Diferentes versiones de Teorema Fundamental del

Calculo
Juan Carlos Ponce Campuzano
poncecampuzanocarlos@gmail.com
4 de mayo de 2013
1

Indice
1. Demostraciones donde se usa el teorema del valor medio para integra-
les 4
1.1. Courant, R. & Fritz, J. (1965). Introduction to Calculus and Analysis.
Interscience Publishers. USA. pp. 184-188. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2. Khuri, A. I. (2003). Advance Calculus with Applications in Statistics.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey. pp. 218-219. . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3. Loomis, L. H. & Sternberg, S. (1990). Advanced Calculus. Jones and
Bartlett Publishers. USA. p. 238. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4. Apostol, T. M. (1967). Calculus, Volume 1, One-Variable Calculus with
an Introduction to Linear Algebra, 2nd Edition.Waltham, MA: Blaisdell.
pp. 247-250. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5. Olmsted, J. H. (1961). Advanced Calculus. Prentice Hall, Inc. USA. pp.
128 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2. Demostraciones donde se usa el teorema del valor medio 12
2.1. Marsden, J. & Weinstein, A. (1981). Calculus Unlimited. The Benjamin
Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. USA. p. 171. . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2. Bartle, R. G. (1927). Introduction to real analysis. Courier Companies,
Inc. USA. pp. 251-253. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.3. Rudin, W. (1981). Principios de analisis matematico. Mexico. MacGraw-
Hill. p. 144. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4. Widder, D. V. (1989). Advanced Calculus. Dover Publications, Inc. New
York. p. 150. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2
2.5. Franklin, P. (1940). A Treatise on Advanced Calculus. John Wiley &
Sons, Inc. USA. pp. 201-207 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6. Spivak, M.(1994). Calculus. (Third Edition). Publish or Perish, Inc.,
Houston. pp. 399-406. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3. Demostracion usando estimacion de errores 24
3.1. Edwards, H. M. (1980). Advanced Calculus. Robert E. Krieger Publishing
Company, Inc. USA. p. 52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4. Otra aproximacion usando la teora de sucesiones de funciones poli-
gonales 27
4.1. Kuratowski, K. (1962). Introduction to Calculus. Addison Wesley Publis-
hing Company, Inc. Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3
1. Demostraciones donde se usa el teorema del valor
medio para integrales
1.1. Courant, R. & Fritz, J. (1965). Introduction to Calculus
and Analysis. Interscience Publishers. USA. pp. 184-188.
The integral, the Primitive Function, and the Fundamental Theorems of
the Calculus
As already stated, the connection between integration and dierentiation is the
cornerstone of the diferential and integral calculus.
We recall from section 2.4 that an indenite integral of a continuous function f(x)
is dened as a function (x) of the upper en point of integration by the formula
(x) =
_
x

f(u)du,
where was any point in the domain of f. We shall now prove.
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS (Part one). The indenite integral
(x) of a continuous function f(x) always possesses a derivative

(x), and moreover

(x) = f(x).
That is, dierentiation of the indenite integral of a continuous function always
reproduces the integrand
d
dx
_
x

f(u)du = f(x).
This inverse character of the operations of dierentiation and integration is the basic
fact of calculus. The proof is an immediate consequence of the mean value theorem of
4
integral calculus. According to that theorem we have for any values x and x +h of the
domain of f
(x + h) (x) =
_
x+h
x
f(u)du = hf(),
where is some value in the interval with end points x and x + h.
For h tending to zero the value must tend to x so that
lm
h0
(x + h) (x)
h
= lm
h0
f() = f(x),
since f is continuous. Hence

(x) = f(x) as stated by theorem.

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS. Every primitive function F(x) of
a given function f(x) continuous on an interval can be represented in the form
F(x) = c + (x) = c +
_
x
a
f(u)du,
where c and a are constants, and conversely, for any constant values of c and a chosen
arbitrarily this expression always represents a primitive function.
1.2. Khuri, A. I. (2003). Advance Calculus with Applications
in Statistics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey. pp.
218-219.
Theorem 6.4.8. Suppose that f(x) is continuous on [a, b]. Let F(x) =
_
x
a
f(t)dt.
Then we have the following:
i. dF(x)/dx = f(x), a x b.
ii.
_
b
a
f(x)dx = G(b) G(a), where G(x) = F(x) +c, and c is an arbitrary constant.
Proof. We have
dF(x)
dx
=
d
dx
_
x
a
f(t)dt = lm
h0
1
h
__
x+h
a
f(t)dt
_
x
a
f(t)dt
_
5
= lm
h0
1
h
_
x+h
x
f(t)dt, by Theorem 6.4.4
= lm
h0
f(x + h),
by Theorem 6.4.6, where 0 1. Hence,
dF(x)
dx
= lm
h0
f(x + h) = f(x)
by the continuity of f(x). This result indicates that an indenite integral of f(x) is
any function whose derivative is equal to f(x). It is therefore unique up to a constant.
Thus both F(x) and F(x) + C, where c is an arbitrary constant, are considered to be
indenite integrals.
To prove the second part of the theorem, let G(x) be dened on [a, b] as
G(x) = F(x) + c =
_
x
a
f(t)dt + c
that is, G(x) is an indenite integral of f(x) If x = a, then G(a) = c, since F(a) = 0.
Also, if x = b, then G(b) = F(b) + c =
_
b
a
f(t)dt + G(a). It follows that
_
b
a
f(x)dx = G(b) G(a).
1.3. Loomis, L. H. & Sternberg, S. (1990). Advanced Calculus.
Jones and Bartlett Publishers. USA. p. 238.
Theorem 10.3. If f C ([a, b] , W) and F : [a, b] W is dened by F(x) =
_
x
a
f(t)dt, then F

exists on (a, b) and F

(x) = f(x).
Proof. By the continuity of f at x
0
, for every there exists a such that
f(x
0
) f(x) <
whenever |x x
0
| < . But then
_
_
_
_
_
x
x
0
(f(x
0
) f(t)) dt
_
_
_
_
|x x
0
|
6
and since
_
x
x
0
f(x
0
)dt = f(x
0
)(xx
0
) by the denition of the integral for an elementary
function, we see that
_
_
_
_
f(x
0
)
__
x
x
0
f(t)/(x x
0
)
_
dt
_
_
_
_
<
Since
_
x
x
0
f(x
0
)dt = F(x) F(x
0
), this is exactly the statement that the dierence
quotient for F converges to f(x
0
), as was o be proved.
1.4. Apostol, T. M. (1967). Calculus, Volume 1, One-Variable
Calculus with an Introduction to Linear Algebra, 2nd
Edition.Waltham, MA: Blaisdell. pp. 247-250.
Teorema 1 Teorema del Valor Medio para Integrales. Si f es continua en [a, b], para
un cierto c de [a, b] tenemos
_
b
a
f(x)dx = f(c)(b a).
Teorema 2 Primera parte del Teorema Fundamental del Calculo. Sea f una funcion
integrable en [a, x] para todo x [a, b]. Sea c tal quea c b y A(x) =
_
x
c
f(t)dt si
a x b. Existe entonces A

(x) en cada punto x del intervalo (a, b) en el que f es

continua, y para tal x tenemos
A

(x) = f(x). (1)

Primer prueba:
Sea f una funcion continua en [x, x + h], con h positivo, entonces tenemos que
_
x+h
x
f(t)dt =
_
x+h
c
f(t)dt
_
x
c
f(t)dt = A(x + h) A(x).
Por el teorema del valor medio para integrales, tenemos
A(x + h) A(x) = hf(z),
7
donde x z x + h. Luego, resulta
A(x + h) A(x)
h
= f(z),
y, puesto que x z x + h, encontramos que f(z) f(x) cuando h 0 con valores
positivos. Si h 0 con valores negativos, se razona en forma parecida. Por consiguiente,
A

(x) existe y es igual a f(x).

Demostracion analtica:
Sea x un punto en el que f es continua y supuesta x ja, se forma el cociente:
A(x + h) A(x)
h
.
Para demostrar el teorema se ha de probar que este cociente tiende a f(x) cuando
h 0. El numerador es:
A(x + h) A(x) =
_
x+h
c
f(t)dt
_
x
c
f(t)dt =
_
x+h
x
f(t)dt.
Si en la ultima integral se escribe f(t) = f(x) + [f(t) f(x)] resulta:
A(x + h) A(x) =
_
x+h
x
f(x)dt +
_
x+h
x
[f(t) f(x)]dt
= hf(x) +
_
x+h
x
[f(t) f(x)]dt,
de donde
A(x + h) A(x)
h
= f(x) +
1
h
_
x+h
x
[f(t) f(x)]dt. (2)
Por tanto, para completar la demostracion de la ecuacion (1), es necesario demostrar
que
lm
h0
1
h
_
x+h
x
[f(t) f(x)]dt = 0.
En esta parte de la demostracion es donde se hace uso de la continuidad de f en x.
8
Si se designa por G(h) el ultimo termino del segundo miembro de 2, se trata de
demostrar que G(h) 0 cuando h 0. Aplicando la denicion de lmite, se ha de
probar que para cada > 0 existe un > 0 tal que
G(h) < (3)
siempre que 0 < h < . En virtud de la continuidad de f en x, dado un existe un
n umero positivo tal que
|f(t) f(x)| <
1
2
(4)
siempre que
x < t < x + . (5)
Si se elige h de manera que 0 < h < , entonces cada t en el intervalo [x, x+h] satisface
(5) y por tanto (4) se verica para cada t de este intervalo. Aplicando la propiedad

_
x+h
x
g(t)dt

_
x+h
x
|g(t)| dt, cuando g(t) = f(t) f(x), de la desigualdad en (4) se
pasa a la relacion:

_
x+h
x
[f(t) f(x)]dt

_
x+h
x
|f(t) f(x)| dt
_
x+h
x
1
2
dt =
1
2
h < h.
Dividiendo por h se ve que (3) se verica para 0 < h < . Si h < 0, un razonamiento
analogo demuestra que (3) se verica siempre que 0 < |h| < , lo que completa la
demostracion.
Teorema 3 Segunda parte del Teorema Fundamental del Calculo. Supongamos f con-
tinua en un intervalo abierto I, y sea P una primitiva cualquiera de f en I. Entonces,
para cada c y cada x en I, tenemos
P(x) = P(c) +
_
x
c
f(t)dt.
Demostracion:
Pongamos A(x) =
_
x
c
f(t)dt. Puesto que f es continua en cada x de I, el primer
teorema fundamental nos dice que A

(x) = f(x) para todo x de I. Es decir, A es una

9
primitiva de f en I. Puesto que dos primitivas de f pueden diferir tan solo en una
constante, debe ser A(x) P(x) = k para una ciera constante k. Cuando x = c, esta
formula implica P(c) = k, ya que A(c) = 0. Por consiguiente, A(x) P(x) = P(c),
de lo que obtenemos
P(x) = P(c) +
_
x
c
f(t)dt.
1.5. Olmsted, J. H. (1961). Advanced Calculus. Prentice Hall,
Inc. USA. pp. 128
Theorem I. Let f(x) be dened and continuous on a closed interval [a, b] or [b, a],
and dene the function F(x) on this interval:
F(x) =
_
x
a
f(t)dt.
Then F(x) is dierentiable there with derivative f(x):
F

(x) = f(x).
If a primitive or antiderivative or indenite integal of a given function is
dened to be any function whose derivative is the given function, Theorem I asserts
that any continuous funciton has a primitive. The next theorem gives a method for
evaluating the denite integral of any continuous function in terms of a given primitive.
Theorem II. Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus. If f(x) is conti-
nuous on the closed interval [a, b] and if F(x) is any primitive of f(x) on this interval,
then
_
b
a
f(x)dx = F(b) F(a).
Proof. By Theorem I and the hypotheses of Theorem II, the two functions
_
x
a
f(t)dt
and F(x) have the same derivative on the given interval. Therefore, by Theorem II,
306, they dier by a constant:
_
x
a
f(t)dt F(x) = C. (6)
10
Substitution of x = a gives the value of this constant: C = F(z). Upon substitution
for C in (6) we have
_
x
a
f(t)dt = F(x) F(a) which, for the particular value x = b, is
the desired result.
By the virtue of the Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus, the integral symbol
_
, suggested by the letter S (the denite integral is the limit of a sum), is appropriate for
the indenite integral as well as the denite integral. If F(x) is an arbitrary indenite
integral of a function of a function f(x), we write the equation
_
f(x)dx = F(x) + C,
where C is an arbitrary constant of integration, and call the symbol
_
f(x)dx the
indenite integral of f(x). The Fundamental Theorem can thus be considered as an
expression of the relation between the two kinds of integrals, denite and indenite.
11
2. Demostraciones donde se usa el teorema del valor
medio
2.1. Marsden, J. & Weinstein, A. (1981). Calculus Unlimi-
ted. The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
USA. p. 171.
Statement of the Fundamental Theorem
Theorem 1 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Suppose that be function F
is dierentiable everywhere on [a, b] and that F

is integrable on [a, b]. Then

_
b
a
F

(x)dx = F(b) F(a).

We will now give a complete proof of the fundamental theorem of calculus. The
basic idea is as follows: Letting F be an antiderivative for f on [a, b], we will show that
if L
f
and U
f
are any lower and upper sums for f on [a, b], then L
f
F(b) F(a) U
f
.
Since f is assumed to be integrable on [a, b], the only number which can separate the
lower sums from the upper sums in this way is the integral
_
b
a
f(t)dt. It will follow that
F(b) F(a) must equal
_
b
a
f(t)dt.
To show that every lower sum is less than or equal to F(b) F(a), we must take
any piecewise constant g on [a, b] such that g(t) f(t) for all t in (a, b) and show that
_
b
a
g(t)dt F(b) F(a). Let (t
0
, t
1
, . . . , t
n
) be a partition adapted to g and let k
i
be
tha value of g on (t
i1
, t
i
). Since F

= f, we have
k
i
= g(t) f(t) = F

(t)
Hence
k
i
F

(t)
for all t in (t
i1
, t
i
). It follows from Corollary 1 of the mean value theorem (see pag.
93-94) that
k
i

F(t
i
) F(t
i1
)
t
i
t
i1
12
Hence
k
i
t
i
F(t
i
) F(t
i1
)
Summing from i = 1 to n, we get
n

i=1
k
i
t
i

n

i=1
[F(t
i
) F(t
i1
)]
The left-hand side is just
_
b
a
g(t)dt, by the denition of the integral of a step function.
The right-hand side is a telescopic sum equal to F(n) F(t
0
). Thus we have
_
b
a
g(t)dt F(b) F(a)
which is what we wanted to prove.
In the same way, we can show that if h(t) is a piecewise constant function such that
f(t) h(t) for all t in (a, b), then
F(b) F(a)
_
b
a
h(t)dt
as required. This completes the proof of the fundamental theorem.
2.2. Bartle, R. G. (1927). Introduction to real analysis. Cou-
rier Companies, Inc. USA. pp. 251-253.
7.3.1 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (First Form) Let f : [a, b] R be
integrable on [a, b] and let F : [a, b] R satisfy the conditions:
(a) F is continuous on [a, b];
(b) the derivative F

exists and F

(x) = f(x) for all x (a, b).

Then:
_
b
a
f(x)dx = F(b) F(a) (7)
13
Proof. Let > 0 be given; by the Riemann Criterion 7.1.8, there is a partition
P = (x
0
, x
1
, . . . , x
n
) of [a, b] such that
U(P; F

) L(P; F

) < .
If we now apply the Mean Value Theorem 6.2.4 to F on each of the intervals [x
k1
, x
k
],
we obtain a point t
k
(x
k1
, x
k
), such that
F(x
k
) F(x
k1
) = (x
k
x
k1
)F

(t
k
),
whence it follows that
m

k
(x
k
x
k1
) F(x
k
) F(x
k1
) M

k
(x
k
x
k1
),
where m

k
and M

k
denote the inmum and supremum of F

on [x
k1
, x
k
]. If we add
these inequalities over all subintervals in the partition P and note that the middle term
telescopes, we obtain
L(P; F

) F(b) F(a) U(P; F

).
But since we also have
L(P; F

)
_
b
a
F

U(P; F

),
it follows (why?) that

_
b
a
F

[F(b) F(a)]

< .
Since > 0 is aribitrary, equation (7) follows.
7.3.2 Corollary Let F : [a, b] R satisfy the conditions:
(i) the derivative F

of F exists on [a, b],

(ii) the function F

is integrable on [a, b].

Then the equation (7) holds with f = F

.
14
7.3.3 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Second Form) Let f : [a, b] R
be integrable on [a, b] and let
F(x) =
_
x
a
f for x [a, b]; (8)
then F is continuous on [a, b]. Moreover, if f is continuous at a point c [a, b], then F
is dierentiable at c and
F

(c) = f(c). (9)

Proof. Let K > 0 be such that |f(x)| K for x [a, b]. If x, y [a, b] and x < y,
then since
F(y) F(x) =
_
y
a
f
_
x
a
f =
_
y
x
f
it follows from Corollary 7.2.6(a) that
|F(y) F(x)| H |y x| . (10)
The continuity of F follows form (10).
Now suppose that f is continuous at a point c [a, b]. Let > 0 be given and let
> 0 be such that if |h| < and c +h [a, b], then |f(c +h) f(c)| < . For any such
h we use the observation that (1/h)
_
c+h
c
1dx = 1 to obtain

f(c + h) f(c)
h
f(c)

1
h
_
c+h
c
f(x)dx
f(c)
h
_
c+h
c
1dx

=
1
|h|

_
c+h
c
(f(x) f(c)) dx

But since the integrand in the last integral is, in absolute value, less than , we infer
from 7.26(a) that

f(c + h) f(c)
h
f(c)

1
|h|
|h| = .
15
Since > 0 is arbitrary, it follows that
lm
h0
F(c + h) F(c)
h
= f(c).
Hence we have F

(c) = f(c).
7.3.4 Corollary Let f : [a, b] R be continuous on [a, b] and let
F(x) =
_
x
a
f for x [a, b].
Then F is dierentiable on [a, b] and F

(x) = f(x) for all [a, b].

Proof. This result follows immediately from the theorem.
It is sometimes useful to combine these two forms into one theorem, which we
now present. Note that the hypotheses of this version are stronger than in the earlier
forms. However, the conclusion emphasizes the inverse nature of dierentiation and
integrations for continuous functions.
7.3.5 Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Combined form) Let F and f be
continuous on [a, b] and let F(a) = 0. Then the following statements are equivalent:
(i) F

(x) = f(x) for all x [a, b];

(ii) F(x) =
_
x
a
f for all x [a, b].
Proof. The reader should check that the equivalence of these conditions is guaran-
teed by Corollaries 7.3.2 and 7.3.4.
2.3. Rudin, W. (1981). Principios de analisis matematico.
Mexico. MacGraw-Hill. p. 144.
6.21 El teorema fundamental del calculo. Si f R sobre [a, b] y si existe una
funcion diferenciable F sobre [a, b] tal que F

= f, entonces
_
b
a
f(x)dx = F(b) F(a).
16
Demostracion Dado > 0, eljase una particion P = {x
0
, . . . , x
n
} de [a, b], de tal
manera que U(P, f) L(P, f) < . El teorema del valor medio proporciona los puntos
t
i
[x
i1
, x
i
] de tal manera que
F(x
i
) F(x
i1
) = f(t
i
)x
i
para i = 1, . . . , n. Entonces
n

i=1
f(t
i
)x
i
= F(b) F(a).
Y del Teorema 6.7 (c) se deduce ahora que

F(b) F(a)
_
b
a
f(x)dx

< .
Por eso se verica para cada > 0, la demostracion queda concluida.
2.4. Widder, D. V. (1989). Advanced Calculus. Dover Publi-
cations, Inc. New York. p. 150.
Theorem A. f(x) C, a x b
_
b
a
f(x)dx exists.
Theorem B.
1. f(x) C, a x b
2. F

(x) = f(x)

_
b
a
f(x)dx = F(b) F(a).
This result is kwnon as the fundamental theorem of integral calculus. We include a
proof for purposes of review. By Theorem A the limit (1) exists uniquely, no matter
how the points
k
are chosen. For our present convenience we choose them in a special
way, namely, so that
F(x
k
) F(x
k1
) = F

(
k
)(x
k
x
k1
)
17
x
k1
< < x
k
. This is possible by Theorem 2, Chapter 1. By hypothesis 2 the sum (1)
becomes
n

k=1
[F(x
k
) F(x
k1
)] = F(b) F(a)
That is, it does nor change as n , 0, and hence has the stated limit.
2.5. Franklin, P. (1940). A Treatise on Advanced Calculus.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. USA. pp. 201-207
126. Evaluation of the Integral. Suppose that f(x) is a function integrable over
the interval a, b and throughout this interval is knwon to be the derivative of a second
function F(x), so that
f(x) = F

(x).
Then we may apply the law of nite increments of section 74 to the function F(x)
for each of the subintervals used in section 121, and so nd points
i
such that
F(x
i
) F(x
i1
) = F

(
i
)(x
i
x
i1
). (11)
Now use these values as the
i
in the sum for S in equation
S =
n

i=1
f(
i
)
i
.
We shall then have:
f(
i
)
i
= F

(
i
)(x
i
x
i1
) = F(x
i
) F(x
i1
),
so that:
S = f(
1
)
1
+ f(
2
)
2
+ + f(
n
)
n
= F(x
1
) F(x
0
) + F(x
2
) F(x
1
) + + F(x
n
) F(x
n1
)
= F(x
n
) F(x
0
) = F(b) F(a).
18
Thus we may form a particula sequence S
t
for which the
i
are always chosen so that
equation (11) is satised, and for this sequence the values of S
t
are all equal, so that
the limit is F(b) F(a).
Since f(x) is integrable, the limit will be the same for all other sequences, and hence
we shall have:
_
b
a
f(x)dx = F(b) F(a).
We write F(x)|
b
a
in place of F(b) F(a).
If f(x) is an integrable function over the interval c, d and F(x) is any indenite
integral of f(x), so that f(x) = F

(x) throughout the closed interval c, d, then

_
b
a
f(x)dx = F(x)|
b
a
= F(b) F(a)
for a and b, any two points of the closed interval c, d.
129. Derivatives of integrals.
Let the function f(x) be integrable on the closed interval a, b and continuous at x
0
,
a point of this interval. Then the integral of f(x) over the interval a, x is a function of
x, and we may write as in equation:
A(x) =
_
x
a
f(x)dx =
_
x
a
f(u)du,
where we have replaced the dummy variable of integration x by u so as to avoid confusion
between the variable of integration and the variable upper limit. Let us now calculate
the derivative of A(x) at x
0
, using the fundamental denition. We have for any value
of x and x + h in the closed interval a, b:
A(x + h) A(x) =
_
x+h
a
f(u)du
_
x
a
f(u)du =
_
x+h
x
f(u)du.
by equation (29). We next deduce from the rst mean value theorem for integrals that
for a suitable intermediate value , between x and x + h, or = x + h, 0 < < 1,
_
x+h
x
f(u)du = hf() = hf(x + h).
19
This shows that
A(x + h) A(x)
h
= hf(x + h),
so that
lm
h0
A(x + h) A(x)
h
= f(x
0
),
since f(x) is continuous at x
0
. Thus the function A(x) has a derivative at x
0
, and
A

(x
0
) = f(x
0
)
We mar formulate the result as a theorem:
If f(x) is integrable in some closed interval a, b and if f(x) is continuous at some
point x
0
in the open interval a, b, then the function A(x) =
_
x
a
f(x)dx or
_
x
a
f(u)du has
a derivative for x = x
0
, and this derivative A

(x
0
) = f(x
0
).
2.6. Spivak, M.(1994). Calculus. (Third Edition). Publish or
Perish, Inc., Houston. pp. 399-406.
TEOREMA 1 (PRIMER TEOREMA FUNDAMENTAL DEL C

ALCULO INFI-
NITESIMAL)
Sea f integrable sobre [a, b] y defnase F sobre [a, b] por
F(x) =
_
x
a
f.
Si f es continua en c de [a, b], entonces F es derivable en c, y
F

(c) = f(c).
DEMOSTRACI

ON
Supondremos que c esta en (a, b); el lector podra suplir las faciles modicaciones
necesarias para c = a o b. Por denicion
F

(c) = lm
h0
F(c + h) F(c)
h
.
20
Supongamos primero que h > 0. Entonces
F(c + h) F(c) =
_
c+h
c
f.
Demanos m
k
yM
k
como sigue:
m
h
= inf {f(x) : c x c + h} ,
M
h
= sup {f(x) : c x c + h} .
Del teorema 13-7 se sigue que
m
h
h
_
c+h
c
f M
h
h.
Por lo tanto
m
h

F(c + h) F(c)
h
M
h
.
Si h 0, solamente habra que cambiar unos pocos detalles del razonamiento. Sea
m
h
= inf {f(x) : c + h x c} ,
M
h
= sup {f(x) : c + h x c} .
Entonces
m
h
(h)
_
c
c+h
f M
h
(h).
Por ser
F(c + h) F(c) =
_
c+h
c
f =
_
c
c+h
f,
se obtiene
m
h

F(c + h) F(c)
h
M
h
.
Puesto que h < 0, la division por h invierte de nuevo la desigualdad, obteniendose el
mismo resultado que antes:
m
h

F(c + h) F(c)
h
M
h
.
21
Esta igualdad se cumple para cualquier funcion integrable, sea o no continua. Sin em-
bargo, puesto que f es continua en c,
lm
h0
m
h
= lm
h0
M
h
= f(c),
y esto demuestra que
F

(c) = lm
h0
F(c + h) F(c)
h
= f(c).
TEOREMA 2 (SEGUNDO TEOREMA FUNDAMENTAL DEL C

ALCULO IN-
FINITESIMAL)
Si f es integrable sobre [a, b] y f = g

para alguna funcion g, entonces

_
b
a
f = g(b) g(a).
Sea P = {t
0
, t
1
, . . . , t
n
} una particion cualquiera de [a, b]. Seg un el teorema del valor
medio existe un punto x
i
en [t
i1
, t
i
] tal que
g(t
i
) g(t
i1
) = g

(x
i
)(t
i
t
i1
)
= f(x
i
)(t
t
t
i1
).
Si
m
i
= inf {f(x) : t
i1
x t
i
} ,
M
i
= sup {f(x) : t
i1
x t
i
} ,
entonces evidentemente
m
h
(t
i
t
i1
) f(x
i
)(t
t
t
i1
) M
h
(t
i
t
i1
).
es decir,
m
h
(t
i
t
i1
) g(t
i
) g(t
i1
) M
h
(t
i
t
i1
).
Sumando estas ecuaciones para i = 1, . . . , n obtenemos
n

i=1
m
h
(t
i
t
i1
) g(b) g(a)
n

i=1
M
h
(t
i
t
i1
)
22
de manera que
L(f, P) g(b) g(a) U(f, P)
para toda particion P. Pero esto signica que
g(b) g(a) =
_
b
a
f.
23
3. Demostracion usando estimacion de errores
3.1. Edwards, H. M. (1980). Advanced Calculus. Robert E.
Krieger Publishing Company, Inc. USA. p. 52
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
The evaluation of integrals in elemetary calculus is accomplished by the Fundametal
Theorem of Calculus, which can be stated as follows:
I. Let F(t) be a function for which the derivative F

(t) exists and is a continuous

function for t in the interval a t b. Then
_
b
a
f(x)dx = F(b) F(a)
II. Let f(t) be a continuous function on a t b. Then there exists a dierentiable
functions F(t) on a t b such that f(t) = F

(t).
Part I says that in order to evaluate a given integral it suces to write the integrand
as a derivative so that the desired integral is on the left side of equiation and a known
number is on the right.
Part II says that theoretically this procedure always works, that is, theoretically any
continuous integrand can be written as a derivativ.
Proof of I
The idea of the theorem is the following: Let a = t
0
, < t
1
< t
2
. . . < t
n
= b be a
subdivision of the interval into small intervals. Then
F(b) F(a) = [F(b) F(t
n1
)] + [F(t
n1
) F(t
n2
)] + . . . + [F(t
1
) F(a)]
=

F =

F
t
t
where

denotes a sum over all intervals of the subdivision, and where for each subin-
terval {t
i1
t t
i
} the symbol F denots F(t
i
) F(t
i1
) and t denotes t
i
t
i1
.
24
By the denition of derivative, the numbers
F
t
are nearly F

(t) for t in the interval;

hence, by the denition of integral, the sum

F
t
t is exactly equal to F(b) F(a)
this is the statement to be proved.
To make this rough argument into a proof of I, one must estimate the error of
aproximations
_
t
i
t
i1
F

(t)dt F

(t)t
F
t
t.
In doing this is helpful to divide the dierence between
_
t
i
t
i1
F

(t)dt and F by t and

to estimate
1
t
__
t
i
t
i1
F

(t)dt F
_
, (12)
which can be thought of as the average dierence per unit length between the numbers
_
t
i
t
i1
F

(t)dt and F = F(t

i
) F(t
i1
). Assuming that the theorem is true, this average
dierence per unit length is of couser zero for all subintervals {t
i1
t t
i
} and this is
the statement to be proved. If the interval is further subdivided, then the maximum of
this average, like any average, can only increase; that is, the average on at least one of
the smaller intervals is as larger as the average over the whole interval. Since the limit
of (12) as t 0 is F

(t) F

(t) = 0 this observation will suce to prove the theorem.

Specically, for any r, s in the interval a r s b let
rs
denote

rs
=
1
s r
__
s
r
F

(t)dt [F(s) F(r)]

_
.
If c in the midpoint between a and b then

rs
=
1
b a
__
b
a
F

(t)dt [F(b) F(a)]

_
=
1
b a
__
c
a
F

(t)dt +
_
b
c
F

(t)dt [F(b) F(c)] [F(c) F(a)]

_
=
c a
b a

ac
+
b c
b a

cb
=
1
2
(
ac
+
cb
) .
25
Thus either |
ac
| |
cb
| or |
cb
| |
ab
|; that is, the average error is at least as great on
(at least) one of the two halves as it is on the whole interval. Dividing this half into
halves and repeating the argument shows that there is a quarter of the original interval
on which || is at least |
ab
|. Continuing this process ad innitum gives a sequence of
intervals such that the ith interval is one of the halves of the (i 1)st (the rst interval
is {a t b}) and such that the average error
i
per unit length on the ith interval
satises |
i
| |
i1
|. As i the intervals shrink down to a point,* say T, and
i
approaches
lm
t0
1
t
_
F

(t)dt lm
t0
F
t
= F

(T) F

(T) = 0
by (v) of 2.6 and by the denition of the derivative F

(T). Thus |
i
| |
ab
| for all i
and lm
i

i
= 0, which implies
ab
= 0. This completes the proof if I.
Proof of II
Given a continuous function f(t) on a t b, the integrand denes a function
F(c) =
_
c
a
f(t)dt (13)
assigning numbers (the integral) to points c in the interval a c b. It is to be shown
that the function F so dened is dierentiable and that its derivarite is f. But since
F(t
1
) F(t
0
)
t
1
t
0
=
1
t
1
t
0
_
t
1
t
0
f(t)dt,
this follow immediately from (v) of 2.6.
26
4. Otra aproximacion usando la teora de sucesiones
de funciones poligonales
4.1. Kuratowski, K. (1962). Introduction to Calculus. Addi-
son Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Massachusetts.
9.1 Denition
A function F is called a primitive function of a function f dened in an open interval
(nite or innite), if F

(x) = f(x) for every x.

For example the function sin x is a primitive function of the function cos x. Any
function of the form sin x+C, where C is a constant, is also a primitive function of the
function cos x.
If a function f is dened in a closed interval a x b, then the function F is called
its primitive function, if F

(x) = f(x) for a x b, F

+
(a) = f(a) and F

(b) = f(b).
1.If two functions F and G are primitive functions of a function f in an interval ab
(open or closed), then these two functions dier by a constant.
Indeed, if F

(x) = G

(x), then, according to Theorem 4 of 7.5, there exists a constant

C such that G(x) = F(x) + C for every x.
Conversely, a function obtained by adding a constant to a primitive function of a
function f is also a primitive function of the function f. Thus the expression F(x) +C
is the general form of a primitive function of the function f. We indicate this expression
by the symbol
_
f(x)dx (the integral f(x)dx) and we call it the indenite integral of
the function f. So we have
(1)
_
f(x)dx = F(x) + C, where F

(x) = f(x),
(2)
d
dx
_
f(x)dx = f(x),
(3)
_
dF(x)
dx
= F(x) + C.
27
The evaluation of the indenite integral of a function f, i.e. the calculation of the
primitive function of a function f is called the integration of the function f. So inte-
gration is an inverse operation to dierentiation. It follows from the denition of the
indenite integral, that any formula for the derivative of a function automatically gives
a formula for the integral of another function (namely, the derived function). For exam-
ple from the formula
sin x
dx
= cos x, we obtain
_
cos xdx = sin x+C. In general, however,
the problem of the calculation of the integral of a continuous function, which we do not
know to be a derivative of a certain function, is more dicult than the problem of die-
rentiation. As we have seen in 7, the dierentiation of functions which are compositions
of elementary functions does not lead out of their domain; yet an analogous theorem for
indenite integrals would not be true. It is known only that every continuous function
possesses an indenite integral (cf. 9.2). However, this theorem gives us no practical
procedure of evaluating the indenite integral of a given continuous function.
Remark. If the domain of x for which the equation F

(x) = f(x) is satised is not

an interval (nite or innite), then it cannot be stated that the expression F(x) + C
gives all primitive functions of the function f in this domain of arguments.
For example, log |x| +C gives all primitive functions of the function
1
x
in each of the
two domains x < 0 and x > 0, separately, but not in the whole domain of x real and
dierent from 0. Namely, the function G(x) dened as log |x| for x < 0 and as log |x| +1
for x = 0 is a primitive function of the function
1
x
for all x = 0 although it is not given
by the formula log x + C.
Let us complete now Theorem 1 as follows:
2. Let a point x
0
be given inside an interval ab and let an arbitrary real number y
0
be
given. If a function f possesses a primitive function in the interval ab, then it possesses
one and only one primitive function F such that F(x
0
) = y
0
Let P(x) be an arbitrary primitive function of the function f(x) in an interval ab.
Let us write F(x) = P(x) P(x
0
) + y
0
. Then we have F

(x) = P

(x) = f(x) and

F(x
0
) = y
0
. Hence the function F satises the conditions of the theorem.
Moreover, it is the only function satisfying these conditions, since any other primitive
function of the function f is of form F(x)+C, where C = 0, and this implies F(x
0
)+C =
y
0
+ C = y
0
.
28
Geometrically, this theorem means that given any point on the plane with the abs-
cissa belonging to the interval ab, there exists an integral curve (i.e. the graph of a
primitive function) passing through this point. The integral curves being parallel one
to another, only one integral curve of a given function f may pass through a given point
on the plane.
9.2. The integral of the limit. Integrability of continuous functions
We have proved in 7.9 that given a sequence of functions F
n
(x), a < x < b, such that
the derivatives are continuous and uniformly convergent in the interval ab to a function
g(x) and that the sequence F
n
(c) is convergent for a certain point c belonging to the
interval ab, the sequence F
n
(x) is convergent for every x belonging to this interval;
moreover, writing F(x) = lm
n=
F
n
(x), we have F

(x) = g(x).
Hence, the following lemma follows:
1. If the functions f
n
(x) are continuous and uniformly convergent in an interval
ab to a function f(x) and if they possess primitive functions, then the function f(x)
possesses also a primitive function.
The primitive functions F
n
(x) may be chosen in such a way (according to 9.1, 2)
that the equation F
n
(c) = 0 holds for a certain point c of the interval ab, for each value
of n. Then _
f(x)dx = lm
n=
F
n
(x) + C,
i.e. the integral of the limit equals to the limit of the integrals.
Indeed, to obtain our lemma it is sucient to substitute in the above formulation
f
n
in place of F

n
and f in place of g.
2. THEOREM. Every function continuous in an interval ab possesses a primitive
function in this interval.
By the theorem proved in 6.4, every function continuous in the interval ab is a
limit of a uniformly convergent sequence of polygonal functions. Hence, according to
the lemma it remains only to prove that any polygonal function f possesses a primitive
function.
29
According to the denition of a polygonal function there exists a system of n +
1 points a
0
< a
l
< . . . < a
n
where a
0
= a, a
n
= b, and two systems of numbers
c
1
, c
2
, . . . , c
n
andd
1
, d
2
, . . . , d
n
such that f(x) = c
k
x + d
k
for a
k1
< x < a
k
(k =
1, 2, . . . , n).
Let us write
F
k
(x) =
1
2
c
k
x
2
+ d
k
x + e
k
for a
k1
x a
k
where e
1
= 0 and
e
k+1
=
1
2
c
k
a
2
k
+ d
k
a
k
+ e
k
(
1
2
c
k+1
a
2
k
+ d
k+1
a
k
)
for k 1.
Then F
k
(a
k
) = F
k+1
(a
k
), whence the collection of the functions F
1
, F
2
, . . . , F
n
denes
one function equal to each of the functions of this collection in the suitable interval,
respectively.
Dierentiating the function F
k
we obtain immediately F

(x) = f(x), i.e. the function

F is primitive with respect to the function f.
30
Referencias
[1] Apostol, T. M. (1967). Calculus, Volume 1, One-Variable Calculus with an Intro-
duction to Linear Algebra, 2nd Edition.Waltham, MA: Blaisdell.
[2] Bartle, R. G. (1927). Introduction to real analysis. Courier Companies, Inc. USA.
[3] Courant, R. (1968). Dierential and integral calculus. New York: Interscience Pu-
blishers.
[4] Edwards, H. M. (1980). Advanced Calculus. Robert E. Krieger Publishing Com-
pany, Inc. USA.
[5] Franklin, P. (1940). A Treatise on Advanced Calculus. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
USA.
[6] Khuri, A. I. (2003). Advance Calculus with Applications in Statistics. John Wiley
& Sons, Inc. New Jersey.
[7] Kuratowski, K. (1962). Introduction to Calculus. Addison-Wesley Publishing Com-
pany, Inc. Massachusetts.
[8] Loomis, L. H. & Sternberg, S. (1990). Advanced Calculus. Jones and Bartlett Pu-
blishers. USA.
[9] Marsden, J. & Weinstein, A. (1981). Calculus Unlimited. The Benjamin Cummings
Publishing Company, Inc. USA.
[10] Olmsted, J. H. (1961). Advanced Calculus. Prentice Hall, Inc. USA.
[11] Rudin, W. (1981). Principios de analisis matematico. (Lic. Miguel Iran Alcerreca
Sanchez Trad.). Mexico. MacGraw-Hill.
[12] Spivak, M.(1994). Calculus. (Third Edition). Publish or Perish, Inc., Houston.
[13] Widder, D. V. (1989). Advanced Calculus. Dover Publications, Inc. New York.
31