CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.

1 AIM OF THE PROJECT Large grocery stores are nowadays used by millions of people where product acquisition represents a complex process that comprises time spent in corridors, product location and check-out queues. Personal Shopping System allows one to provide their most-valued customers better service, through empowering them and creating a point of differentiation at checkout particularly well suited for high-volume stores with limited options for expansion of the store. This project also creates a competitive advantage through a superior shopping experience and also reduces the possibility of theft. 1.2 EXISTING SYSTEM The present invention relates to a personal shopping system for combined use in both the home of a user and a shopping establishment. The system includes a host computer which is coupled to a host modem and, optionally, to at least one wireless multi-access point. At least one shopping establishment kiosk cradle is employed to interface with a portable terminal which is also part of the system. The portable terminal can be used in both the shopping establishment and the home of the user. It is configured to read bar codes associated with items related to shopping, and includes a memory, a bar code reader, a wireless transceiver, and a data interface. The data interface of the terminal communicates with a data interface of the shopping establishment kiosk cradle. A home cradle for the portable terminal is also provided and is adapted to remain in the home of the user. It includes a home portable terminal-receiving station and a home data interface to communicate with the data interface of the portable terminal. A home
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data transfer circuit is also included to permit data exchange between the home data interface and the modem coupled to the host computer. The portable terminal can be provided with unique identifying indicia so that the terminal can serve as a form of identification for a user of the system. Database management of shopping lists for multiple establishments, including customer preferences, can be performed. 1.3 PROPOSED SYSTEM In the Personal Shopping System provides customers PDA which provides a friendly shopping interface and is monitored using SCADA. The items and their quantity to be bought is given as input through SCADA and also the whole grocery store is monitored by it. In order to reduce human effort, SCADA is interfaced with PLC which makes the shopping cart move automatically to the respective place and collect the required item. In case if the item is not present and also if the item quantity is less than the prescribed quantity an error signal will be shown by the SCADA so that the shop owner will load the item in the respective shelf from where the error signal came. 1.3.1 Programmable Logic Controller In order to automate the whole shopping process effectively PLC is used. This is because with this the coding is done easily, when process needs changes the coding can be changed easily. 1.3.2 SCADA SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a type of industrial control system (ICS). Industrial control systems are computer controlled systems that monitor and control industrial processes that exist in the physical world. This project is used to monitor the whole shopping process and also to give alarm if there is an error.
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 2.1 Sunil K. Timalsina, Rabin Bhusal, and Sangman Moh NFC and its Application to Mobile Payment, Information Science and Digital Content Technology, South Korea, 2012 NFC (Near Field Communication) is a recently emerging technology for short range communications aimed to enhance existing near field technologies such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification). In this paper, NFC is introduced in terms of the operation principles and compared with the existing short-range communication technologies. The NFC enable mobile systems are more technically discussed with respect to architecture and operating modes. Then, NFC as a mobile payment solution is analyzed in terms of security and compared with other existing mobile payment solutions by observing various metrics.

Fig 2.1 NFC and Its Application to Mobile Payment

2.2 Ian Jenkins, John Pellaumail, Adam Petrovich, Thomas K. Roslak, Jerome Swartz Personal shopping system portable terminal, USA, 2008 The present invention relates to a personal shopping system for combined use in both the home of a user and a shopping establishment. The system includes a host computer which is coupled to a host modem and, optionally, to at least one wireless multi-access point. At least one shopping establishment kiosk cradle is employed to interface with a portable terminal which is also part of the system. The portable terminal can be used in both the shopping establishment and the home of the user. It is configured to read bar codes associated with items related to shopping, and includes a memory, a bar code reader, a wireless transceiver, and a data interface. The data interface of the terminal communicates with a data interface of the shopping establishment kiosk cradle. A home cradle for the portable terminal is also provided and is adapted to remain in the home of the user. It includes a home portable terminal-receiving station and a home data interface to communicate with the data interface of the portable terminal. A home data transfer circuit is also included to permit data exchange between the home data interface and the modem coupled to the host computer. The portable terminal can be provided with unique identifying indicia so that the terminal can serve as a form of identification for a user of the system. Database management of shopping lists for multiple establishments, including customer preferences, can be performed.

2.3 Matsumori, Kunihiko Electronic shopping system having self-scanning check and purchasing terminal, USA, 2009 An electronic shopping system, communicating between a store computer and a customer assistance terminal, for providing item price information for general customers and effecting item transactions for customers carrying a valid customer identification indicia. The shopping assistance terminal operates as a price check terminal in a default mode and is adaptively reconfigurable to a transaction terminal mode upon receipt of a valid customer identification indicia. A Price Look Up table is maintained in the store data base and, as a product is scanned, the item's price is verified and displayed on an integral display screen. If the terminal is configured in the transaction terminal mode, the item data is further added to a transaction list maintained in a memory storage area of a customer ID card.

CHAPTER 3 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION 3.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

Fig 3.1 Power Supply Unit 3.1.1 Transformer A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding. The ratio of the number of turns in the primary coil to the number of turns in the secondary coil the turns ratio determines the ratio of the voltages in the two coils. A step down transformer which we use in our project , is one whose secondary voltage is less than its primary voltage. It is designed to reduce the voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding. This kind of transformer steps down the voltage applied to it.
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As a step-down unit, the transformer converts high-voltage, low-current power into low-voltage, high-current power. The larger-gauge wire used in the secondary winding is necessary due to the increase in current. The primary winding, which doesnt have to conduct as much current, may be made of smallergauge wire. These transformers come in various varieties and huge transformers are normally used in electrical power system and also in small units. When it comes to industrial and residential power transformers, they often perform at a frequency of single phase or three phases that are shaped to take care of high voltage and other currents. These transformers are efficient and they waste as little power as possible in the form of heat during transformation. 3.1.2 Bridge Rectifier A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into a direct current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.

Fig 3.2 Circuit Diagram of a Diode Bridge Rectifier

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The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in "series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as shown below.

Fig 3.2.1 The positive half cycle rectifier During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2switch "OFF" as they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.

Fig 3.2.2 The negative half cycle rectifier As the current flowing through the load is unidirectional, the voltage developed across the load is also unidirectional. Although one can use four individual power diodes to make a full wave bridge rectifier, pre-made bridge rectifier components are available in a range of different voltage and current sizes that can be soldered directly into a PCB circuit board.
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3.1.3 Smoothing Capacitor (The Reservoir Capacitor) For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-wave bridge serves to convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of a capacitor may be desired because the bridge alone supplies an output of pulsed dc.

Fig 3.3 Smoothing Capacitor The function of this capacitor, known as a reservoir capacitor (or smoothing capacitor) is to lessen the variation in (or 'smooth') the rectified AC output voltage waveform from the bridge. There is still some variation, known as "ripple". One explanation of 'smoothing' is that the capacitor provides a low impedance path to the AC component of the output, reducing the AC voltage across, and AC current through, the resistive load. In less technical terms, any drop in the output voltage and current of the bridge tends to be canceled by loss of charge in the capacitor. This charge flows out as additional current through the load. Thus the change of load current and voltage is reduced relative to what would occur without the capacitor. Increases of voltage correspondingly store excess charge in the capacitor, thus moderating the change in output voltage / current. The simplified circuit shown has a well-deserved reputation for being dangerous, because, in some applications, the capacitor can retain a lethal charge after the AC power source is removed. If supplying a dangerous voltage, a practical circuit should include a reliable way to discharge the capacitor safely. If
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the normal load cannot be guaranteed to perform this function, perhaps because it can be disconnected, the circuit should include a bleeder resistor connected as close as practical across the capacitor. This resistor should consume a current large enough to discharge the capacitor in a reasonable time, but small enough to minimize unnecessary power waste. The capacitor and the load resistance have a typical time constant = RC where C and R are the capacitance and load resistance respectively. As long as the load resistor is large enough so that this time constant is much longer than the time of one ripple cycle, the above configuration will produce a smoothed DC voltage across the load. When the capacitor is connected directly to the bridge, as shown, current flows in only a small portion of each cycle, which may be undesirable. The transformer and bridge diodes must be sized to withstand the current surge that occurs when the power is turned on at the peak of the AC voltage and the capacitor is fully discharged. Sometimes a small series resistor is included before the capacitor to limit this current, though in most applications the power supply transformer's resistance is already sufficient. Adding a resistor, or better yet, an inductor, between the bridge and capacitor can ensure that current is drawn over a large portion of each cycle and a large current surge does not occur. The idealized waveforms shown above are seen for both voltage and current when the load on the bridge is resistive. When the load includes a smoothing capacitor, both the voltage and the current waveforms will be greatly changed. While the voltage is smoothed, as described above, current will flow through the bridge only voltage is smoothed, as described above, current will flow

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Fig 3.4 Waveform Of Rectifier through the bridge only voltage is smoothed, as described above, current will flow through the bridge only during the time when the input voltage is greater than the capacitor voltage. For example, if the load draws an average current of n Amps, and the diodes conduct for 10% of the time, the average diode current during conduction must be 10n Amps. This non-sinusoidal current leads to harmonic distortion and a poor power -factor in the AC supply. 3.2 RELAY Relays are electromagnetically operated switches. An actuating current on a coil operates one or more galvanically separated contacts or load circuits. The electro mechanical relay is a remote controlled switch capable of switching

multiple circuits, either individually, simultaneously, or in sequence. A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or

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faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called "protective relays".

Fig 3.5 Relay Coil A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft iron core, an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two in the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or more sets of moving contacts. It is held in place by a spring so that when the relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. A relay allows circuits to be switched by electrical equipment: for example, a timer circuit with a relay could switch power at a preset time. For many years relays were the standard method of controlling industrial electronic systems. A number of relays could be used together to carry out complex functions (relay logic). The principle of relay logic is based on relays which energize and de-

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energize associated contacts. Relay logic is the predecessor of ladder logic, which is commonly used in programmable logic controllers. When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic field that activates the armature and the consequent movement of the movable contact either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing. The primary functions of a relay are: The galvanic separation of the primary or actuating circuit and the load circuits Single input/multiple output capability Separation of different load circuits for multi-pole relays Separation of AC and DC circuits Interface between electronic and power circuits Multiple switching functions, e.g. delay, signal conditioning Amplifier function.

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3.3 IR SENSOR Infrared radiation is the portion of electromagnetic spectrum having wavelengths longer than visible light wavelengths, but smaller than microwaves, i.e., the region roughly from 0.75m to 1000m is the infrared region. Infrared waves are invisible to human eyes. The wavelength region of 0.75m to 3m is called near infrared, the region from 3m to 6m is called mid infrared and the region higher than 6m is called far infrared.

Fig 3.6 IR Sensor The demarcations are not rigid , regions are defined differently by many.

Fig 3.6.1 Wavelength and Frequency distribution of rays

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Operation When the Tx is forward biased, it begins emitting infra -red. Since its not in visible spectrum, one will not be able to see it through naked eyes but will be able to view it through an ordinary cell phone camera. The resistance R1 in the above circuit can vary. It should not be a very high value (~ 1Kohm) as then the current flowing through the diode would be very less and hence the intensity of emitted IR would be lesser. By increasing the current flowing in the circuit, one can increase the effective distance of your IR sensor. However, there are drawbacks of reducing the resistance. Firstly, it would increase the current consumption of your circuit and hence drain the battery (one of the few precious resources for any embedded system) faster. Secondly, increasing the current might destroy the Tx. So, the final choice should be a calculated trade-off between these various factors.

Fig 3.6.2 Schematic of IR sensor

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 One can also modulate the IR to achieve better distance and immunity. The receiver diode has a very high resistance, typically of the order of mega ohms when IR is not incident upon it. However, when IR is incident upon it,the resistance decreases sharply to the order of a few kilo Ohms or even lesser. This feature forms the basis of using IR as a sensor. One will need to connect a resistance of the order of a few mega Ohm in series with the Rx.

Fig 3.7 A Tx-Rx pair circuit. Remember, the value of R2 can vary depending upon the Rx diode one is working with. One is advised to first check the resistance of Rx diode with no IR incident upon it and then select the value of R2 for decent performance. Case1: when no IR is incident upon the Rx Rx would be of the order of mega ohms and hence the output voltage would be around 2.6V 3V depending upon the choice of R2 and the Rx. Case2: when IR is incident upon the Rx The resistance of Rx will sharply fall and hence the output voltage would be around 1.8V - 1.5V depending upon the choice of Rx and R2. Once a neat diagram between the output voltages in case1 and case 2 is obtained, sensor is ready.
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3.4 LIMIT SWITCH Limit switch is one type Of " Contact Sensor" , In that there is normally open Contact & Normally Close Contact, In limit switch there is plunger it is directly Connected to NO & NC Contact if one press the plunger NO contact become NC & NC contact become NO, the Working Principle same as contactor ( DOL starter ) main difference is in contactor There is Coil to attract the plunger but In Limit Switch Plunger is Operated Mechanically Limit Switches is used mainly for Safety Purpose & to take Feed-back for PLC in Automation industries.

Fig 3.8 Limit Switch A limit switch is a switch, usually mechanical, that is actuated by a moving part of some machine. Its operation is much like any other switch in that there are contacts that move when a plunger or lever on the outside of the switch is pushed. Internally there is an over center spring mechanism that snaps the switch open or shut in response to a gradual motion of the plunger or lever. Many limit switches have three terminals. One is the normally closed contact, another the normally open contact , and the third is the common that switches between these two as the mechanism is moved.

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Limit Switches Purpose Limit switches, regardless of their final purpose, can only perform two functions. The switches either activate (turn on) or deactivate (turn off) an electrical circuit. Some of these switches are used in industry, and others are utilized for common household appliances. Most limit switches that are used for the home remain hidden from the user, so at times when something activates or deactivates, it can be a mystery. 3.5 ULN 2803 A ULN2803 is an Integrated Circuit (IC) chip with a High Voltage/High Current Darlington Transistor Array. It allows to interface TTL signals with higher voltage/current loads. In English, the chip takes low level signals (TLL, CMOS, PMOS, NMOS - which operate at low voltages and low currents) and acts as a relay of sorts itself, switching on or off a higher level signal on the opposite side. The ULN2803A is a high-voltage, high-current Darlington transistor array. The device consists of eight NPN Darlington pairs that feature high-voltage outputs with common-cathode clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. The collector-current rating of each Darlington pair is 500mA. The Darlington pairs may be connected in parallel for higher current capability. A TTL signal operates from 0-5V, with everything between 0.0 and 0.8V considered "low" or off, and 2.2 to 5.0V being considered "high" or on. The maximum power available on a TTL signal depends on the type, but generally does not exceed 25mW (~5mA @ 5V), so it is not useful for providing power to something like a relay coil. Computers and other electronic devices frequently generate TTL signals. On the output side the ULN2803 is generally rated at
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50V/500mA, so it can operate small loads directly. Alternatively, it is frequently used to power the coil of one or more relays, which in turn allow even higher voltages/currents to be controlled by the low level signal. In electrical terms, the ULN2803 uses the low level (TTL) signal to switch on/turn off the higher voltage/current signal on the output side. The ULN2803 comes in an 18-pin IC configuration and includes eight (8) transistors. Pins 1-8 receive the low level signals; pin 9 is grounded (for the low level signal reference). Pin 10 is the common on the high side and would generally be connected to the positive of the voltage you are applying to the relay coil. Pins 11-18 are the outputs (Pin 1 drives Pin 18, Pin 2 drives 17, etc.) Applications include relay drivers, hammer drivers, lamp drivers, display drivers (LED and gas discharge), line drivers, and logic buffers. The ULN2803A has a 2.7k series base resistor for each Darlington pair for operation directly with TTL or 5V CMOS devices.

Fig 3.9 ULN 2803 Specifications

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3.6 DC MOTOR A DC motor is a mechanically commutated electric motor powered from direct current (DC). The stator is stationary in space by definition and therefore its current. The current in the rotor is switched by the commutator to also be stationary in space. This is how the relative angle between the stator and rotor magnetic flux is maintained near 90 degrees, which generates the maximum torque. DC motors have a rotating armature winding (winding in which a voltage is induced) but non-rotating armature magnetic field and a static field winding (winding that produce the main magnetic flux) or permanent magnet. Different connections of the field and armature winding provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature or by changing the field current. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by power electronics systems called DC drives.

