 Following today's class you should be able to: -- show how many types of stress can contribute the total stress state of a body. -- be able to calculate the stress load of each kind of stress and combine these by superposition on the same body. Review: So far you have learned how to calculate the stress state due to the following internal reactions: Axial Force: P A = A Torsion:
P P A

T T = J

Bending:

M =

Mc I
V

Transverse Shear

V =

VQ It Pd 2t Pd 4t

Internal Pressure:

hoop =

axial =

h a h

a a a a a

Example 1: The beam supports the loading shown. Determine the state of stress at points E and F at section a-a and represent the results on a volume element located at each of the points.

Solution: Step 1: Find external support reactions: M = 0

FCy 1m FCx 20 kN T 3m 39.5
o

0 = 20kN * 1m + T sin 395 . * 4m T = 7.86 kN

o

Fx = 0 0 = FCx T cos 395 . o FCx = 6.06 kN

Fy = 0 0 = FCy 20kN + T sin 395 . o FCy = 15 kN

Next find internal shear , normal, and moment acting at section a-a

M = 0 0 = 15kN * 1m + 10kN * 05 . m+M M = 10 kN m Fy = 0 Fx = 0 0 = 6.06 + N 0 = 15 10 V N = 6.06 kN V = 5 kN

15kN 10kN/m M N 6 kN 1m V

Next Calculate stress for each type of load: Axial Load: P A = A where P = N = -6.06 kN and area is
= 6000 mm2

A = 10mm * 150mm + 15mm * 200mm + 10mm * 150mm

2

P 6.06kN 1000mm 1000N A = = = 1.010 x106 N / m2 2 A 6000mm 1m kN This applies to both points E and F.
Torsional Load: Does not apply to this case. Bending Load:

M =

Mc I

where M = 10kn-m cE = 0 and cF = 110 mm = +0.110 m

I = I1 + I 2 + I3
I1 =

1 3 1 bh + Ad 2 = ( 150 )( 10 )3 + ( 10* 150 )( 105 )2 = 16550000mm 4 12 12 1 3 1 I2 = bh + Ad 2 = ( 15 )( 200 )3 + ( 15* 250 )( 0 )2 = 10000000mm 4 12 12 I3 = I1 = 16550000mm 4

so I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 2* 16550000mm 4 + 100000000mm 4 = 43100000mm4 then 4 Mc ( 10kN m )( 0110 . m ) 1000mm 1000 N M _ at _ F = = * = 2552 . x106 N / m2 4 I 43100000mm 1m 1kN Mc ( 10kN m )( 0 ) M _ at _ E = = =0 (compression) I 43100000mm4 Transverse Shear Load:

V =

VQ It

where V = 5 kN I = 43100000 mm4 tE = 15 mm tF = 10mm QF = 0 QE = (10*150)(105)+(15*100)(50)= 232500mm3 then

2

V _ at _ E

VQ ( 5kN )( 232500mm3 ) 1000mm 1000 N = = = 1798 . x106 N / m2 6 4 It ( 431 . x10 mm )( 15mm ) 1m 1kN

V _ at _ F =

VQ ( 5kN )( 0 ) = =0 It ( 431 . x106 mm4 )( 10mm )

Internal Pressure: Does not apply to this problem Therefore drawing the stress elements at F and E: At element F:
F M = 25.5 MPa A =1.01 MPa F F = 26.5MPa

At element E:
V = 1.798 MPa E A =1.01 MPa

Example 2:

A uniform sign has a weight of 1500 lb and is supported by the pipe AB, which has an inner radius of 2.75 in and an outer radius of 3 in . If the face of the sign is subjected to a uniform wind pressure of p = 150 psf, determine the state of stress at points C and D. Show the results on a differential element located at each of these points. Neglect the thickness of the sign and assume that it is supported along the outside edge of the pipe. ____________________________________________________________ Assume elements are on the outer surface of the post. Step 1) internal loads at section
W= 1500 lb Fwind = 12ft*6ft*150lb/ft2 =10800 lb W

For Equilibrium:

r F = 0 r r r 0 = W + Fwind + FA F 0 = Wk wind j + FAx i + FAy j + FAz k

j: 0 = 10800lb + FAy

Fwind

so i: 0 = FAx

FAx = 0
k:

FAy = 10800lb
MAx
FAx

0 = 1500lb + FAz FAz = 1500lb

MAy FAz FAy

r M = 0 r r r 0 = M A + rG / A FG r r r r r +r 0 = M Ax i + M Ay j + M Az k F + r W + r F A/ A A G/ A G/ A wind

MAz

+ 0 + ( 6 ) ( 1500k ) + ( 6 ) ( 10800 j ) 0 = M Ax i + M Ay j + M Az k i + 6k i + 6k 9000 + 64800 0=M i+M j+M k j + 64800k i

Ax Ay Az

so i: 0 = M Ax + 64800

j: 0 = M Ay 9000

k: 0 = M Az + 64800

M Ax = 64800 l b ft

M Ay = 9000 l b ft

M Az = 64800 l b ft

Step2: Consider individual load stresses:

Axial Force: P A = A Axial Force: P A = A and Therefore:

Torsion: T T = J where
A=

Bending:

Transverse Shear

M =

Mc I

V =

VQ It

P = FAz = 1500 lb (in compression)

Do2 Di2 ) = ( R2 r 2 ) = ( 32 275 . 2 ) = 4516 . in2 ( 4

A =
Torsion: T T = J

P 1500lb = = 332.1psi A 4.516in2

where
and

T = MAz = -64800 lb-ft

= Ro = 3in J = ( Ro2 RI 2 ) = ( 34 275 . 4 ) = 37.4in 4 2 2 ( 64800lb ft )( 3in ) 12in = = 62374 psi 37.4in4 1 ft
and about y-axis

Bending: About x-axis

M _C =
where and

M xcy Iy

M _ about _ y axis =

M y cx Ix

Mx = -64800 lb-ft cx = cy = 3 in

My = 9000 lb-ft

Ix = Iy =
Therefore:

4 Ro Ri4 ) = ( 34 275 . 4 ) = 187 . in 4 ( 4 4

M _ about _ x axis = M _ about _ y axis

( 64800lb ft )( 3in ) 12in = 124748 psi (Tension) 187 . in4 1 ft ( 9000lb ft )( 3in ) 12in = = 17326 psi (Tension) 187 . in 4 1 ft

Transverse Shear:

V =
And

VQ It

with V = FAy=10800 lb
t = 2(3-2.75)= 0.5 in

FAy C

I = 187 . in 4

4 Ro 4R ) ( Ri2 )( i ) 3 3 4* 3 4* 275 . = ( 32 )( ) ( 275 . 2 )( ) = 827 . in3 3 3 QD = 0 QC = ( Ro2 )(

Therefore

V _ at _ C
V _ at _ D

VQ ( 10800lb )( 827 . in3 ) = = = 9553 psi It ( 187 . in 4 )( 05 . in )It VQ = =0 It

Combination Infinitesimal Elements:

17326 psi (bending) 321 psi (axial) 62347 psi (axial) 9553 psi (shear) C 321 psi (axial) 62347 psi (torsion) D 124748 psi (bending)

Example 3:

Complete the following Workout Problem working together with a partner. When completed, check your answer against the instructor's solution. The 3/4 in diameter shaft is subjected to the loading shown. Determine the stress components at point A and B. Sketch the results on a volume element located at these points. The bushing at C can only supply force components along the y and z direction. The bushing at C is also keyed so that it restrains rotation about the x axis, but not the y or z. The thrust bearing at D can supply force components along all three directions. It does not supply any restraint of rotation.

100 lb

50 lb

B FDz

Start by finding the support reactions:

100 lb FDx FDy

50 lb

FCz

MCx For Equilibrium:

FCy

r F = 0 50k +F 0 = 100k Cy j + FCz k + FDx i + FDy j + FDz k

so i: j: k:

FDx = 0 FCy + FDy = 0 FCz + FDz = 150

r M = 0 r r r r r r r )+ r )+ r 0 = M C + rC / C FC + r100 / C ( 100k ( 50 k F 50 / C D/C D r ) + ( 22 ) 0 = M Cx i + 0 FC + ( 18 i 8 j ) ( 100k i + 8 j ) ( 50k ) + ( 40 i ) ( FDx i + FDy j + FDz k

+ 40 F 0 = M Cx i 1800 j + 800 i 1100 j 400 i + 40 FDy k Dz j
i: j: k:

0 = M Cx + 800 400 0 = 1800 1100 + 40 FDz 0 = 40 FDy

FCy + FDy = 0

M Cx = 400 lb in FDz = 725 . lb FDy = 0

therefore from :

FCy = FDy = 0

FCz + FDz = 150

FCz = FDz + 150 = 725 . + 150 = 775 . lb

FDz=72.5 lb

100 lb 50 lb

FCz= 77.5 lb

Now look the internal M at= -400 lb-in reactions at the cross section of interest:
Cx

For Equilibrium:

r F = 0 N 0 = 775 . k x i + V y j + Vz k Nx = 0 Vy = 0 Vz = 775 . lb
FCz= 77.5 lb

Mz Vz Tx Nx Vy My

so i: j: k:

r M sect = 0

MCx = -400 lb-in

+ 0( N 0 = 400 i + 10 i 775 . k x i + V y j + Vz k ) + ( Txi + M y j + M z k ) 0 = 400 i 775 j T i +M j+M k

x y z

i: j: k:

0 = 400 Tx 0 = M y 775 0 = Mz Nx = 0 : Tx = 400 lb in

Tx = 400 lb in M y = 775 lb in Mz = 0 Vz = 775 . lb Mz = 0

therefore internal reactions are

Vy = 0

M y = 775 lb in

Next find any of the stresses associated with each of these.

Axial Force: P A = A Transverse Shear

Torsion: T T = J

Bending:

M =
Internal Pressure:

Mc I Pd 4t

V =

VQ It

hoop =

Pd 2t

or

axial =

Axial Stress:

since N=0

Ax = 0

Torsional Stress: where and

T J T = Tx = -400 lb-in

T =

= d / 2 = 0.75 / 2 = 0375 . in 4 J = R2 = d = 075 . 4 = 0.03106 in 4 2 32 32 T ( 400lb in )( 0375 . in ) T = = = 4829 psi J 0.03106in 4

Bending Stress: about z-axis

since Mz = 0 then

Mz _ A = Mz _ B = 0

about y-axis

M z = 775 lb in
for point A: for point B: cA = 0.375 in cB = 0.0 in

Iy =
Therefore:

4 4 R = d = 075 . 4 = 0.01582 in 4 4 64 64
( compression )

My _ A =

( 775lb in )( 0375 . in ) = 18371 psi 0.01582in 4

My _ B = 0

. lb and QA = 0 Transverse Shear : since Vz = 775

for point A: for point B:

Vz _ A =

VQ =0 It

t = d = 0.75 in

d 2 4R d d 3 075 . 3 % QB = Ay = = = = 0527 . in3 * 8 8 3 2 R 8

I = 0.01582 in 4

Vz _ B

VQ ( 775 . lb)(0527 . in3 ) = = = 3442 psi It (0.01582in 4 )(075 . in)

does not apply to this problem not a pressurized tank.

Internal Pressure:

Summary of stress on A: Torsion: T = 4829 psi Bending : My _ A = 18371 psi ( compressive along x axis )

Summary of stress on B: Torsion: T = 4829 psi Transverse Shear: Vz _ B = 3442 psi

Therefore the combined stress models look like:

z My T A

T B

Vz y

z x

A A x T

My x

B T Vz

= 4829 psi = 18 371 psi A B

= 1387 psi EGR 236 Mechanics of Materials Problem 8:15 HW Set 26 Spring 2012

Determine the magnitude of the load P that will cause a maximum normal stress of 200 MPa in the link. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

EGR 236 Mechanics of Materials Problem 8:20

HW Set 26

Spring 2012

The joint is subjected to a force of 250 lb as shown. Sketch the normal stress distribution acting over section a-a if the member has a rectangular cross section of width 0.75 in and thickness 0.5 in. ____________________________________________________________________ Solution:

EGR 236 Mechanics of Materials Problem 8:36

HW Set 26

Spring 2012

The frame supports a centrally applied distributed load of 1.8 kip/ft. Determine the state of stress at points A and B on member CD and indicate the results on a volume element located at each of these points. The pins at C and D are at the same location as the neutral axis for the cross section. ____________________________________________________________________ Solution:
1.8 kip/ft

EGR 236 Mechanics of Materials Problem 8:56

HW Set 26

Spring 2012

The 1 in diameter rod is subjected to the loads shown. Determine the state of stress at point B, and show the results on a differential element located at this point. ____________________________________________________________________ Solution: