Photonic Integrated Circuits

C. R. Doerr

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 1

Alcatel-Lucent 2008

What is a PIC?
A PIC is a de device ice that cleans your o r teeth and gums.

N ! No!
OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 2
Alcatel-Lucent 2008

What is a PIC?
Wikipedia definition: A photonic integrated circuit (PIC) or integrated optical circuit is a device that integrates multiple photonic functions

No!

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 3

Alcatel-Lucent 2008

What is a PIC?
A PIC is a device containing two or more optical components on a common substrate.

No!

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 4

Alcatel-Lucent 2008

What is a PIC?
A PIC is an apparatus on a planar substrate where light is guided from one optical component to at least one other optical component

No!

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 5

Alcatel-Lucent 2008

What is a PIC?
A PIC is an apparatus on a planar substrate where light is guided in the plane of the substrate from one optical p component p to at least one other optical component.

Yes!
OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 6
Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Popular p PIC material systems y

Silica on silicon
Pro: Low loss, precise w.g. Con: Mainly passive, large Main product: Mux/Demux

Lithium niobate (LN)

Indium phosphide (InP)

Silicon on insulator (SOI)

Pro: High-yield Con: Lossy, no laser Main product: APD, receiver, modulator

Pro: High speed, linear Pro: Laser, high speed, small Con: Large, expensive Con: Expensive, lossy Main product: Modulator Main product: Laser, receiver, modulator

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 7

Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Terminology used in marketplace today

PLC
(SiO2 or SiON)

Lithium niobate
(LiNbO3)

PIC
(InP, GaAs)

Silicon or CMOS photonics

(Silicon)
PLC = planar lightwave circuit
OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 8
Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Terminology if common sense would dictate

Glass PIC
(SiO2 or SiON)

LN PIC
(LiNbO3)

Group III-V PIC

(InP, GaAs)

Group IV PIC
(Silicon)

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 9

Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Fiber-optic network needs

Power consum. LAN/SAN/ cluster Metro et o e end d terminal Metro ROADM Long haul end terminal Long haul ROADM Cost Footprint Fidelity Speed Ease of deployment

PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC

N/A

PIC PIC
N/A

PIC

PIC

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 10

Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Where are PICs well established in telecommunications?

Glass
Mux/demux, Vmux, 2-D ROADM

LiNbO3
MZI modulator, , nested MZI modulator

III-V
EML, EML multi-wavelength Tx and Rx

IV
None N
OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 11
Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Most successful PIC: InP EML

EML = electroabsorption-modulated laser

DFB laser
M. Suzuki, et al., J. Lightwave Technol., vol. LT-5, pp. 1277-1285, 1987.

EAM

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 12

Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Where have PICs failed?

Wavelength-selective Wavelength selective switch / N-degree degree ROADM (N>2)
Winner: MEMS MEMS, LCD LCD, or LCOS with bulk grating

Very short-reach short reach interconnects

Winner: VCSELs, individual Fabry-Perot lasers

Short-reach 100 GbE

Winner: individual 4 EMLs 25 Gb/s
OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 13
Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Where are PICs emerging?

Glass
PSK demodulators Tunable optical dispersion compensators

LiNbO3
Dual polarization I I-Q Q modulators

III-V
Advanced modulation format Tx and Rx

IV
Multi-wavelength Tx and Rx
OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 14
Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Advanced modulation formats

Ad Advanced d modulation d l ti formats f t increase i the th t transmission i i capacity it of fa single fiber
Im Im Im

OOK
Re

BPSK
Re

DB
Re

b/baud = 1

Im

QPSK

Re

b/baud = 2

I Im Im

TE
R Re

Re

b/baud = 4

16 QAM

PDM-QPSK
TM

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 15

Alcatel-Lucent 2008

OOK = on-off keying BPSK = binary phase-shift keying Im DB = duobinary QPSK = quadrature phase-shift keying Re QAM = quadrature amplitude modulation PDM = polarization-division multiplexed

43-Gb/s InP 16-QAM modulator

3.1 mm

St t h d vertically Stretched ti ll f for clarity l it EAM #1 -720-180 720 180 0 90 -720-90 EAM #3 EAM #2 Star coupler 0.17 0 17 0.33 0.33 0.17 EAM #4 Phase shifter/ atte uato attenuator Pulse carver EAM (not used)

Use same output inlet width for all four ports. Input inlet width selected to achieve the 1:2:2:1 power splitting ratio. The phase shifters were used only for testing and were not used in the experiment
C. R. Doerr, et al., OFC, PDP20 , 2008. OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 16
Alcatel-Lucent 2008

40-Gb/s InP EAM with TODC 2L

Variable attenuator Ph Phase shifter hift

L
Time Time

Waveguide layout

EAM

Device photograph

Star coupler

0 ps

2.2 mm

14.3 ps

28.6 ps C. R. Doerr, et al., OFC, PDP45, 2007.

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 17

Variable attenuators (negative voltage)

Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Phase shifters (positive voltage)

107-Gb/s 107 Gb/s InP DQPSK receiver

Current-injection phase shifter pad Thermo-optic phase shifter pad n-contact pads

1 2 MMI coupler 2 4 star coupler Photodetector pads

3.2 mm

10 ps/div
C. R. Doerr, et al., OFC, PDP23 , 2008. OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 18
Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Si pol.-div. pol. div. coherent receiver

3.6mm

112-Gb/s PDM-QPSK

C. R. Doerr, et al., submitted to OFC 2009.

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 19
Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Summary y
Defined PIC Showed that PICs are already wellestablished in the market place Showed S that while PICs C have f failed in some cases, there are important new cases where PICs are ideally suited suited, especially advanced modulation formats

OFC Market Watch 2009, Slide 20

Alcatel-Lucent 2008