Fig 3.10 DC Motor

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3.6.1 10 RPM MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS A 10 RPM, 12V DC motor was made use in the project for the implementation of the tunnel safety exit assembly. A 10 RPM Centre Shaft standard Series DC Motor is high quality low cost DC geared motor. It has steel gears and pinions to ensure longer life and better wear and tear properties. The gears are fixed on hardened steel spindles polished to a mirror finish. The output shaft rotates in a plastic bushing. The whole assembly is covered with a plastic ring. Gearbox is sealed and lubricated with lithium grease and require no maintenance. The motor is screwed to the gear box from inside. Although motor gives 10 RPM at 12V but motor runs smoothly from 4V to 12V and gives wide range of RPM, and torque. Function of voltage and stall torque, stall current as a function of voltage. DC supply: 4 to 12V RPM: 10 at 12V Total length: 46mm Motor diameter: 36mm Motor length: 25mm Brush type: Precious metal Gear head diameter: 37mm Gear head length: 21mm Output shaft: Centered Gear assembly: Spur No-load current = 60mA(Max) Load current = 300mA(Max)

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3.7 CONVEYOR SYSTEM

Fig 3.11 Conveyor System A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials, which makes them very popular in the material handling and packaging industries. Many kinds of conveying systems are available, and are used according to the various needs of different industries. There are chain conveyors (floor and overhead) as well. Chain conveyors consist of enclosed tracks, I-Beam, towline, power & free, and hand pushed trolleys.

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3.8 MOTOR USED TO ROTATE CONVEYOR BELT Wiper motor is used to rotate the conveyor belt. A wiper motor is a DC motor with two permanent magnets that serves as a field for the motor, arranged around the armature where the power is connected to the commentator of the armature with two brushes, the armature is a set of electro-magnetic coils that is each connected to its own two segments in the commentator so that the power is connected to only one coil at a time to generate a magnetic field in the armature, this field will oppose the field of the permanent magnet field, where the one field will push the other away and make the motor to turn.

Fig 3.12 Wiper Motor

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3.9 DAMPER The electromagnetic damper is a spring-loaded design that can be utilized for a variety of purposes in the home or office. The principal of operation of an electromagnetic damper involves a conductor moving in a non-uniform magnetic field created by permanent magnets. The eddy currents induced in the conductor produce a drag-force proportional to the speed. Electro-magnetic dampers also find application in vibration isolation for structures, engine mounts for high performance vehicles, force-feedback devices and industrial motion control. The advantages of electro-magnetic damper is given below Robust low cost design. Frictionless braking. High torque capability. No hydraulic fluid - no leaks. Passive device - no electrical or hydraulic control. Wide operating temperature range.

Fig 3.13 Damper

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3.10 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER A digitally operating electronic apparatus which uses a programmable memory for the internal storage of instructions for implementing specific functions such as logic, sequencing, timing, counting, and arithmetic to control, through digital or analog input/output modules, various types of machines or processes. In essence, the programmable logic controller consists of computer hardware, which is programmed to simulate the operation of the individual logic and sequence elements that might be contained in a bank of relays, timers, counters, and other hard-wired components. The PLC was introduced around 1969 largely as a result of specifications written by the General Motors Corporation. The automotive industry had traditionally been a large buyer and user of electromechanical relays to control transfer lines, mechanized production lines, and other automated systems. In an effort to reduce the cost of new relays purchased each year, GM prepared the specifications for a programmable logic controller in 1968. The requirements included: The device must be programmable and re-programmable. It must be designed to operate in an industrial environment. It must accept 120V ac signals from standard pushbuttons and limit switches. Its outputs must be designed to switch and continuously operate loads such as motors and relays of 2A rating. Its price and installation cost must be competitive with relay and solid state logic devices then in use.

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There are significant advantages in using a programmable logic controller rather than conventional relays, timers, counters, and other hardware elements. These advantages include: Programming the PLC is easier than wiring the relay control panel. The PLC can be reprogrammed. Conventional controls must be rewired and are often scrapped instead. PLCs take less floor space then relay control panels. Maintenance of the PLC is easier, and reliability is greater. The PLC can be connected to the plant computer systems more easily than relays can. 3.10.1 Schematic of PLC A schematic diagram of a programmable logic controller is presented. The basic components of the PLC are the following Input module Output module Processor Memory Power supply Programming device

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Fig 3.14 Architecture Of PLC The components are housed in a suitable cabinet designed for the industrial environment. The input module and output module are the connections to the industrial process that is to be controlled. The inputs to the controller are signals from limit switches, pushbuttons, sensors, and other ON/OFF devices. Larger PLCs are capable of accepting signals from analog devices of the type modelled. The outputs from the controller are on/off signals to operate motors, valves, and other devices required to actuate the process. The processor is the central processing unit (CPU) of the programmable controller. It executes the various logic and sequencing functions described in previous Sections by operating on the PLC inputs to determine the appropriate output signals. The processor is microprocessor very similar in its construction to those used in personal computers and other data-processing equipment. Tied to the CPU is the PLC memory, which contains the program of logic, sequencing, and other input/output operations. The memory for a programmable logic controller is specified in the same way as for a computer, and may range from 1k to over 48k of storage capacity. A power supply of 115V ac is specially used to drive the PLC
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even though the components of the industrial process that are regulated may have a higher voltage and power rating than the controller itself. The PLC is programmed by means of a programming device. The programming device (sometimes referred to as a programmer) is usually detachable from the PLC cabinet so that it can be shared between different controllers. Different PLC manufactures provide different devices, ranging from simple teach pendant-type devices, similar to those used in robotics, to special PLC programming keyboards and CRT displays. 3.10.2 Programming the PLC Most of the programming methods in use today for PLCs are based on the ladder logic diagram. This diagram has been found to be very convenient for shop personnel who are familiar with circuit diagrams because it does not require them to learn an entirely new programming language. What is required is a means of inputting the program into the PLC memory: There are various approaches for entering and interconnecting the individual logic elements. These include: 1. Entry of the ladder logic diagram 2. Low-level computer-type languages 3. High-level computer-type languages 4. Functional blocks 5. Sequential function chart

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Fig 3.15 PLC 3.11 RS232 SERIAL PORT CONNECTOR PIN LAYOUT : RS-232 is a serial communications standard that provides asynchronous and synchronous communication capabilities, such as hardware flow control, software flow control, and parity check. It has been widely used for decades. Almost all gears, instruments with digital control interface, and communications devices are equipped with the RS-232 interface. The typical transmission speed of an RS-232 connection is 9600 bps over a maximum distance of 15 meters. The male sockets are used on the DTE (Data Terminal Equipment ) or PC side. The female sockets are on the DCE (Data Communication Equipment ) or Modem Side.

