Presentedby:WASTETECSYSTEMSLtd.

mjb@wstetec.com bb@wstetec.com

TheEUsLandllDirective(1999/31/EC)hassetthetargetof

reducingtheamountofbiodegradablemunicipalwasteplacedin landllsitesto35%ofits1995levelby2017. (BioMethanebeingemittedbylandlls(CH4)is24xmore dangerouswithrespecttogreenhouseeectthanCarbon Dioxide(CO2).

TheobligationsundertheKyotoProtocolaresuchthattheEU

hastargettedthatby2020,20%ofallenergygeneratedisfrom renewablesources.

EU Landfill Directive

Need to reduce cost to citizens

Kyoto Protocol

Need to Landfill increase Tax? recycling

The NonVirtuous Circle

Budget Deficit means less cash for towns

Slovak Govt. Paying fine to EU

Landfill Tax?

Thetechnologysideofbiomassisavailablebut,Isuggest,the supplysideisnot.OnemajorUKprojectwillsourcebiomass fromCanada. Thepriceofbiomassisincreasingduetoshortsupply predictionsarethatthecostofgeneratingheatingfrom biomasswillexceedthatofgas. However,thereexistsanothersourceofmaterialwhere supplyisgrowingrelentlesslycommunalwaste

Thesepressureshaveledtothedevelopmentofexci5ngnew technologiesforthetreatmentofcommunalwastewiththe addedvalueofgenera5ngincomefromrenewableenergy.

Non-Thermal Technologies
Anaerobic Bio-drying Mechanical

Thermal Technologies
Incineration Pyrolysis

Digestion Biological

(Thermal Oxidation)

Gasification Plasma Arc

Treatment

Gasification

Thispresenta5ondealswithATTAdvancedThermalTreatment technologiesPyrolysisandGasica5on
PyrolysisandGasica;onareusedtoturnwastesintoSynGasbyhea;ngthe wasteundercontrolledcondi5ons. WhilstIncinera;onfullyconvertstheinputwasteintoenergyandash,Pyrolysis andGasica5ondeliberatelylimittheconversionsocombus;ondoesnotoccur. PyrolysisandGasica5onconvertthewasteintovaluableintermediatesthat canbefurtherprocessedformaterialsrecyclingorenergyrecovery.

AdvantagesofnewtechnologiesoverIncineration
FarloweremissionswellwithinthelimitsspeciedbytheWaste

IncinerationDirective

Thesyngasproducedcanbefeddirectlytogasenginesorgasturbines

achievinggreaterelectricityconversionecienciesthanincineration/steam turbines
GasiersrequireahomogenousfeedofwasteusingaRefusederivedFuel

(RDF)plantwhererecyclables(suchasplastic)arerecoveredforseparate processing

A wide range of materials can be handled by Pyrolysis and Gasica5ontechnologies.Specicprocesseshavebeenop5misedto handlepar5cularfeedstocks. MainApplica5onsinclude
AgriculturalandForestryresidues HouseholdandCommercialWaste Residuesfrommaterialrecycling

e.g.electronicwaste,tyres,mixedplas5cs)

Municipal Solid Waste is typically pretreated prior to Thermal treatment to produce a Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). This process involves:
RemovalofNonCombus5blesandRecyclables(typicallymetalsand

glass)

Dryingtoreducetheexcessmoisture Shreddingtoreducevolume

The pre-treatment process results in a high net calorific value (NCV) RDF that is: Dry Relatively free of pathogens Relatively free of odours Easy to transport Easy to store and handle
The NCV of RDF is typically between 10-20 MJ/kg The RDF contains between 35-50% of the original volume of waste.

PYROLYSISisdenedasthechemicaldecomposi;onofacondensedsubstancebyhea;ng. Thepyrolysisprocesstakesplaceinthecompleteabsenceofoxygen,turningcarbonaceous wasteintoanorganiccharandasynthesisgas(SYNGAS). Lowtemperatureprocessopera5ngtypicallyfrom300800C. GASIFICATION is dened as the par5al thermal degrada5on of a substance under sub stoichiometric condi5ons (i.e. in the presence of oxygen but with insucient oxygen to oxidizethefuelcompletely). The process uses high temperatures to break down waste into its basic elemental composi;on,undercontrolledoxygencondi;ons,producingasynthe5cgas (SYNGAS)andanashproduct. Ahightemperatureprocesswithopera5ngtemperaturestypicallyexceeding1000oC.

Theadvantageofgasica5onprocessisthattheproduc5onofenergyfromsyn gasispoten5allymoreecientthandirectcombus;onoftheoriginalfuel. Theprocessdoesnotconvertallofthechemicalenergyinthefuelintothermal energybutinsteadleavessomeofthechemicalenergyinthesyngasandinthe solidresidues. Syngasmaybeburneddirectlyforelectricityproduc;on,usedtoproduce methanolandhydrogen,orconvertedviatheFischerTropschprocessintoa secondgenera5onbiofuel. ThetypicalNCVofthegasfromgasica5onusingoxygenis10to15MJ/Nm3(for

comparisontheNCVfornaturalgasisabout38MJ/Nm3).

Syn-Gas Applications:

EnergyProduc5on Intermediatesforchemicalsynthesis Produc5onofsecondgenera5onbiofuels

Pyrolysis - Char Applications: (Dependent on the feedstock and operating conditions

pyrolysis can be used to convert waste into):
Charcoalmul5pleindustrialapplica5ons Cokeforuseinindustrysuchassteelmaking Biocharforlandcondi5oningandcarbonsequestra5on Biofuelsproducingfuelsfrombiomasscrops CarbonBlackandoiluseasacommoditychemicalandfuel

Gasica;onAshApplica;ons CementManufacture BreezeBlockManufacture RoadbedAggregate StructuralFiller IndustrialFillingMaterial

Electric Turbine Fuel Cell

WASTE BIOMASS COAL

Reactor

Syn-Gas Cooling & Cleaning

Methanol

Char for Industrial Use (Pyrolysis) Bottom Ash/Metals

MixedMaterials fedintothesystem

FeedMaterialsPyrolysedintoSynGas (CO,H2&CH4)andCharorGasied intoH2,CO,andAsh

GasesConverted IntoEnergy&Char usedinindustry

Over30Europeansites,ofwhichtheoldesthasbeen workingformorethan11yearsinScandinavia,Germany, UK,ItalyandFrance. Afurther3plantsplannedtocomeintoopera5on2011 2012withourinvolvement. Over655,000tonnesofwasteprocessed. Over350,000opera5nghours.

Norway134,000tonnes/annum Norway475,000tonnes/annum

Norway238,000tonnes/annum Germany137,000tonnes/annum

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

WasteBunker 11.Baghouselter Shredder 12.Filterresiduesilo Metalextrac5onconveyor 13.Fluegasfan Fuelcrane 14.Chimney Fuelbunker 15.Bogomashextrac5on Hopper 16.Steamturbine Primarychamber 17.Aircooledcondenser (Gasica5on) SecondaryChamber(Highertemperatureoxida5on) Heatrecoverysteamgenerator(HRSG) LimeandCarbonsilo

1 MW module

Installation 1MW Gasifier

Installation 4 MW Gasifier

4 MW module

Woodchips

Ready for Shredding

Waste Wood

Transportable

Refuse

No pelletizing required, simple shredding of feedstock down to 20-50mm is sufficient. System can accommodate up to 30% moisture content, which in most cases eliminates the need for pre-drying.

Industrial Customer Energy Plant 24MW Location: UK To be commissioned: 2011

WT100

GeneralSpecica;onWT100
Electricaloutput:1MWe(plus0.7MWheat) Sizeofgasiermodule:11mx5.5mx7mhigh Totalsitefootprintrequiredforgasiermodule,enginesandfuelstoragearea: approximately15mx12m(sitelayoutdrawingavailableonrequest) Throughput:510,000tonnesperannum Thesystemisdesignedtorunatlessthan75dB Designedforeasyintegra;onofmul;plemodules

GeneralSpecica;onWT200
Electricaloutput:1.7MWe(plus2MWheat) Sizeofgasiermodule:15mx4.5mx10mhigh Totalsitefootprintrequiredforgasiermodule,enginesandfuelstoragearea: approximately20mx20m(sitelayoutdrawingavailableonrequest) Throughput:1520,000tonnesperannum(approx2tonnesperhourof RDF/biomasse.g.cleanordirtywood) Thesystemisdesignedtorunatlessthan70dB Providingheatandpower24/7

 Wearemarke5ngandprojectcoordina5onarmofanindependentEnglishWasteto

Energyengineeringcompany,StopfordProjects,foundedin1982andnowemploying some130engineersinthreeprojectocesintheUK.
Independentinthesensethatwearenottheagentsforanypar5cularequipment

manufacturer.Bycontrastweareabletoevaluatetheperformanceofdierent manufacturersandselecttheequipmentwhichisbestforeachapplica5on.

Wedesignthesysteminordertofullycomplywithcustomersneedsandlocal

materialbasecharacteris5cs.

Whatweoerisacompleteturnkeyprojectguaranteedtomeettheagreeddesign

specica;on.Allinstalla;onsarecarriedoutbylocalcontractorsworkingunderour supervision

Weprovideourmul5disciplinaryservicestothefollowing sectors:
Petrochemical & Bulk Chemical Fuel Storage & Distribution Pharmaceutical & Fine Chemical Environment Biotechnology Renewable Energy Nuclear

Technology Gasica5on PlasmaGasica5on Gasica5on Pyrolysis RDF RDF Cataly5cOxidizer ThermalRecovery BatchTyrePyrolysis Incinera5on AerobicDrying Encapsula5on ThermalDesorp5on LLWRecoveryofIsotopes

Capacity 24MW25tpd 40MW1,000tpd 10MW Lines20tpd,plant120tpd 100tpd 500tpd 50tpd 100tpd 20tpd 1,000tpd 1,000tpd 10tpd 13tph 20tpd

Concept

PilotPlant

FullScale

Notes Patented Patented Patented Patented Patented

DependingonSupplier Patented

x
x Patented

WTSStopfordhavedevelopedsignicantcapabili5esinwasteand environmentalsector,oeringR&D,mul5disciplinaryengineering,consultancy andprojectmanagementservices.Ourcapabili5escoverthefollowingscopeof work.

Process Mass Balance Technology Assessment and Development Site investigation and Environmental Impact Assessment Front end Engineering and Design (FEED) Studies Multi Disciplinary Engineering Design Gasifier Design Flue Gas and Syn-gas Cleaning Principal contractor and CDM EPM contractor Waste to Energy Training Programme

Landfill Survey and Waste Stream

Characterisation Waste Tyre Recycling Recycled Plastic Wet-Separation Process Treatment of contaminated Solids Isotope and precious metal Recovery Development of uultrasonic microencapsulation process for the treatment of paint waste sludge Lab Trials, Scale Up and Operation Contaminated Land Remediation

Domestic waste

Gasication

10,000 tonnes peryear

Biomass

Pyrolysis

Tyres

Plasma Gasicati on

1.300 tonnes perday

Peopledontchangewhenyoutellthem thereisabegerop5ontheychangewhen theyconcludetheyhavenootherop5on MichaelMandelbaumJohnHopkinsUniversityUSA