HIGH DATA RATE 1XEV: 1X EVOLUTION IS-856 TIA/EIA STANDARD OVERVIEW HDR 1xEV technology (also known as,

High Data Rate "HDR") is a high-performance and cost-effective Internet solution for consumers and business professionals. It offers high speed, high-capacity wireless Internet technology, compatible with CDMA networks and optimized for packet data services. 1xEV offers a combination of high-performance and economic benefits that is unprecedented in systems capable of portable, mobile, and fixed services, while achieving the performance with minimal network and spectrum resources. The phenomenal growth of Information Technology and the Internet, and the general population's desire for timely information services, create a need for a high-performance wireless Internet technology. Trends, such as PC-on-a-Chip, wireless-capable Personal Digital Assistants, Smart Phones and Auto PCs, point to the availability of a large number of new data-capable devices that enable each of us to communicate wirelessly anytime, anywhere. 1xEV is the ideal technology for providing such wireless Internet services and is founded on a proven wireless technology and a sound economic basis. 1xEV is built on mainstream IP backbones using off-the-shelf IP network elements without any modifications CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1xEV technology (also known as, High Data Rate "HDR") is a high-performance and cost-effective Internet solution for consumers and business professionals. It offers high speed, high-capacity wireless Internet technology, compatible with CDMA networks and optimized for packet data services. 1xEV offers a combination of high-performance and economic benefits that is unprecedented in systems capable of portable, mobile, and fixed services, while achieving the performance with minimal network and spectrum resources. The 1xEV working group was established in 3GPP2, TSG-C in March 2000. The 1xEV name, which stands for "Evolution," was coined in the standards process. The standard was balloted and adopted by 3GPP2, as C.S0024, and by TIA/EIA, as IS-856, in October 2000. The recommended capabilities of the cdma2000 standard includes two interoperable modes: an integrated 1x mode optimized for voice and medium data speeds, and a 1xEV mode, optimized for high-capacity/high-speed data and Internet access. The following represent a few of the infrastructure manufacturers that publicly have announced support for 1xEV, Lucent, Hitachi, LGIC, Samsung, Nortel and Motorola. The manufacturer support should further ensure that the evolution path from cdmaOne through cdma2000. The phenomenal growth of Information Technology and the Internet, and the general population's desire for timely information services, create a need for a high-performance wireless Internet technology. Trends, such as PC-on-a-Chip, wireless-capable Personal Digital Assistants, Smart Phones and Auto PCs, point to the availability of a large

number of new data-capable devices that enable each of us to communicate wirelessly anytime, anywhere. 1xEV is the ideal technology for providing such wireless Internet services and is founded on a proven wireless technology and a sound economic basis. 1xEV is built on mainstream IP backbones using off-the-shelf IP network elements without any modifications. 1xEV systems are designed to be highly interoperable with CDMA systems. Leveraging the same RF characteristics as IS-95/1x CDMA, dual-mode IS-95/1x and 1xEV Access Terminals can be offered in a compact and cost-effective manner. Within a given network, dual-mode IS-95/1x and 1xEV devices allow users to access voice services via the IS-95/1x frequency carrier, while receiving data services through the 1xEV frequency carrier. CHAPTER 2: 1xEV AIRLINK DESIGN The 1xEV airlink is designed for packet data optimization. It is spectrally efficient and provides 7.4 Mbps/cell (3 sectors) aggregate forward peak throughput with a single CDMA frequency carrier (1.25 MHz). One of the key premises of 1xEV is that voice and data have very different requirements and there will be inefficiencies anytime the two services are combined. With that in mind, the 1xEV design requires a separate CDMA carrier. It is important, however, to note that the 1xEV waveform retains 100% compatibility with IS-95/1x from the RF standpoint. The 1xEV waveform uses the same 1.228 Mcps chip rate, link budgets, network plans and RF designs on both Access Terminals and infrastructure. Furthermore, optimizing voice and data on different carriers is advantageous for both services: it simplifies system software development and avoids difficult load-balancing tasks. 1x/1xEV systems proven technologies are a low-risk alternative. 1xEV systems are currently being field trialed in various parts of the world. 1xEV over-the-air system, available since September 1998, demonstrates features and data rates that are proven from real field data experience. 1xEV's forward link uses power efficiently. The access terminal continually updates the Access Network with the data rate it can receive. With this information, the system can service a single user at any instant. This rate control feature enables the 1xEV Access Point to always transmit at full power achieving very high peak rates for users that are in good coverage area. The Access Terminal and the Access Point jointly determine each user's forward-link data. The Access Terminal measures the pilot strength, and continuously requests an appropriate data rate based on the channel conditions. The Access Point encodes the forward link at exactly the highest rate that the subscriber's wireless channel can support at any instant. CHAPTER 3: AVERAGE DATA THROUGHPUT

The majority of data applications receive larger amounts of data from the wireless network's infrastructure than they transmit in the reverse direction. Therefore, 1xEV provides asymmetric data rates on the forward and reverse links.

1xEV's peak data rate is: Forward link = 2.457 Mbps/sector Reverse link = 153.6 kbps/sector

The 1xEV airlink uses the network resources very efficiently by providing high performance average data throughput with only 1.25 MHz of spectrum. Given a loaded 1xEV sector, with a number of users distributed uniformly across the coverage area, the average forward link throughput in a 3-sector cell is: Forward link: Pedestrian Environment = 3.9 Mbps/cell (Single Receive Antenna) = 4.8 Mbps/cell (Dual Receive Antenna) Mobile Environment = 1.4 Mbps/cell (Single Receive Antenna) = 2.7 Mbps/cell (Dual Receive Antenna) Reverse link = 660 kbps/cell The above throughput numbers do not assume transmit diversity at the cell site. Access Terminals with dual receive antennas and receive diversity reception have the benefit of more accurately decoding the received information. Overall, this decreases retransmissions and improves system efficiency. CHAPTER 4: TURBO CODES 1xEV takes advantage of parallel codes and turbo decoding techniques. Hence, 1xEV uses frame sizes that are larger than IS-95/1x frames. Code rates (R= 1/4 and 1/2) are used on the reverse channels, and code rates (R= 1/5 and 1/3) are used on the forward channels.

Diagram 1 - 1xEV Channel Structure CHAPTER 5: 1xEV FORWARD LINK Shared Forward Link Channel The 1xEV design employs a shared forward link and can serve a user at any instant. When being served, an Access Terminal receives the full power of the cell transmitter (Diagram 2). The Access Terminal calculates its C/I and tells the Access Point the highest data rate at which it can receive information. This allows the Access Point transmitter to operate at full power and transmit data at the highest data rate each Access Terminal requests.

Diagram 2 - 1xEV maximizes data throughput via efficient use of the AP output power

There are additional benefits of a shared forward link. The scheduling algorithm takes advantage of multiple users and optimizes the data transmission on the forward link. As more subscribers access the 1xEV system, the scheduler dynamically assists in improving the traffic flow by fairly scheduling data to each subscriber (see Chapter 7). The improved efficiency actually increases the subscriber's average throughput. A maximum of 60 simultaneous users in the "connected" state, i.e. actively requesting and receiving packets, can be served by a 1xEV sector at any given time. Note that this number represents active connected users (not in dormant state). For example, if the users in a sector are using applications with 10% activity factor, then in effect 600 users in a sector can be served during the busy hour. 1xEV supports both high-speed and high-capacity applications. In the case of high-speed applications, having tens of active users per sector, at any given time, ensures the users achieve high throughputs. In the case of low data rate applications, where the users are receiving small amounts of information (e.g., stock quotes, telemetry, etc.), the users will not use the channel for a long period of time. The users will receive their short burst of information and then will release the Forward Link channel. In this case, a much larger number of users (in order of 100's of users) can take turns being one of the 60 active users at a given instant. The 60 active users in a sector are power controlled by the reverse power control bits (RPC). Each power controlled access terminal is assigned a Walsh cover that is used to cover each user's forward link packets. W64 are being used and hence 64 possible Walsh covers are available to be assigned to users. Four out of these 64 are used for other purposes, which leaves 60 reverse-power control bits that can be assigned to users. A larger number of users are served by the system at any given time, leveraging the bursty nature of the traffic. When users are not actively using a link, the airlink goes dormant. When the link is in use again, the airlink automatically will come up without any special intervention on the part of the user.