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3.11.1 9 Pin connector (DB-9) Serial No. 1 DCD Data Carrier Detect Pin Description

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

RD TD DTR GND DSR RTS CTS RI

Received Data Transmitted Data Data Terminal Ready Signal Ground Data Set Ready Request To Send Clear To Send Ring Indicator

Table 3.1 9 pin connector description

Fig 3.16 RS232 Cable

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9 Pin 3 2 7 8 6 5 1 4

25 Pin 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 20

Pin TX RX RTS CTS DSR GND DCD DTR

Description Transmit Data Receive Data Request To Send Clear To Send Data Set Ready Signal Ground Data Carrier Detect Data Terminal Ready

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RI

Ring Indicator

Table 3.2 Pin configuration Of RS232 port Transmit Data, the pin from which data is sent to the device connected to the port. Receive Data, the pin in to which data is sent from the device connected to the port. Request To Send, the pin on which the port requests that it wishes to transmit data to the device connected to the port. Clear To Send, the pin on which the device connected to the port grants permission to the port to transmit it's data. Data Set Ready, the pin on which the device connected to the port states it has data for the port. Data Terminal Ready, the pin on which the port states it is ready to receive data from the device connected to the port.

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 Data Carrier Detect, this pin is used only by modems stating the modem link is ready to transfer data (and should be held at 'on' if not used). Signal Ground, this pin is probably the most important. It is the pin to which all signals are referenced as well as carrying the return current of any signal. The original pin layout for RS232 was developed for a 25 pins D sub connector. In this pin-out provisions were made for a secondary communication channel. In practice, only one communication channel with accompanying handshaking is present. For that reason the smaller 9 pin version is more commonly used today

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CHAPTER 4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 4.1 SCADA SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) is a type of Industrial control system (ICS). Industrial control systems are computer controlled systems SCADA systems historically distinguish themselves from other ICS systems by being large scale processes that can include multiple sites, and large distances. A SCADA system usually consists of the following subsystems: A humanmachine interface or HMI is the apparatus or device which presents process data to a human operator, and through this, the human operator monitors and controls the process. A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending commands (control) to the process. Remote terminal units (RTUs) connecting to sensors in the

process, converting sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to the supervisory system. Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the remote terminal units. 4.1.1 SCADA Architectures SCADA systems have evolved through 3 generations as follows First generation: "Monolithic Second generation: "Distributed" Third generation: "Networked"
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EXAMPLE :

Fig 4.1 Example of SCADA process 4.2 WONDERWARE INTOUCH 10.1 Wonderware InTouch 10.1 is the quickest and easiest way to create humanmachine interface (HMI) applications. InTouch is a component of the Wonderware Factory Suite. InTouch applications span the globe in a multitude of vertical markets including food processing, semiconductors, oil and gas, automotive, chemical, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, transportation, utilities, and more. By using InTouch, one can create powerful, full-featured applications that exploit the key features of Microsoft Windows, including ActiveX controls, OLE, graphics, networking and more. InTouch can also be extended by adding custom ActiveX controls, wizards, generic objects, and creating InTouch Quick Script extensions.
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InTouch consists of three major programs, the InTouch Application Manager, WindowMaker and WindowViewer The InTouch Application Manager organizes the applications you create. It also is used to configure WindowViewer as an NT service, to configure Network Application Development (NAD) for client-based and server-based architectures, to configure Dynamic Resolution Conversion (DRC) and/or distributed alarming. The DB Dump and DB Load database utilities are also launched from the Application Manager. WindowMaker is the development environment, where object-oriented graphics are used to create animated, touch-sensitive display windows. These display windows can be connected to industrial I/O systems and other Microsoft Windows applications. WindowViewer is the runtime environment used to display the graphic windows created in WindowMaker. WindowViewer executes InTouch

QuickScripts, performs historical data logging and reporting, processes alarm logging and reporting, and can function as a client and a server for both DDE and Suite Link communication protocols.

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4.2.1 To create a new application On the File menu, click New, or click the New tool in the toolbar. The Create New Application wizard appears. Click Next. A second Create New Application wizard appears. By default, the system will display the path to the InTouch directory followed by "New App." In the input box, type the path to the directory in which the application has to be created or click Browse to locate the directory. Click Next. If the directory specified does not exist, a message dialog box appears asking to create a new one. Click OK. A third Create New Application wizard dialog box appears.

Fig 4.2 Create a New Application Window In the Name box, type a unique name for the new application's icon that appears when the application is listed in the InTouch Application Manager window.
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 In the Description box, type a description of the application. 4.2.2 Working with Wizards Wizards save a considerable amount of time during application development. They are easy to use and easy to configure. To configure a wizard, you install it, select it in the Wizard Selection dialog box, paste it into your window and then double-click it. Its respective configuration dialog box appears (if it is a wizard that can be configured).For example, if one wants to use a slider wizard, one would need to configure items such as the tag name effect, the minimum and maximum range labels for the slider, the fill color, and so on. One can save a considerable amount of development time by using Wizards because one don't have to draw the individual components for the object, or set the value ranges for the object, or animate the object. The FactorySuite InControl program includes the following five wizards that one can place in an InTouch window. These wizards allow easy and effective interaction between InControl and InTouch 4.2.3 To place a wizard in a window Click the Wizard Dialog tool in the Wizards/ActiveX Toolbar. The Wizard Selection dialog box appears. In the list of wizards, click the category of wizards that you want to use. All available wizards in that category will be shown the display area. For example, if one selects Buttons ,all available button wizards will immediately be shown in the display area.

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 Select the wizard that is to be used and then click OK or double-click the wizard. The dialog box will close and the window reappears. The cursor will change to a corner symbol when one returns to the window. Click the location in the window where one wants to paste. Double-click the wizard to configure it (if applicable)

Fig 4.3 Wizard Selection Animation Link Selection Dialog Box: One can define multiple links for the objects or symbols. By combining various links, one can create almost any screen animation effect imaginable.One can make objects change colour, size, location, visibility, fill level, and so on.

4.2.4 Creating Slider Touch Links Slider Touch Links are used to create objects or symbols that can be moved around the window with the mouse or other pointing devices such as a finger on a touch screen. As the object or symbol is moved, it alters the value of the tagname
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linked to it. This provides the ability to create devices for setting values in the system. An object may have a horizontal or a vertical slider touch link, or both. By using both the links on a single object, the value of two analog tag names can be altered simultaneously.

4.2.5 To create a horizontal (or vertical) slider link

Fig 4.4 Slider Selection (Animation Link) Double-click the object or select it and then, on the Special menu, click Animation Links. The link selection dialog box appears. In the Slider section, click Horizontal. The Horizontal Slider dialog box appears. In the Tagname box, type an analog (integer or real) type tagname. In the At Left End box, type the value for the tagname when the slider is in its farthest left position.

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In the At Right End box, type the value for the tagname when the slider is in its farthest right position.

In the To Left box, type the number of pixels the slider can move to the left. In the To Right box, type the number of pixels the slider can move to the right. Select the Reference Location on the object that the cursor will lock on for moving the object. Click OK to attach the link to the object and return to the animation links dialog box. One can now attach another link to the object if desired.

4.2.6 Window scripts Window Scripts are linked to a specific window. There are three types of scripts that can be applied to a window.

Fig 4.5 Input signal selection window

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4.2.6.1 Window Script Description On Show Executes one time when the window is initially shown. While Showing Executes continuously at the specified frequency while the window is showing. On Hide Executes one time when the window is hidden. 4.2.6.2 To create windows script On the Special menu, point to Scripts, and then click Window Scripts. The Window Script editor appears.

Fig 4.6 Window Script Editor When one selects While Showing, the Every 0 Milliseconds box becomes active. In the box, type the number of milliseconds that wanted to elapse before the script executes. If one wants the script to execute immediately, create an identical On Show script. However, as long as the condition or event for the While showing script is met, the script will repeatedly execute at the specified frequency.
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4.2.7 Defining an I/O item in InTouch InTouch can receive data from other local or remote Windows applications when defining I/O type tagnames in the Tagname Dictionary. Each I/O type tagname references a valid item in the I/O Server program.

4.2.7.1 To define an I/O tagname On the Special menu, click Tagname Dictionary, or in the Application Explorer double-click Tagname Dictionary. The Tagname Dictionary dialog box appears. Click New. The Tagname box clears

Fig 4.7 Defining An I/O type Tagname The first time one access the Tagname Dictionary, the definition for the internal system tagname $AccessLevel is displayed. Once defining

tagnames in the Tagname Dictionary, and on accessing it again, the last edited tagname's definition is displayed. In the Tagname box, type the name one wants to use for the new tagname. Tagnames can be up to 32 characters long and must begin with an alpha character (A-Z or a-z). The remaining characters can be A-Z, a-z, 0-9.
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4.3 WONDERWARE OMRON HOST LINK SERVER: Introduction The Wonderware OMRON Host Link I/O Server (referred to as the server through the remainder of this Users Guide) is a Microsoft Windows application that acts as a communications protocol server. It allows other Windows application programs access to data from OMRON PLCs (also referred to as devices) using the Host Link protocol. The OMRON Host Link I/O Server communicates with OMRON E5AX, E5AF, and E5EF Fuzzy Temperature Controllers, C-Series, and CV-Series PLCs, K3TS, K3TH, K3TR, and K3TX Intelligent Signal Processors and the ES100 Digital Controller/ Programmer via serial RS-232/RS-422/RS-485 lines. While the server is primarily intended for use with Wonderware InTouch, it may be used by any Microsoft Windows program capable of acting as a DDE, FastDDE, or SuiteLink client.

Accessing Remote Items via the I/O Server The communications protocol addresses an element of data in a conversation that uses a three-part naming convention that includes the application name,topic name, and item name. The following briefly describes each portion of this naming convention: Application name: The name of the Windows program (server) that will be accessing the data element. In the case of data coming from or going to OMRON equipment via this server, the application portion of the address is OMRONHL. Topic name: Meaningful names are configured in the server to identify specific devices. These names are then used as the topic name in all conversations to that device. For example, HLPLC.
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 Item name: A specific data element within the specified topic. For example, when using this server, an item can be a relay, timer, counter, register, and so on, in the PLC. Connecting the Computer to the Host Link The following diagrams illustrate the cable pin outs required to connect the various OMRON devices to the host computer via RS-232 application name.The name of the Windows program (server) that will be accessing the data element. Configuring the I/O Server Once the server has been installed, a small amount of configuration is required. Configuring the server automatically creates a configuration file named, OMRONHL.CFG. This file stores the configuration information for the adapter cards or communications ports and all of the topic definitions. The configuration file is automatically saved to the directory in which the server is installed, unless a different directory is specified.