Forward Link Channel Structure

Diagram 3 - 1xEV Forward Channel Structure

The 1xEV forward link is structured to maximize the overall data throughput of a given sector. Hence, the Access Points are always transmitting at full power serving one user at a time. There are no predetermined time slots; the time the user is on the forward traffic channel depends on the channel condition (C/I). The 1xEV Forward Channel consists of the following time-multiplexed channels: the Pilot Channel, the Forward Medium Access Control (MAC) Channel, and the Forward Traffic Channel or the Control Channel. The Traffic Channel carries user data packets. The Control Channel carries control messages, and it may also carry user traffic. The forward link is defined in terms of frames of length 26.67 ms, aligned to the PN rolls of the zero offset PN sequences. Within a frame, there are 16 slots, each of length of 2048 chips or 1.67 ms duration. Each frame is composed of two, half-frame units with eight slots. Each slot is further divided into two, half-slots, each of which contains a pilot burst. Each pilot burst has a duration of 96 chips and is centered at the midpoint of the half slot. Within each slot, the Pilot, MAC and Traffic or Control Channels are time multiplexed (TM). All time-division multiplexed channels are transmitted at the maximum power of the sector. Note that no predetermined time slots are allocated to users. Frames, slots, etc are used as units of time. The MAC Channel consists of two subchannels: the Reverse Power Control (RPC) Channel and the Reverse Activity (RA) Channel. The RA Channel transmits a reverse link activity bit (RAB) stream. The Control Channel is transmitted at a data rate of 38.4 kbps or 76.8 kbps. The modulation characteristics for the Control Channel transmitted at 38.4 kbps are the same as those of the Forward Traffic Channel transmitted at 38.4 kbps. The modulation characteristics for the Control Channel transmitted at 76.8 kbps are the same as those of the Control Channel transmitted at 38.4 kbps, except that the packet is transmitted in eight slots. Burst Pilot 1xEV uses a burst pilot, which is optimal for bursty packet data services. The burst pilot is not transmitted on a separate code channel as in IS-95/1x, but is punctured into the forward link waveform at pre-determined intervals. The 1xEV burst pilot is transmitted at the maximum power that the cell is able to transmit. Using the cell's full power for the

pilot provides the highest possible pilot Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) so that an accurate estimate can be obtained quickly, even during dynamic channel conditions.

Diagram 4 - 1xEV Forward Link Burst Pilot The burst pilot is received only in the presence of pilots from other Access Points and is not affected by other transmissions of data. Since the pilot is transmitted at the full power of the Access Point, the Access Terminal recognizes the burst as strictly the pilot signal. The Access Terminal does not need to subtract the effect of data transmissions that may be occurring at the same time as the pilot. This results in a high Signal-to-Noise ratio for the pilot signal, which aids in rapid C/I estimation.

Forward Link Adaptive Modulation The 1xEV forward link offers a range of different data rates. The data rates match the range of channel conditions experienced in a typical cellular/PCS networks. QPSK modulation is used to achieve 38.4 kbps through 1,228.8 kbps data rates (with the exception of 921.6 kbps), 8-PSK for 921.6 kbps and 1,843.2 kbps, and 16-QAM for 1,228.8 kbps and 2,457.6 kbps.

Table 1: 1xEV Forward Link

The 1xEV forward link supports dynamic data rates. The Access Terminal constantly
measures the channel C/I, then requests the appropriate data rate for the channel
conditions every 1.67 ms. The Access Point receives the Access Terminal's request for a
particular data rate, and it encodes the forward link data at exactly the highest rate that
the wireless channel can support at the requested instant. Just enough margin is included
to allow the Access Terminal to decode the data with a low erasure rate. In this manner,
as the subscriber's application needs and channel conditions vary, the optimum data rate
is determined and served to the user dynamically. In summary the following steps are
performed:
(a) Accurate and rapid measurement of the received C/I from the set of best-serving
sectors
(b) Selection of the best serving sector
(c) Request of transmission at the highest possible data rate that can be received with
high reliability given the measured C/I
(d) Transmission from the selected sector, and only from the selected sector, at the
requested data rate.

Diagram 5 - Dynamic Data Rates Served Based on Real-Time C/I Measurement

The Access Terminal continuously updates the Access Point on the DRC channel,
indicating a specified data rate to be used on the forward link. The DRC is sent with a
Walsh Cover, which in turn indicates which Sector should transmit.

1xEV combines the functions of the IS-95/1x Sync and Paging overhead channels into a
single Control Channel. The Control Channel is time set aside on the forward link at a
known data rate. The control channel is transmitted once every 413.17 ms for duration of
13.33 ms.
Forward Traffic Channel and Control Channel can be transmitted in a span of one to 16
slots. When more than one slot is used, the transmit slots use a four-slot interlacing
technique to further enhance forward-link efficiency (refer to diagram 3). For example,
data sent at 153.6 kbps is sent in four slots and each slot of data is sent twice to increase
the probability of receiving the data. By "interlacing" the data every fourth slot, the
Access Terminal can notify the Access Point of each slot of data it receives. If the Access
Terminal is able to decode the data on the first attempt, then it transmits an ACK to the
Access Point. The Access Point cancels the second slot if the ACK is received prior to its
transmission. The system has now increased the throughput to the user and may now use
the additional slots to serve other users.
The combination of these features -- and the ability to transmit 2 bits per hertz in a 1.25
MHz band -- increases the users' experience and the overall system capacity.
CHAPTER 6: FIELD TESTING
Extensive testing is ongoing on Qualcomm's San Diego based over-the-air system. These
tests include physical layer, application layer, capacity, diversity and performance tests.
Testing also includes the use of ITU's industry capacity models. Data is collected and
analyzed to reveal how the system performs in various RF conditions.
These extensive tests have proven that the sector throughput increases as the number of
users increase in that sector. This increase in throughput is related to the scheduler's
ability to adapt to the "multi-user diversity" (refer to Chapter 7).
Receive antenna diversity at the Access Terminal significantly improves throughput gains
and increases the probability of accurately decoding information over the airlink. Each
antenna RAKE receiver combines the signal from different paths into a single signal.
Then, the combining of maximal ratio diversity is used between the two single signals.
The utilization of receive diversity significantly has improved average throughput rates.
Physical layer average throughputs using the ITU capacity models are:
Model 1-antenna 2-antenna
Pedestrian 1,284 kbps/sector 1,587kbps/sector
Vehicular 479 kbps/sector 902 kbps/sector

CHAPTER 7: SCHEDULING ALGORITHM

1xEV is optimized for packet data services in which all users do not generally demand equal service. Some applications require higher data rates, while others have much lower data rate requirements. The user's channel condition (C/I) is a primary factor in determining the data rate that a given subscriber can attain. The 1xEV system takes advantage of the wireless channel variability, which results in variations of the requested rate over a period of time. The scheduler resides at the Base Station and takes into account the data rates requested by different Access Terminals. The scheduling algorithm decides which Access Terminal is served with the requested data rate at any given instant. The scheduler will serve users that are near their peaks in terms of the requested rates. Occasionally, the users may not be served for periods of milliseconds when their requested rates are lower. By the scheduler selecting the optimal time to transmit data to a user, the user's overall moving average is higher then if they were served on a 'first in first out' basis. Please note that the priority in the scheduler is based on a combination of the following: the C/I as well as the duration of time since the user had last been served. Proportional Fairness Scheduling This algorithm uses a different notion of fairness known as proportional fairness. The Proportional Fairness Scheduler maximizes the user's moving average throughput. The algorithm used by the Proportional Fairness Scheduler takes advantage of data's variable bit rate and the 1.67ms that 1xEV is able to deliver data. The algorithm maintains a history of each user's RF conditions and delivers information to each user at the rate of their average C/I. For example, a particular user has RF conditions that support an average of 614.4 Kbps. The changing RF environment surrounding the user causes the RF conditions to oscillate between low- and high-data rates, the average is 614.4 Kbps. The scheduler's histogram of each user calculates the moving average and serves data when the DRC is equal to or greater than 614.4 Kbps, not at the lower short-term rates. The end result is the user's overall moving average is improved.

The following diagrams illustrate the scheduling of packet transmissions to take advantage of a user's channel diversity.

Diagram 6 - User 1 Channel Diversity The red data-set (Diagram 6) represents the instantaneous DRC Requests submitted by Access Terminal 1. As user 1 channel condition varies, the requested data rate will fluctuate as well. The blue data-set is the Moving Average (MA) of the instantaneous DRC Requests of a given Access Terminal filtered over the last 100 slots.

Diagram 7 - User 1 Good Scheduling Times In Diagram 7, only the DRC Requests above the filtered average are plotted (red data set). This represents good scheduling times for Access Terminal 1 since the channel conditions are more favorable than the recent average (blue data-set).

Diagram 8 - Served Rate and Requested Rate (100 slot MA) The Proportional Fairness Scheduler served Access Terminal 1 at data rates above the user's average rate (diagram 8); hence, maximizing the overall data throughput. Diagram 9 shows two data sets, blue with random scheduling (data rates selected randomly depending on the C/I condition without the scheduler input) and red with proportional fairness scheduling. This illustrates that the distribution of the data rates is tightened and moved towards higher speeds with proportional fairness scheduling.

Diagram 9 - User 1 Rate Distribution: Random vs. Proportional Fairness Scheduling

Diagram 10 - User 1 and User 2 Good Scheduling Times Significant leverage from multi-user diversity will increase the system capacity, as more users are available to be served. In diagram 10, only the DRC Requests above the filtered average for User 1 (red data-set) and User 2 (dark green data-set) are optimal serving times. This represents Access Terminal 1 and 2 good scheduling times since the channel conditions are more favorable than the recent average (blue and light green data-set respectively). Each user's overall experience and moving average data rates are improved significantly. In summary, the Proportional Fairness Scheduler takes advantage of the channel variation over the short term to increase throughput and maintain the grade of service fairness over longer periods of time. CHAPTER 8: 1xEV REVERSE LINK The 1xEV reverse link structure consists of fixed size physical layer packets (16 slots, 26.67 ms duration). Each slot is just a unit of time. The Reverse Link is different from the forward link physical layer that has variable modulation schemes in 1.67 ms units of time. 1xEV uses a pilot-aided, coherently demodulated reverse link. Traditional IS-95/1x power control mechanisms and soft handoffs are supported on the reverse link. A 1xEV Access Terminal may transmit at rates from 9.6 kbps to 153.6 kbps on the reverse link.

The 1xEV Reverse Channel consists of the Access Channel and the Traffic Channel, and the Access channel consists of a Pilot channel and a Data Channel. The Traffic Channel consists of a Pilot Channel, a Medium Access Control (MAC) Channel, an Acknowledgement (ACK) Channel, and a Data Channel. The Traffic MAC Channel

contains a Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) Channel and a Data Rate Control (DRC) Channel. The Access Channel is used by the Access Terminal to initiate communications with the Access Network or to respond to an Access Terminal directed message. The Access Channel consists of a Pilot Channel and a Data Channel. An access probe consists of a preamble followed by an Access Channel data packet. During the preamble transmission, only the Pilot Channel is transmitted. During the Access Channel data packet transmission, both the Pilot Channel and the Data Channel are transmitted. The reverse link Traffic channel is used by the Access Terminal to transmit user-specific traffic or signaling information to the Access Network. The reverse link Traffic Channel consists of a Pilot Channel, a MAC Channel, an ACK Channel, and a Data Channel. The MAC Channel contains a DRC Channel and an RRI Channel. The ACK Channel is used by the Access Terminal to inform the Access Network whether the data packet transmitted on the Forward Traffic Channel has been received successfully or not. The reverse link's total capacity is 220 kbps/sector (2.2 times that of IS-95A). This increased capacity is achieved by taking advantage of turbo coding, gaining diversity from the longer packet size (26.67 ms), and the Pilot channel.

Diagram 11 -1xEV Reverse Channel Structure

The reverse link provides a Reverse Rate Indicator (RRI) that aids the Access Point in determining the rate at which the reverse link is sending data. The RRI is included as the preamble for reverse-link frames, indicating the rate at which the data was sent. Reverse Link Modulation The 1xEV reverse link supports several data rates.

Table 3: 1xEV Reverse Link

CHAPTER 9: 1xEV SIGNALLING The 1xEV layered architecture enables a modular design that allows partial updates to protocols, software, and independent protocol negotiation. The following are the 1xEV protocol stack layers:

1. Physical Layer: The Physical Layer provides the channel structure, frequency, power output, modulation, and encoding specifications for the Forward and Reverse link channels. 2. MAC Layer: The Medium Access Control layer defines the procedures used to receive and transmit over the Physical Layer. 3. Security Layer: The Security Layer provides authentication and encryption services. 4. Connection Layer: The Connection Layer provides airlink connection establishment and maintenance services. 5. Session Layer: The Session Layer provides protocol negotiation, protocol configuration, and session state maintenance services. 6. Stream Layer: The Stream Layer provides multiplexing of distinct application streams.

7. Application Layer: The Application Layer provides the Default Signaling Application for transporting 1xEV protocol messages and the Default Packet Application for transporting user data.

Diagram 19 - 1xEV Default Protocols Physical Layer Please refer to the previous sections (Chapter 5 - 8). MAC Layer The MAC Layer is a key component to optimizing the airlink's efficiency and allowing network access. It is comprised of four protocols, each of which play a part in transmitting data and system information over the airlink. MAC layer default protocols: The Control Channel MAC Protocol governs the Access Network's transmission and subsequent Access Terminal reception of information on the Control Channel. The Control Channel packets are constructed from the Security Layer packets and contain information controlling the Access Network transmission and packet scheduling, the Access Terminal acquisition, and Access Terminal packet reception on the Control Channel. This protocol also adds the Access Terminal address to transmitted packets. The rules for Control Channel supervision are part of this protocol as well.

The Access Channel MAC Protocol specifies the rules for sending messages on the Access Channel by the Access Terminal. This includes the timing as well as power requirements for the transmission. The Access Terminal communicates with the Access Network via the Access Channel prior to setting up a traffic connection. The Forward Traffic Channel MAC Protocol enables the system to send user's data packets at optimal efficiency by using variable and fixed transmission rates and ARQ interlacing. The ARQ interlacing coupled with the Data Rate Control (DRC) and Ack Channel provides the handshake to increase the Access Terminal's data throughput performance, resulting in increased capacity of the system. The FTC MAC Protocol also provides the rules the Access Network uses to interpret the Data Rate Control Channel and the rules the Access Terminal uses for DRC supervision. The Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol is very similar to the traditional CDMA 1x MAC layer. The protocol transports the information sent by the Access Terminal to enable the Access Network to acquire the Reverse Traffic Channel; and the Reverse Traffic Channel data rate selection. Security Layer The Security Layer ensures security of the connection between the Access Terminal and the Access Network. It utilizes Diffie-Helman key exchange to ensure the intended device is authenticated on the Access Network and that the connection is not hijacked. It is not intended to encrypt the user's data. For complete security of the user's data it is best to use an end-to-end method, i.e. IPSEC. The majority of today's VPN services utilize IPSEC to encrypt and protect information end-to-end. The Security Layer provides the following functions: Key Exchange: provides the procedures followed by the Access Network and the Access Terminal to exchange security keys for authentication and encryption. The system uses the Diffie-Helman Key Exchange method. Authentication: provides the procedures followed by the Access Network and the Access Terminal for authenticating traffic. Encryption: provides the procedures followed by the Access Network and the Access Terminal for encrypting traffic. Connection Layer The Connection Layer is comprised of a group of protocols that are optimized for packet data. Combined, they efficiently manage the 1xEV airlink and reserve resources as well as prioritize each user's traffic. They are designed to enhance the user's experience to provide efficiencies to the carrier network.

The Connection Layer performs its functions through the following protocols: Air Link Management Protocol: This protocol activates one of the following three State Protocols based on the Access Terminal state: 1. Initialization State Protocol (Access Terminal has yet to acquire the network), performs the actions associated with acquiring a 1xEV network. This includes network determination, pilot acquisition and system synchronization. 2. Idle State Protocol (Access Terminal has acquired the network, but is not sending or receiving any data), monitors the terminal's location via the Route Update Protocol, provides procedures for the opening of a connection, and supports Access Terminal power conservation. 'Suspend Mode' is a new addition to the Idle State Protocol. Suspend Mode expedites the connection setup process. In the suspend mode period, the Access Terminal advertises to the network that it will be monitoring the Control Channel before going into slotted mode for a certain period of time. This enables the Access Network to quickly assign a traffic channel to the Access Terminal, if needed, rather than going through the usual paging and assignment procedure.