4.3.1 To perform the required configurations Start up the server by double-clicking on its icon. If the server starts up as an icon, double-click on the icon to open the server's window.

Fig 4.8 OMRON host link. To access the options used for the various configurations, open the Configure menu.

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Fig 4.9 OMRON host link configure menu 4.3.2 Configuring a Communications Port To configure the communications ports that will be used to communicate with the OMRON device: From the Configure menu, select Communication Port Settings. When this option is selected, the Communication Port Settings dialog box will appear.

Fig 4.10 OMRON communication port settings

4.3.3 Communications Port Settings To configure communications port settings

Select a communications port connected to the OMRON device from the ComPort drop-down box.

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 In the Reply Timeout box, enter the amount of time (in seconds) that all PLCs connected via this communications port will be given to reply to commands from the server.

From those listed in the Baud Rate box, select the baud rate (serial bit rate) setting that matches the configuration of the OMRON device

From the Data Bits box, select the number of data bits that matches the configuration of the OMRON device.

Select the number of stop bits that matches the configuration of the OMRON device from those listed in the Stop Bits box.

In the Parity box, select the parity setting that matches the configuration of the OMRON device.

Click Defaults to reset the settings to their default values without saving Changes .

Click Save to save settings for the selected COM Port.

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 The dialog box will remain displayed, giving additional COM Ports

the option to configure

Click Done to close the dialog box. If the settings have not been saved, the following dialog box appears:

Click Yes to save settings for the COM Port. Click No to prevent the settings from being saved. Click Cancel to return to the Communication Port Settings dialog box without saving the settings.

4.4 CX PROGRAMMER: The information within a CX-Programmer project consists of ladder program(s),operands, required PLC memory contents, IO tables, expansion instructions (if applicable) and symbols. Each CX-Programmer project file is separate and is a singledocument.CX-Programmer can only open a single project at a time. However, it is possible to deal with many project files by using CXProgrammer at once. A CX- Programmer project has a .CXP or .CXT file extension. (normally the .CXP file is used, and is a compressed version of the .CXT file).Once the project itself is created the desired PLC and symbol information can be defined.

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Fig 4.11 CX programmer window 4.4.1 DIAGRAM WORKSPACE The Diagram Workspace can display a Ladder program, the symbol table of that program or the Mnemonics view. The details displayed depend upon the selection made in the project workspace. When a new project is created or a new PLC added to a project, an empty Ladder program is automatically displayed on the right-hand side to the project workspace. The symbol table and Mnemonics view must be explicitly selected to be displayed. All views can be opened at the same time and can be selected via options associated with the Window menu. The Ladder program graphically represents the PLC power flow from left to right and the program sequence from top to bottom. PLC program instructions can be entered as a graphical representation in Ladder form. Programs can be created,
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edited and monitored in this view. Follow the examples provided to develop an understanding of the Diagram Workspace. Select the View Diagram button from the toolbar. The Ladder program window is displayed in the Diagram Workspace. The following items are standard features of the Ladder program area: Cursor: A rectangular block showing the current position within the rung. The location of the cursor is displayed in the status bar. Rung: A logical unit of a ladder program. A rung can encompass one or more rows and columns. All rungs are numbered. Bus-bars: The left bus-bar provides a graphical representation of the power supply bus-bar. The right bus-bar contains the output region: to align objects to the right bus-bar. The right bus-bar is selectable for display. If shown, the ladder rungs are justified so that the outputs of the rungs are organized along it. Grid Dots: Dots that display at the connection points of each cell. To display the grid, select the Grid button from the toolbar. Rung Margin Area: The area to the left of the Left bus-bar. The rung number and step number for each rung are shown here (rung number on the left). Automatic Error Detection: A bar is displayed to the left of the currently selected rung area. As elements and instructions are added to the rung, the additions are automatically checked to see if they are valid. The color of the bar indicates the validity of the program: red highlights an error, while green indicates a correct entry. In addition, elements of the text on the ladder are drawn in this error color if a problem exists. The color and display preferences of the above features can be amended by selecting Options from the Tools menu. More than one element in a rung can be
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selected by pressing the mouse button down on an element and, keeping the left-mouse button depressed, dragging a highlight over other elements in the rung. Selected elements can then be moved as a block.

Fig 4.12 section window

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EXAMPLE :

Fig 4.13 Example program

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CHAPTER 5 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 5.1 AUTOMATED PERSONAL SHOPPING SYSTEM USING PLC AND SCADA BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 5.1 Block diagram 5.1.1 Operation 5.1.1.1 Inputs to PLC The table 5.1 shows the input sensors used in the process. These sensors senses the input and gives it to the driver circuit. All the inputs are digital inputs. The IR pairs ( IR1,IR2,IR3) are used to sense whether shopping cart reaches the position so that the items are dropped into the cart perfectly. These are called as Position sensors.
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Table 5.1 Digital inputs to PLC The IR pairs (IR4,IR5) are used to sense whether the items are present in item feeders. These are called as item sensors. The Limit Switches (LS1,LS2,LS3) are used to tell the PLC how many items are dropped into the shopping cart. The component padding motors actuates the limit switch which indicates that it dropped one item into the cart. If the motor actuates the limit switch 3 times that indicates that it dropped 3 items into the cart. 5.1.1.2 Driver unit The inputs to the PLC are driven through the driver circuit. Negative switching is done by the driver circuit. A typical or common system will use a positive pulse to do switching. This is not always the best way for every system. The input to driver circuit is +ve voltage (0-12V) i.e LOGIC 1.The output from
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the driver circuit is zero i.e LOGIC 0. Negative switching is mainly used because if the output from the driver circuit is positive voltage with less amplitude then switching doesnt takes place perfectly so in these cases, taking a point to ground for switching is used. 5.1.1.3 Relay A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. 5.1.1.4 Output from PLC As soon as the process is started conveyor motor(CM) starts running and when the cart reaches the position the component motors(M1M2,M3) pushes the required number of items inside the cart. The function of the dampers(D1,D2,D3) is to hold the cart in the correct position until the items are dropped into it. 5.2 PROGRAMMING The programming part initially involves selecting the list of inputs and outputs(i/o) list . In this project there are 8 digital inputs and 10 digital outputs. The purpose of having manual mode is to check if all the mechanical components are in order and working correctly . After checking the whole process in manual mode the plc is made to operate in auto mode with real time inputs.

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Table 5.2 Digital outputs from PLC

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CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this project there are about three jobs corresponding to three different items in the supermarket. As soon as the customer selects his/her required items and corresponding quantity the same will be processed in the automated manner. A unique customer id will be provided to each and every customer to avoid confusion and the same will be displayed on the cart so that the customer can identify his job in an effortless manner. For the purpose of easy billing NFC smart Tags are used along with a creation of smartphone application, the application will display the list of available items in the supermarket along with their quantity and this allows the customer to select the items he/she requires and the total billing amount will be calculated and the same will be deducted from their account. The very fact in using NFC technology is that its more secure compared t o all the other wireless access mechanisms because range of NFC is of the order of say ten centimeters. The SCADA acts as an interface between user and the process and the customer name and other credentials will be displayed in an GUI such as LED, LCD televisions for hassle free service. Automating the entire shop is a one time investment and since human intervention is completely reduced and the efficiency is very much higher.

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Fig 6.1 Working model The working model of the project is shown above and as mentioned previously there are three jobs namely a circular job, rectangular job and a hanging job. The entire process is automated using PLC and input to the PLC is five set of IR pairs and three limit switches. The purpose of the limit switch is to count the no of objects and one revolution corresponds to one object. The output from the PLC is used to control seven motors and three dampers. since conveyor motor is always ON the tray has to be stopped at the appropriate location that is after IR senses the tray and for this process dampers are being used.

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If in case the item is low in quantity or if no items are available IR pair senses it and sends an error signal which is displayed on the SCADA screen and so that items can be reloaded in the appropriate location. The entire switching of devices is done by negative switching technique using ULN 2803 so that no damage is done to any of the circuits are components. A 2A transformer is being used to provide 12v DC for all motors and a 1A transformer is used to power all transmitter and receiver circuits. The damper is a bi-directional type and requires both positive and negative 12V DC for operation.

Fig 6.2 Working model of hanging job

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Fig 6.3 Development mode of SCADA In the development mode using Intouch wonderware software the menu for operating the entire unit is done. The shopping code is an unique code provided to each and every customer and the same is being displayed on the GUI. As soon as the customer enters his/her requirement in each of the separate item the same quantity is displayed in the require column. Auto Process initiates the conveyer set up and the entire process follows. The unit price per quantity is displayed in the Unit Price column and as per the user requirement and amount for multiple quantities is being summed up and the total billing amount is displayed in the Total column. As soon as the conveyor motor is switched ON the conveyor button indicates it and if any case any item is lower in number the empty sensor senses it and the same is displayed in empty button.

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Fig 6.4 Run time mode of SCADA The run time scenario involves direct interaction with the mechanical setup and as soon as the process is started the requirement window displays the user requirements and auto process window displays the up to date job completion, once entire requirement has been fulfilled the conveyor motor stops and billing is being done. In the above case unit price of say the disc rectangle and the hanging type item is five, seven and ten respectively. The requirement is multiplied with the unit price and the total amount in each case is calculated . Shopping code here in the above case is one and it varies from individual to individual. The entire process is being reset after one cycle and it makes sure that there is no billing and communication errors among different customers.

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CHAPTER 7 FUTURE SCOPE AND CONCLUSION The future work involves the usage of NFC smart tags wherein the user information along with the other credentials are stored. An android based application is created regarding the list of items present in the store. The customer selects the list of items that he/she wants to purchase and just waives the smartphone near the NFC receiver, a shopping id is created pertaining to each of the individual and the same will be displayed on the shopping cart which collects the items. After the collecting process has been completed the total amount will be calculated and the same amount will be deduced from his/her account.

Fig 7.1 Architecture of future work using NFC

Fig 7.2 NFC Smart Tags

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REFERENCES 1. http://cospa.ru/PLC/CP1E/W461/E1/02 CP1E Introduction Manual.pdf 2. http://www.ia.omron.com/product/21.html 3. http://www.keyence.com/products/plc/plc/kv/kv.php 4. http://www.omron.co.in/programmablecontrollers/cpie 5. Ian Jenkins, John Pellaumail, Adam Petrovich, Thomas K. Roslak, Jerome Swartz Personal shopping system portable terminal, USA, 2008 6. Kevin Collins, PLC Programming for Industrial Automation. 7. Matsumori, Kunihiko Electronic shopping system having self-scanning check and purchasing terminal, USA, 2009. 8. Sunil K. Timalsina, Rabin Bhusal, and Sangman Moh NFC and its Application to Mobile Payment, Information Science and Digital Content Technology, South Korea, 2012. 9. Stuart A. Boyer, Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition.

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