3. Connected State Protocol (Access Terminal has an open connection with the network): This protocol performs the actions of managing the radio link between the Access Terminal and the Access Network (handoffs controlled by the Route Update Protocol), and the procedures leading to the close of the connection. Route Update Protocol plays a key part in enabling soft and softer handoffs. The Access Terminal's Route Update "RU" protocol constantly reports to the Access Network which Access Point and sector it is using as well as potential neighboring sectors. This information is used by the Access Network in maintaining a stable and good quality radio link as the Access Terminal moves throughout the network Overhead Messages Protocol is unique due to the fact that it is used by multiple protocols. It broadcasts essential parameters pertaining to the operation of other protocols over the Control Channel. It also specifies rules for supervision of these messages over the Control Channel. Packet Consolidation Protocol is a key element to providing effective Quality of Service to the user. It is responsible for consolidating packets and properly prioritizing them according to their assigned quality of service for the forward link, and de-multiplexing them on the reverse link. The priority tagging is done at the Stream Layer. It is capable of prioritizing for multiple streams to a single user and multiple streams to many users. Session Layer

The Session Layer protocols provide a support system for the lower layers in the protocol stack. They enable the assignment of the UATI to the Access Terminal and configuration information that supports the lower layers. The negotiation of a set of protocols and their configurations for communication between the Access Terminal and the Access Network are controlled by this protocol. The Session Layer contains the following protocols: Session Management Protocol provides a means by which to control the ordered activation of the other Session Layer protocols. In addition, this protocol ensures the session is still valid and manages closing the session, which resultes in efficient use of spectrum. Address Management Protocol: This protocol specifies procedures for the initial UATI assignment and maintains the Access Terminal addresses. Session Configuration Protocol: This protocol provides the means by which to negotiate and provision the protocols used during the session, and it negotiates the configuration parameters for these protocols. Stream Layer The Stream Layer tags all the information transmitted over the air link. This includes user traffic as well as signaling traffic. Lower in the stack, these values are read by the Connection Layer's Packet Consolidation Protocol. Together the two protocols provide effective prioritization of signaling and user traffic. The Stream layer maps the various applications to the appropriate stream and multiplexes the streams for one Access Terminal. Stream 0 is always assigned to the Signaling Application. The other streams can be assigned to applications with different QoS (Quality of Service) requirements or other applications. Application Layer The Application Layer is a suite of protocols that ensure reliability and low erasure rate over the airlink. The underlining principle of this layer is to increase the robustness of the 1xEV protocol stack. The Application layer has two sub-layers that are the Default Signaling Application, which provide the best effort and reliable transmission of signaling messages. The Default Packet Application provides reliable and efficient transmission of the user's data. The Default Signaling Application Protocol has two sub-layers: Signaling Network Protocol (SNP). This protocol provides a message transmission service for signaling messages. These messages are initiated by other protocols, which indicate the appropriate message to be transmitted for a specific function.

Signaling Link Protocol (SLP). This protocol is the transport for the SNP messages. SLP provides a fragmentation mechanism for signaling messages, along with reliable and best effort delivery services. The fragmentation mechanism increases the efficiency of sending signaling messages that may be larger than a single frame. Default Packet Application, this suite of protocols provides reliable and efficient delivery of the user's data at a low packet error rate, suitable for higher layers (e.g., TCP, UDP), along with mobility management that allows the Access Network to know the location of a mobile at any instance. Default Packet Application is comprised of three protocols: Radio Link Protocol (RLP): Data applications are not as delay sensitive as voice applications, therefore wireless Internet systems provide various mechanisms for error detection and data retransmission. The RLP layer delivers a frame error rate in the order of 10-4. The combination of RLP and TCP layers deliver an extremely low frame error rate that is comparable with most land-line data systems today. The RLP protocol uses a NAK-based scheme, thereby reducing the amount of signaling. In addition, the 1xEV enhanced RLP provides a more efficient retransmission mechanism due to sequencing of octets, rather than sequencing of frames. This approach eliminates complex segmentation and reassembly issues in the case where a retransmitted frame cannot fit into the payload available at the time of retransmission. Location Update Protocol. This protocol is used to provide mobility management, which enables the Access Network to know the location of a mobile at any instance. This service is critical in providing seamless packet transport service to the user through PDSN selection and handover. The Default Packet Application protocols use the following structure as follows:

CHAPTER 10: POINT-TO-POINT PROTOCOL The Point-to-Point protocol is not part of the 1xEV specification, however, it's a key protocol that 3G technologies leverage to provide end-to-end connectivity between the PDSN and each Access Terminal. Therefore, it is worth mentioning its role in the 1xEV system. The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is a robust tunneling protocol, which sets up a tunnel between the PDSN and Access Terminal. The PDSN will maintain state of each Access Terminal's PPP tunnel and forward the user's traffic through its assigned tunnel. The mobile terminal may move in and out of coverage and the PDSN will maintain the PPP state, thus providing a reliable tunnel and an 'always on' experience. For more information on PPP visit the IETF's website at www.ietf.org and search for RFC 1661.

CHAPTER 11 The 1xEV Access Terminal receives data from no more than one Access Point at any given time. Instead of combining transmit energy from multiple Access Points, the Access Terminal is able to rapidly switch from communicating with one Access Point to another. The Access Terminal measures the channel C/I and requests service from the Access Point with the strongest signal. This follows the best server rule, where the Access Terminal communicates with the requested Access Point at any given time. The forward link pilot allows the Access Terminal to obtain a rapid and accurate C/I estimate. The 1xEV reverse link makes use of soft hand-off mechanisms. The Access Terminal's transmissions may be received by more than one Access Point, and frame selection is hence made. The Location Update Message enables the Access Network to connect to the PDSN, maintaining the PPP state to the Access Terminal. Thus it can re-route traffic to the Access Terminal immediately upon receiving the Access Terminal's Location Update Message. This method allows the Access Terminal to maintain it's same IP address and same PPP connection; therefore allowing a seamless handoff. Handoffs to IS-95/1x Systems The following are some of the handoff scenarios that are possible between 1xEV and 1x systems: Scenario 1: AT establishes a data session in 1xEV Radio Access Network (RAN). While the AT is dormant, it performs idle handoff from one 1xEV RAN to another 1xEV RAN.

Scenario 2: While the AT is exchanging data in a 1xEV system, it receives a page for an incoming voice service instance from the 1x system. Since the AT is monitoring the 1x Forward Common Channel periodically, it is able to receive the page for the voice service instance. In this scenario, the AT can be configured to, 1) continue the data call on the 1x system, 2) to abandon the 1xEV data service instance, handoff to the 1x system, and continue with voice only. Scenario 3: AT is able to receive an SMS while it is exchanging data in the 1xEV system: SMS is received during the AT's assigned paging slot or during a broadcast slot. Scenario 4: While the AT is exchanging data in a 1xEV system, it decides to initiate a voice call in the 1x system. In this scenario, the AT can be configured to; 1) continue the data call on the 1x system, 2) to abandon the 1xEV data service instance, handoff to the 1x system, and continue with voice only.

Scenario 5: AT moves away from the coverage area of the 1xEV system into the coverage area of a 1x system. AT performs an Access Network Change from 1xEV system to 1x system. CONCLUSION 1xEV provides significant performance and economic benefits to the wireless operators. The technology enables operators to offer advanced data services, make best use of their spectrum and network resources, and leads the wireless Internet market by offering high performance packet data services significantly earlier than alternative technologies. The CDMA2000 suite of technologies exceeds the ITU 3G requirements. 1xEV leverages existing hardware and software designs, thus providing significant benefits to the equipment manufacturers. The technology offers short development cycles by supporting a quick production turn-around 1xEV unleashes the Internet for the end-users by simplifying the use and implementation of mobile wireless devices and enabling a variety of mainstream Access Terminals for mobile, portable, and fixed applications. Wireless Web lifestyles, the next Internet revolution, will have a lasting positive effect on 1xEV users by increasing their productivity and improving their quality of life. 1xEV provides an evolution with industry support by using a standardization path under the CDMA2000 umbrella.

GLOSSARY
1xEV
Name for a CDMA system that supports wireless data.
1xEV-DO
CDMA 1x Evolution - Data Only.
3G
Third Generation Mobile System. The generic term for the next generation of wireless
mobile communications networks.
3G Third Generation Wireless
The next step in the development of wireless communications. The first generation was
analog and the second was digital (CDMA, TDMA and GSM). Third generations systems
are expected to provide broadband, high-speed data applications - both fixed and mobile.
3GPP
Third Generation Partnership Project. ARIB, ETSI, T1, TTA & TTC (the "Organizational
Partners") have agreed to co-operate for the production of Technical Specifications for a
3rd Generation Mobile System based on the evolved GSM core networks and the radio.
802.11
Set of Standards for LAN (Local Area Network) and MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network).
802.11b
Set of Standards for LAN (Local Area Network) and MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network).
802.11a
Set of Standards for LAN (Local Area Network) and MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network).
802.11b
Standard for LAN/WAN management, approved in 1992.
802.1x
Set of Standards for LAN (Local Area Network) and MAN (Metropolitan Area
Network).
Access Network

Several wholesale carriers define access network as the fiber connection and associated
electronic equipment that link a core network to Points of Presence (POPs) and on to
Points of Interconnect (POIs) switch locations.
Access Point
A device that transports data between a wireless network and a wired network
(infrastructure).
Access Server
Communications processor that connects asynchronous devices to a LAN or WAN
through network and terminal emulation software. Performs both synchronous and
asynchronous routing of supported protocols.
Access Terminals
Terminal to access a system, handset, PDA or other device.
ACK
Acknowledgement signal.
Acknowledgment
The transmission of a short packet from the receiving device to the sending device to
indicate that the data sent has been received error-free.
AIN (Advanced Intelligent Networks)
Refers to networks that route calls based on database information that can affect the
inbound and outbound flow of the call.
Air Time
Actual time spent talking on the wireless telephone. Most carriers bill customers based on
how many minutes of air time they use each month. The more minutes of time spent
talking on the phone, the higher the bill.
Alphanumeric
A message or other type of readout containing both letters (alphas) and numbers
(numerics). Regarding wireless, alphanumeric memory dial is a special type of dial
from-memory option that displays both the name of the individual and that individuals.
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
The term used by AT&Ts Bell Laboratories (prior to the break-up of the Bell System in
1984) to refer to its cellular technology. The AMPS standard has been the foundation for
the industry in the United States, although it has been slightly modified in recent years.
AMPS-compatible means equipment designed to work with most cellular telephones.
Analog
The traditional method of modulating radio signals so that they can carry information.
AM (amplitude modulation) and FM (frequency modulation) are the two most common

methods of analog modulation. Though most U.S. cellular systems today carry phone
conversations using analog, some have begun offering digital transmission. See also
Digital Modulation.
ANSI (The American National Standards Institute)
A non-profit, privately funded membership organization that coordinates the
development of U.S. voluntary national standards and is the U.S. representative to non
treaty international standards-setting entities including the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission.
Antenna
A device for transmitting and/or receiving signals. The size and shape of antennas are
determined, in large part, by the frequency of the signal they are receiving. Antennas are
needed on both the wireless handset and the base station.
API
Application Programming Interface software used by an application program to request
and carry out lower-level services performed by a computers or telephone systems
operating system.
Application Layer
The 7th and highest layer of the Open System Interconnection (OSI) data
communications model of the International Standards Organization (ISO). It supplies
functions to applications or nodes allowing them to communicate with other applications
or nodes.
ARDIS (Advanced Radio Data Information System)
A nationwide, public two-way wireless packet data network, originally developed by
IBM, now owned and operated by Motient.
ARPU
Average Revenue Per Customer.
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
A standard code used by computer and data communication systems for translating
characters, numbers, and punctuation into digital form. ASCII characters can be
recognized by computer and communications devices using a variety of applications.
ASP
Application Service Provider.
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
A very high-speed transmission technology. ATM is a high bandwidth, low-delay,
connection-oriented switching and multiplexing technique. There are efforts underway to
develop wireless ATM networks.

Authentication
A process used by the wireless carriers to verify the identity of a mobile station.
AVL (Automatic Vehicle Location)
The ability to pinpoint the location of a vehicle within a given range.
Bandwidth
A relative range of frequencies that can carry a signal without distortion on a
transmission medium.
Base Station
The fixed device a mobile radio transceiver talks to, to talk to a person or to get to the
landline phone network, public or private.
bits
Bit is a contraction of the term Blnary digiiT. It is the smallest unit of information (data)
a computer can process.
Bluetooth
A technology specification for small form factor, low-cost, short range radio links
between mobile PCs, mobile phones, and other portable devices. It is expected to enable
users to connect a wide range of computing and telecommunications devices without the
need to connect cables.
BPS (Bits Per Second):
The unit of measurement for the rate at which data is transmitted.
BRAN
Broadband Radio Access Networks.
BREW (Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless)
A thin, efficient applications execution environment designed specifically for wireless
devices.
Browser
Software which moves documents on the World Wide Web to your computer, PDA, or
phone. See HDML, HTML, HTTP and WML.
BTA (Basic Trading Area)
A service area designed by Rand McNally and adopted by the FCC to promote the rapid
deployment and ubiquitous coverage of Personal Communications Services (PCS). Built
from county boundaries, BTAs generally cover a city and its surrounding environs. BTAs
are component parts of Major Trading Areas (MTAs). There are 493 BTAs in the United
States. See also MTA.
Burst

In data communication, a sequence of signals, noise, or interface counted as a unit in

accordance with some specific criterion or measure.
CAI (Common Air Interface)
A standard for the interface between a radio network and equipment. A CAI allows
multiple vendors to develop equipment which will interoperate.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
A spread-spectrum approach to digital transmission. With CDMA, each conversation is
digitized and then tagged with a code. The mobile phone is then instructed to decipher
only a particular code to pluck the right conversation off the air. The process can be
compared in some ways to an English-speaking person picking out in a crowded room of
French speakers .the only other person who is speaking English. See also Digital
Modulation.
CDMA2000
Trade name for CDMA air interface standards aimed at 3G requirements, including IS
2000.
CDMAONE
Trade name for first generations of CDMA air interface standards, including TIA/EIA
95. Operates in pairs of 1.25 MHz channels. CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data)
Technology that allows data files to be broken into a number of packets and sent along
idle channels of existing cellular voice networks.
Cell
The basic geographic unit of a wireless system. Also, the basis for the generic industry
term cellular. A city or county is divided into smaller cells, each of which is
equipped with a low-powered radio transmitter/receiver. The cells can vary in size.
Cell Site
The location at which communications equipment is located for each cell. A cell site
includes antennas, a support structure for those antennas, and communications equipment
to connect the site to the rest of the wireless system. This equipment is normally.
Channel
A path along which a communications signal is transmitted.
Chip
An integrated circuit. The physical structure upon which integrated circuits are fabricated
as components of telephone systems, computers, memory systems, etc.
cHTML
Compact HTML, the markup language used in iMode.

CI
GSM Cell Identity. A 16 bit number identifying a cell within an LAI.
Circuit Switched
A switching technique that establishes a dedicated and uninterrupted connection between
the sender and the receiver.
CLECs
Competitive Local Exchange Carrier or Certified Local Exchange Carrier.
Client-Server
A computer network system in which programs and information reside on the server and
clients connect to the server for network access.
CMRS (Commercial Mobile Radio Service)
The regulatory classification that the FCC uses to govern all commercial wireless service
providers, including Personal Communications Services, cellular, and Enhanced
Specialized Mobile Radio.
Co-Location
The siting of two or more separate companies wireless antennas on the same support
structure. See also Cell Site.
Compression
Reducing the size of data to be stored or transmitted in order to save transmission time,
capacity, or storage space.
Control Channel
A cellular or PCS channel that broadcasts information about a cell to mobiles that are not
currently in a call.
CRM
Customer Relationship Management.
CUG (Closed User Group)
Selected user groups that communicate freely within the group, but have restricted
incoming, and often outgoing, communications.
D-AMPS (Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service)
A North American term for digital cellular radio.
Dafault
Is a factory-set hardware of software setting or configuration.
DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite)

A high-powered satellite, or satellite service, which sends signals to relatively small

dishes installed at homes and office buildings.
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone)
A cordless telephone standard, based on Time Division Multiple Access, developed in
Europe for applications in wireless PBXs, residential, and public limited-range wireless
services.
DES (Data Encryption Standard)
A 56-bit, private key, symmetric cryptographic algorithm for the protection of
unclassified computer data developed by IBM in 1977.
Dial-Up
The use of a standard telephone to create a telephone or data call.
Diffie-Helman key
Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange. A method of securely exchange encryption keys over an
insecure interface.
Digital Modulation
A method of encoding information for transmission. Information (in most cases a voice
conversation) is turned into a series of digital bits - the 0s and 1s of computer binary
language. At the receiving end, the information is reconverted to its original form. Digital
transmission offers a cleaner signal and is less immune to the problems of analog
modulation such as fading and static. (To appreciate the difference, compare the fidelity
of a standard LP record with that of a digital compact disk). Digital transmission has been
embraced by the wireless industry because it offers major gains in capacity compared to
analog. See also CDMA, TDMA, and GSM.
DSL, T1, Cable
DSL (Digital Subsriber Line), T1, cable, etc. refer to a number of different types of wires
or groups of wires capable of carrying voice or data transmissions.
DSP (Digital Signal Processor)
A specialized computer chip that performs calculations on digitized signals that were
originally analog and then sends the results.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
It resists interference by mixing in a series of pseudo-random bits with the actual data.
The receiver, using the same pseudo-random algorithms, strips out the extra bits.
E-mail (Electronic Mail)
Messages sent across communications networks-both wireless and landline.
E-911

Enhanced 911 service. 911 service becomes enhanced 911 emergency reporting service
when there is a minimum of two special features added to it. E-911 provides ANI
(Automatic Number Identification) and ALI (Automatic Location Information) to the 911
operator.
EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility)
The ability of equipment or systems to be used in their intended environment within
designed efficiency levels without causing or receiving degradation due to unintentional
electromagnetic interference. Proper shielding of devices reduces interference.
Encryption
The transformation of data, for the purpose of privacy, into an unreadable format until
reformatted with a decryption key. Public key encryption utilizes the RSA (which
stands for its developers, Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman) encryption key. PGP, or Pretty
Good Privacy, is a cryptography program for computer data, e-mail, and voice
conversation.
ESMR (Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio)
Digital mobile telephone services offered to the public over channels previously used for
two-way analog dispatch services. See also SMR.
ESN (Electronic Serial Number):
The unique number assigned to a wireless phone by the manufacturer. According to the
Federal Communications Commission, the ESN is to be fixed and unchangeable - a sort
of unique fingerprint for each phone. See also MIN.
ETACS (Extended Total Access Communications Systems)
The conventional wireless technology used in the United Kingdom and other countries. It
was developed from the U.S. AMPS technology.
Ethernet
A local area network used for connecting computers, printers, workstations, terminals,
etc, within the same building or campus.
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
Extranet
An Intranet-like network which a company extends to conduct business with its
customers and/or its suppliers. Extranets generally have secure areas to provide
information to customers and external partners.
FCC (Federal Communications Commission)
The government agency responsible for regulating telecommunications in the United
States.

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

Method of radio transmission that allows multiple users to access a group of radio
frequency bands without interference.
FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)
A technique used in spread spectrum radio transmission systems, such as wireless LANs
and some PCS cellular systems, that involves the conversion of a datastream into a
stream of packets.
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
It resists interference by jumping rapidly from frequency to frequency in a pseudo
random way. The receiving system has the same pseudo-random algorithm as the sender
and jumps simultaneously.
Frequency
A measure of the energy, as one or more waves per second, in an electrical or light-wave
information signal. A signals frequency is stated in either cycles-per-second or Hertz
(Hz). See also Hertz.
Frequency Re-Use
The ability to use the same frequencies repeatedly within a single system, made possible
by the basic design approach for wireless. Since each cell is designed to use radio
frequencies only within its boundaries, the same frequencies can be re-used in other cells
not far away with little potential for interference. The concept is akin to an FM radio
station in Chicago using the same frequency as one in Denver without interference. The
re-use of frequencies is what allows a wireless system to handle a huge number of calls
with a limited number of channels.
GHz (GigaHertz Billions of Hertz)
Personal Communications Services operate in the 1.9 GHz band of the electromagnetic
spectrum. See also Hertz, KHz, MHz.
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
An extension to the GSM standard to include packet data services. It is expected to be
launched in 2000.
GPS (Global Positioning System)
A satellite system using 24 satellites orbiting the earth at 10,900 miles that enables users
to pinpoint precise locations using the satellites as reference points.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)
A world standard for digital wireless transmissions. GSM is the most widely used
standard in the world today with more than 150 million users worldwide. See also
TDMA.
GSO (Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit)

A satellite in orbit 23,000 miles over the equator with an orbit time of 24 hours. Also
known as geostationary.
GUI (Graphical User Interface)
A name for any computer interface that substitutes graphics for characters.
Guyed
A type of wireless transmission tower that is supported by thin guy wires. See also
Monopole.
Hand-Off
The process by which the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) passes a wireless
phone conversation from one radio frequency in one cell to another radio frequency in
another cell. It is performed quickly enough that callers dont notice. See also MAHO.
Handoff
The process by which the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) passes a wireless
phone conversation from one radio frequency in one cell to another radio frequency in
another cell. It is performed quickly enough that callers dont notice. See also MAHO.
Hands-Free
A feature that permits a driver to use a wireless car phone without lifting or holding the
handset. An important safety feature.
HDML (Handheld Device Markup Language)
A modification of standard HTML, developed by Phone.com for use on small screens of
mobile phones, PDAs, and pagers. HDML is a text-based markup language which uses
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and is compatible with Web servers.
High Data Rate (HDR)
A high-performance and cost-effective Internet solution offering high-speed, high
capacity wireless Internet technology, compatible with CDMA networks and optimized
for packet data services.
Hertz
A measurement of electromagnetic energy, equivalent to one wave or cycle per second.
See also KHz, MHz, GHz.
HiperLAN/2
High Performance Radio LAN.
Histogram
A display plotting the density of the various colors and/or values in an image.
HomeRF
Home Radio Frequency.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language)

An authoring software language used on the Web. HTML is used to create Web pages
and hyperlinks.
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
The protocol used by the Web server and the client browser to communicate and move
documents around the Internet.
I-mode
The wireless internet solution developed and deployed in Japan by NTT DocoMo.
iDEN (Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network)
A wireless technology developed by Motorola that works in the 800 MHz, 900 MHz, and
1.5 GHz radio bands. The technology supports, on one handset, voice-both dispatch radio
and using PSTN connection-numeric paging, Short Message Service (SMS), data and fax
transmission.
IEEE 802.X
A set of specifications for Local Area Networks (LAN) from The Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). Most wired networks conform to 802.3, the
specification for CSMA/CD based Ethernet networks. The 802.11 committee completed a
standard for 1 and 2 Mbps wireless LANs in 1997 that has a single MAC layer for the
following physical-layer technologies: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum, Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum, and Infrared. IEEE 802.11 HR, an 11 Mbps version of the
standard is expected to be completed by the end of 1999.
IMSI (International Mobile Station Identifier)
A number assigned to a mobile station by the wireless carrier uniquely identifying the
mobile station nationally and internationally. See also MIN, TMSI.
IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000)
The standard for third-generation mobile communications systems. In Europe, it is called
UMTS and in Japan it is called J-FPLMTS.
Indepentent Network
A network that provides (usually temporarily) peer-to-peer connectivity without relying
on a complete network infrastructure.
Infrared
A band of the electromagnetic spectrum used for airwave communications and some
fiber-optic transmission systems. Infrared is commonly used for short-range (up to 20
feet) through-the-air data transmission. Many PC devices have infrared ports, called
Infrared Serial Data Link (IRDA), to synchronize with other devices. IRDA supports
speeds up to 1.5 Mbps.

Infrastructure Network
A wireless network centered about an access point. In this environment, the access point
not only provides communication with the wired network but also mediates wireless
network traffic in the immediate neighborhood.
Interconnection
The routing of telecommunications traffic between the networks of different
communications companies.
Internet
A global network of linked computer networks made user-friendly, thus popularized, by a
graphical interface called the World Wide Web.
Intranet
An internal network, which is private or employs a firewall to secure it from outside
access, that supports Internet technology. The intranet is used for inter-company
communications and can be accessed only by authorized users.
IP (Internet Protocol)
See TCP/IP.
IPSEC
IP Security. Compare with SSL (for TCP). A collection of IP security measures that
comprise an optional tunneling protocol for IPv6.
IS-95
cdmaOne CDMA air interface standard.
ISM
Industrial Scientific Medical. A term describing several frequency bands in the radio
spectrum.
ISM Band (Industrial Scientific Medical Band)
Frequency bands in the radio spectrum that are unlicensed, meaning they can be used for
a variety of applications without the requirement for FCC permission. The bands are used
traditionally for in-building and system applications such as bar code scanner.
ISPs
Internet Service Provider.
ITU
International Telecommunications Union.
IXC (Interexchange Carrier)
A long-distance phone company.

J-FPLMTS (Japanese Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications Services):

The Japanese equivalent of the IMT-2000 third-generation technology standard.
Java
A programming language from Sun Microsystems which abstracts data on bytecodes so
that the same code runs on any operating system. Java software is generally posted on the
Web and downloadable over the Internet to a PC. HotJava is installed on a Web browser
and enables Java programs to be delivered over the Web and run on a PC.
Jini
A technology from Sun Microsystems that is expected to enable devices to link together
to form an ad hoc community, without installation or human intervention.
KBps
KBps is kilobytes per second.
KHz (KiloHertz Thousands of Hertz)
Each wireless phone call occupies only a few KiloHertz. See also Hertz, MHz, GHz.
LAN (Local Area Network)
A data communications network, typically within a building or campus, to link computers
and peripheral devices under some form of standard control.
LCD
Liquid Crystal Display. An alphanumeric display using liquid crystal sealed between two
pieces of glass.
LEC (Local Exchange Company)
The traditional, local, wired monopoly phone company.
LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
An orbital plane a few hundred miles above the earth. A new generation of
communications satellites are being launched in this orbit. LEO satellites are generally
divided into two groups: big and little LEOs, with each group assigned specific radio
frequencies. Big LEOs support both voice and data communications while little LEOs
support only data communications.
LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution System)
A system developed by Bellcore for Wireless Local Loop (WLL) applications. In the
U.S., the FCC set aside a total LMDS bandwidth of 1.15 GHz in the 28-GHz, 30-GHz
and 31-GHz frequency bands. LMDS supports voice and high-speed interactive data,
with the potential to provide bandwidth of as much as 500 Mbps.
Load-balancing
The practice of splitting communication into two (or more) routes. By balancing the
traffic on each route, communication is made faster and more reliable. In telephone

systems, you can change phone and trunk terminations in order to even out traffic on the
network.
M-commerce
Mobile commerce.
MA
Abbreviation for Milliamp or Milliamperes, unit of electric current.
MAC
Moves, Adds, and Changes.
MAC
Moves, Adds, and Changes.
MAC Layer
That layer of a distributed communications system concerned with the control of access
to a medium that is shared b/t two or more entities.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
A network covering a larger area than a Local Area Network (LAN) and less than a Wide
Area Network (WAN). Typically, a MAN connects two or more LANs. In addition to
data, a MAN may also carry voice, video, image and multimedia.
Mbps
Mega (millions of) bits per second (bps).
Message Alert
A light or other indicator on a wireless phone that notifies a user that a call has come in.
A useful feature especially if the wireless subscriber has voice mail. Also called a call
in-absence indicator.
MHz (MegaHertz)
Millions of Hertz Cellular and ESMR systems operate in the 800 and 900 MHz bands of
the electromagnetic spectrum. See also Hertz, KHz, GHz.
Microcell
A bounded physical space in which a number of wireless devices can communicate.
Because it is possible to have overlapping cells as well as isolated cells, the boundaries of
the cell are established by some rule or convention.
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
The standard format, developed and adopted by the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF), for including non-text information in Internet mail, thus supporting the
transmission of mixed-media messages across TCP/IP networks. In addition to covering

binary, audio, and video data, MIME is the standard for transmitting foreign language
text which cannot be represented in ASCII code.
MIN (Mobile Identification Number)
A number assigned by the wireless carrier to a customers phone. The MIN is meant to be
changeable, since the phone could change hands or a customer could move to another
city. See also ESN, IMSI, TMSI.
MMDS (Microwave Multi-point Distribution System or Multipoint Multichannel
Distribution Service):
A method of distributing cable television signals through microwave from a single
transmission point to multiple receiving points.
Mobitex
A cellular land radio-based packet switched data communications system used by
BellSouths two-way packet data network and developed by Ericsson.
Modem (MOdulator/DEModulator)
A hardware device which converts digital data into analog and vice versa to enable digital
signals from computers to be transmitted over analog telephone lines.
Monopole
A slender self-supporting tower on which wireless antennas can be placed. See also
Guyed.
MS
Mobile Station (wireless phone).
MSA (Metropolitan Statistical Area)
An MSA denotes one of the 306 largest urban population markets as designated by the
U.S. government. Two cellular operators are licensed in each MSA. See also CGSA,
RSA.
MSOs
Multiple System Operator.
MSS (Mobile Satellite Service)
Communications transmission service provided by satellites. A single satellite can
provide coverage to the entire United States.
MTA (Major Trading Area)
A service area designed by Rand McNally and adopted by the FCC to promote the rapid
deployment and ubiquitous coverage of Personal Communications Services (PCS). Built
from Basic Trading Areas (BTAs), MTAs are centered on a major city and generally
cover an area the size of a state. There are 51 MTAs in the United States. See also BTA.

MTSO (Mobile Telephone Switching Office)

The central computer that connects a wireless phone call to the public telephone network.
The MTSO controls the entire systems operations, including call monitoring, billing, and
hand-offs.
Multipath
The signal variation caused when radio signals take multiple paths from transmitter to
receiver.
NAM (Number Assignment Module)
The NAM is the electronic memory in the wireless phone that stores the telephone
number and electronic serial number.
Network Computer
An inexpensive (approximately $500) personal computer that does not have a hard disk,
but can be used to browse the Internet and run applications on a server on the Internet or
corporate intranet. The concept of the network computer, an inexpensive easy-to-use tool
for the masses, is promoted by Oracle.
Non-Wireline Cellular Company
The Block A carrier. The A originally stood for alternate, i.e., the non-Bell or B
carrier in a market. The FCC, in setting up the licensing and regulatory rules for cellular,
decided to license two cellular systems in each market. It reserved one for the local
telephone company and opened a second system - the Block A system - to other
interested applicants. The distinction between Block A and Block B was meaningful only
during the licensing phase at the FCC. Once a system is constructed, it can be sold to
anyone. Thus in some markets today, both the A and B systems are owned by telephone
companies - one happens to be the local phone company for the area and the other is a
phone company that decided to buy a cellular system outside its home territory. See also
Wireline Cellular Company.
Nondirectional Antenna
An antenna that transmits and receives equally well in all directions, usually on one
plane; also called an omnidirectional antenna.
Nonionizing Emissions
Radio waves, infrared rays, and visible light rays, none of which can affect an atoms
electrical balance.
OEM (Origianl Equipment Manufacturer)
A manufacturer of original equipment, typically from close to scratch.
OFDM
Optical Frequency Division Multiplexing.
Operating System

A software program which manages the basic operations of a computer system. These
operations include memory apportionment, the order and method of handling tasks, flow
of information into and out of the main processor and to peripherals, etc. Companies
involved in wireless data operating systems include Microsoft and Symbian.
Packet
A bundle of data organized in a specific way for transmission. The three principal
elements of a packet include the header, the text, and the trailer (error detection and
correction bits).
Packet Radio
The transmission of data over radio using a version of the X.25 data communications
protocol. The data is broken into packets and transmitted wirelessly.
Packet Switching
Sending data in packets through a network to a remote location. The data sent is
assembled by the PAD (see definition), often called a modem, into individual packets
of data.
PAD (Packet Assembler/ Disassembler):
A device that assembles characters into packets that are transmitted by a packet switching
network. A PAD also receives packets and disassembles them into a format that can be
handled by the terminal or host.
Pager
Small portable receivers that are generally inexpensive, reliable, and have nationwide
coverage. Pagers began as one-way devices, but two-way paging capabilities are
available over some networks, notably packet data and narrowband PCS networks.
Parrallel codes
Classically, parallel means extending in the same direction, equidistant at all points, and
never converging or diverging.
PC
Personal Computer. PC Cards are a new name for PCMCIA cards. (Personal Computer
Memory Card).
PC Card
The new name for PCMCIA cards (see definition). A small, credit-card sized device,
compatible with the PCMCIA PC Card Standard, that packages for memory and
input/output.
PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association):
A standards body that sets the standards for PC cards.
PCS (Personal Communications Services)

FCC terminology describing two-way, personal, digital wireless communications

systems. Several traditional cellular companies now offer PCS services.
PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)
Portable computing devices capable of transmitting data. These devices make possible
services such as paging, data messaging, electronic mail, stock quotations, handwriting
recognition, personal computing, facsimile, date book, and other information-handling
capabilities.
Physical Layer
The OSI model defines Layer 1 as the Physical Layer and as including all electrical and
mechanical aspects relating to the connection of a device to a transmission medium, such
as the connection of a workstation to a LAN.
Picocell
A wireless base station with extremely low output power designed to cover an extremely
small area, such as one floor of an office building.
PIM (Personal Information Manager)
Also known as a contact manager, is a form of software that logs personal and business
information, such as contacts, appointments, lists, notes, occasions, etc.
Plug-and-Play
This explanation comes from an Intel Technology Primer: Since add-in cards first
appeared over a decade ago, they've given users a lot of different ways to improve their
PCs and given them a lot of installation headaches. Intel has spent years developing Plug
and-Play technology to make add-in cards both easier to use and install.
POP
Short for population. One POP equals one person. For example, a carrier whose market
serves 1 million people is said to offer service to 1 million POPs. In the wireless industry,
systems are valued financially based on the population of the market served.
Portable
Portable phones are small, handheld units which can fit in a pocket, briefcase, or purse.
Using an attachment, many can be plugged into an automobile cigarette lighter to save
battery power. As a smaller, lighter phone, a portable operates at power levels of up to
6/10ths of a watt. Furthermore, digital phones are almost always portable phones. See
also Mobile, Transportable.
POS (Point-of-Sale Terminal)
A type of computer terminal used to collect and store retail sales data. Wireless POS
terminals are often used for remote and temporary locations.
Protocol
A specific set of rules for organizing the transmission of data in a network.

QPSK
Quadrature PSK used in CDMA. Phase can be in one of four states.
Radio Frequency (RF) Terms: GHz, MHz, Hz
The international unit for measuring frequency is Hertz (Hz), which is equivalent to the
older unit of cycles per second. One Mega-Hertz (MHz) is one million Hertz. One Giga-
Hertz (GHz) is one billion Hertz. For reference: the standard US electrical power
frequency is 60 Hz, the AM broadcast radio frequency band is 0.55 -1.6 MHz, the FM
broadcast radio frequency band is 88-108 MHz, and microwave ovens typically operate
at 2.45 GHz.
RAKE
A receiver technique which uses several baseband correlators to individually process
several signal multipath components. The correlator outputs are combined to achieve
improved communications reliability and performance.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
A read/write nonsequential-access memory used for the storage of instructions and data.
RBOCs
Regional Bell Operating Company.
RF (Radio Frequency)
A frequency well above the range of human hearing.
Roaming
The ability to use a wireless phone to make and receive calls in places outside ones
home calling area.
Roaming
The ability to use a wireless phone to make and receive calls in places outside ones
home calling area.
RSA (Rural Service Area)
One of the 428 FCC-designated rural markets across the United States. There are two
cellular carriers licensed in each RSA. See also MSA, CGSA.
SD
Starting delimiter.
SDK
Software Development Kit.
Sector

A pie-shaped portion of a hard disk. A disk is divided into tracks and sectors. Tracks are
complete circuits and are divided into sectors. Under MS-DOS a sector is 512 bytes.
Service Charge
The amount paid each month to receive wireless service. This amount is fixed and is to
be paid regardless of how much or how little the wireless phone is used.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
The ratio of the usable signal being transmitted to the noise or undesired signal. Usually
expressed in decibels. This ratio is a measure of the quality of a transmission.
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
A computer chip set in a handset that contains information needed to identify the
subscriber when connecting to the network, especially for billing purposes.
Smart Card
A credit card-sized card with a microprocessor and memory.
Smart Phone
A phone with a microprocessor, memory, screen and a built-in modem. The smart phone
combines the some of the capabilities of a PC on a handset.
Smart Phones
A generic term for a phone with PC-like intelligence and perhaps a slightly larger screen
which could display stock price information, band balances, etc.
SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio)
Private business service using mobile radiotelephones and base stations similar to other
wireless services. It is usually used in dispatch applications, such as delivery companies
or taxicab organizations. Specialized Mobile Radio is the forerunner of ESM.
SMS (Short Message Service)
A service to send short alphanumeric messages between devices.
Spoofing
An access method that supports a very fast dial-up routine in a switched network that
mimics the functionality of a packet switched data network.
Spread Spectrum
A modulation technique, also known as frequency hopping, used in wireless systems. The
data is packetized and spread over a range of bandwidth.
Standby Time
The amount of time a fully charged wireless portable or transportable phone can be on
before the phones battery will lose power. See also Talk Time.

Store-and-Forward
The ability to transmit a message to an intermediate relay point and store it temporarily
when the receiving device is unavailable.
Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP)
A specification from the Home RF Working Group intended to enable interoperability of
electronic devices from a large number of manufacturers, while providing the flexability
and mobility of a wireless solution.
Synchronization
Also known as replication, it is the process of uploading and downloading information
from two or more databases, so that each is identical.
Talk Time
The length of time one can talk on a portable or transportable wireless phone without
recharging the battery. The battery capacity of a phone is usually expressed in terms of
minutes of talk time or hours of standby time. When one is talking, the phone draws
more power from the battery. See also Standby Time.
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
he standard set of protocols used by the Internet for transferring information between
computers, handsets, and other devices.
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
A method of digital wireless communications transmission allowing a large number of
users to access (in sequence) a single radio frequency channel without interference by
allocating unique time slots to each user within each channel. See also Digital
Modulation.
Telecommunications Act of 1996
Signed into law by President Clinton on February 8, 1996, it establishes a pro
competitive, deregulatory framework for telecommunications in the United States.
Telemetry
A wireless or landline system for the transmission of data (either digital or analog) for
remote monitoring.
Third Generation
See 3G.
TIA (EIA)
Telecommunications Industry Association. TIA represents the telecommunication
industry in association with EIA (Electronics Industry Association). TIA represents
companies which provide communications materials, products, systems, distribution
services and professional services in the U.S. and around the world. Activities include

government relations, market support activities such as trade shows and trade missions,
and standards development.
Time multiplexed
TDMA, method of dividing spectrum to send digital data streams.
TM
Trouble Management. Tracks all problems, groups them together (if possible), and relays
trouble tickets for problem resolution.
TMSI (Temporary Mobile Station Identifier)
A mobile station identifier (MSID) sent over the air interface and is assigned dynamically
by the network to the mobile station. See also MIN, IMSI.
Traffic Channel
A portion of a radio channel used to transmit one direction of a digital voice
conversation. Compare with Voice Channel.
Transportable Phone
Transportable phones, or bag phones are essentially car phones with the handset,
antenna, and battery packaged together in a carrying case. They can be plugged into a
cars cigarette lighter or can operate off of a portable battery pack for use anywhere.
Turbo Coding
A complex data encoding/decoding technique first introduced in 1993 by Messrs. It can
dramatically improve the BER (Bit Error Rate) of data transmission through an iterative
coding/decoding technique, combined with the interleaving/deinterleaving of data blocks.
UI
User interface.
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services)
The European term for wireless systems based on the IMT-2000 standard.
Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
User Network Interface.
VM (Virtual Machine)
Software that mimics the performance of a hardware device.
Vocoder
A device used to convert speech into digital signals. See also Digital Modulation.
Voice-Activated Dialing
A feature that permits one to dial a phone number by speaking to a wireless phone instead
of using a keypad. The feature contributes to convenience as well as driving safety.

Voice Mail
A computerized answering service that answers a call, plays a greeting, and records a
message. Depending on the sophistication of the service, it also can notify the subscriber,
via pager, that he or she has received a call. Also called voice messaging.
VPN
Virtual Private Network. A private communications network that uses a private network
(other than PSTN) as its WAN backbone.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
A network that uses local telephone company lines to connect geographically dispersed
sites. See LAN and MAN.
WAP (Wireless Applications Protocol)
A proposed protocol for wireless applications. The protocol is designed to simplify how
wireless users access electronic and voice mail, send and receive faxes, make stock
trades, conduct banking transactions and view miniature Web pages on a small screen.
Waveform
The characteristic shape of a signal usually shown as a plot of amplitude over a period of
time.
Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
This encrypts the data between the mobile device and the access point, which in turn
unencrypts it and sends it through wired network.
Wireless Node
A user computer with a wireless network interface card (adapter).
Wireless
Describing radio-based systems that allow transmission of telephone and/or data signals
through the air without a physical connection, such as a metal wire or fiber optic cable.
Wireless LANS
The conventional local loop area network (LAN) uses wires or opitcal fiber as a common
carrier medium.
Wireless PC Cards
Wireless PC Cards or wireless modems.
Wireline Cellular Carrier
The Block B carrier. Under the FCCs initial cellular licensing procedures, the Block B
carrier is the local telephone companys licensee. The FCC reserved one of the two
systems in every cellular market for the local telephone (or wireline) company.

WLANA
Wireless LAN Alliance.
WLL (Wireless Local Loop)
A local wireless communications network that bypasses the local exchange carrier and
provides high-speed, fixed data transmission.
WML (Wireless Markup Language)
A compact version of the Handheld Device Markup Language. See HDML.
WRC (World Radio Conference)
Formerly known as WARC, or World Administrative Radio Conference, it is an
international conference that sets international frequencies.
X.25
A communication protocol for packet switched public data network.