4*

Book_^^5___
Copyright N? .

COFVRICHT DEPOSIT.

HANDBOOK
OF
THERMODYNAMIC TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

McGraw-Hill BookCompai^
Puj6^is/iers c^3oo/br
ElGCtrical World TheEtiginoGi-in^ andMining Journal
EngkieGring Rj9Cord Engineering News
Kailway Age Gazette American Machinist
Signal Engineer American Engineer
Electric liailway Journal Coal Age
Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering P o we r

HANDBOOK OF
THEEMODYNAMIC TABLES
AND DIAGRAMS
A SELECTION OF TABLES AND DIAGRAMS FROM
ENGINEEHING THERMODYNAMICS
BY
CHARLES EDWARD LUCKE, Ph. D.
PROFESSOR OP MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY
NEW YORK CITY

ARRANGED AND AMPLIFIED BY

JOHN J.^lBtATHER, Ph. B., M. M. E.
PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING IN UNIVERSITY
OF MINNESOTA, MINNEAPOLIS

First Edition

McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, Inc.

239 WEST 39TH STREET, NEW YORK
6 BOUVERIE STREET, LONDON, E. C.
1915

Jo

i'^^-^

Copyright, 1915, by the

McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.

e- Xo

THE. MAPLE. PRES3.YOKK. PA

JUL 2 1915
CI,A401613

PREFACE

While the following tables and diagrams have been arranged primarily for
use with the authors' Textbook of Engineering Thermodynamics it is thought
that they will be of considerable value to all students of engineering as
well as
practicing engineers or others who may have occasion to undertake thermodynamic computations.
Most of the tables have been taken from Dr. Lucke's larger work on Engineering Thermodynamics, but some new ones have been added, among which
are the very convenient four place hyperbolic and common logarithms, the
plates for which were kindly loaned by Professor E. V. Huntington.
The authors desire to acknowledge their obligations to the various sources
of information utilized in the preparation of the tables and diagrams.
Special
mention is due Professors Marks and Davis, for the use of material from their
Steam Tables (Longmans, Green & Co.) ; to Mr. E. D. Thurston, Jr., whose
invaluable help is gratefully acknowledged, and to Mr. T. M. Gunn for aid on
part of the work.
C. E. L.
June. 1915. J- J- F.

CONTENTS

PAQB
Preface v
List of Tables ix
List of Charts and Diagrams xi
Part I
Introduction 1-4
Tables 5-137
Part II
Construction and Use of the Diagrams 139-150

Charts 151-230
Index 231-238

VU

LIST OF TABLES

No. Paqb
1. Conversion table of units of distance 5
2. Conversion table of units of surface 5
3. Conversion table of units of volume 5
4. Conversion table of units of weights and force 5
5. Conversion table of units of pressure 6
6. Conversion table of units of work 6
7. Conversion table of units of power 7
8. Units of velocity 7
9. Heat and power conversion table 7
10. Barometric heights, altitudes and pressures 8
11. Conversion table inches of mercury to pounds per square inch 10
12. Piston positions for any crank angle 11
13. Horse-power per pound mean effective pressure 12
14. Constants for the curve PF" = K.... 13
15. Values of s for adiabatic expansion of steam 14
16. Valuesof sin the equation FF = constant for various substances and
conditions. . 15
17. Fixed temperatures 15
18. Temperatures, Centigrade and Fahrenheit 16
19. Values of x for use in Heck's formula for missing water 18
20. Baume-specific gravity scale 19

21. Freezing-point of calcium chloride brine 19

22. Specific heats of solids 20-21
23. Specific heats of gases 22-23
24. Specific heats of liquids 24
25. Specific heat of sodium chloride brine 25
26. Coefficient of linear expansion of solids 25
27. Coefficient of cubical expansion of liquids 26
28. Coefficient of volumetric expansion of gases and vapors at constant
pressure 26
29. Coefficient of pressure rise of gases and vapors at constant volume 27
30. Compressibility of gases by their isothermals 28
31. Values of the gas constant R 28
32. Density of gases 29
33. Ignition temperatures 30
34. The critical point 30
35. Latent heats of vaporization 31
36. Latent heats of fusion 31
37. Boiling-points 32
38. International atomic weights 34
39. Melting- or freezing-points 34
40. Properties of saturated steam 36
41. Properties of superheated steam 40
42. Properties of saturated ammonia vapor 41
43. Properties of saturated carbon dioxide vapor 50
44. Relation between pressure, temperature and per cent. NHs in solution 54
ix

X LIST OF TABLES
No. Page

45. Values of partial pressure of ammonia and water vapors for various
temperatures
and per cents, of ammonia in solution 58
46. Absorption of gases by liquids 60
47. Absorption of air in water 60
48. Air required for combustion of various substances. 61
49. Radiation coefficients 61
50. Coefficients of heat transfer 62
51. Heats of combustion of fuel elements and chemical compounds 63
52. Internal thermal conductivity 65
53. Relative thermal conductivity. 68
54. Comparison of cellulose and average wood composition 69
55. Composition and calorific power of characteristic coals 70
56. Combustible and volatile of coals, lignites and peats 78
57. Classification of coals by gas and coke qualities 87
58. Paraffines from Pennsylvania petroleums 88
59. Calorific power of mineral oils by calorimeter and calculation by density
formula of
Sherman and Kropff 89
60. Properties of oil-gas 90
61. Composition of natural gases 91
62. Properties of mineral oils 92
63. Composition of coke oven and retort coal gas 94
64. Composition of U. S. coke 98
65. Products of bituminous coal distillation 99
66. Average distillation products of crude mineral oils 99
67. Fractionation tests of kerosenes and petroleums 100
68. Fractionation tests of gasolenes 102
69. Composition of blast-furnace gas and air gas 104
70. Rate of formation of CO from CO2 and carbon 106

71. Composition of producer gas 108

72. Composition of water gas 113
73. Composition of oil producer gas 113
74. Gas producer tests 114
75. Composition of powdered coal producer gas 116
76. Composition of boiler-flue gases 116
77. Calorific powers of best air-gas mixtures 117
78. Limits of proportions of explosive air-gas mixtures 118
79. Rate of combustion of coal 119
80. Diagram factors for Otto cycle gas engines 122
81. Heat balances of gas and oil engines 123
82. Mean effective pressure factors for Otto cycle engines 124
83. Values of C for air flow (Weisbach) 125
84. Flow change resistance factors Fr (Reitschel) 125
85. Efficiency factors for reciprocating steam engines and turbines 126
86. Chimney capacities (Kent) 130
87. Chimney draft 131
88. Common logarithms, 1 .0 to 1 .999 132
89. Common logarithms, 1 . to 9 . 99 134
90. Hyperbolic logarithms, 1.0 to 10.0 136

LIST OF CHARTS

Chart iage
1. Work and horse-power for single-stage compressors 151
2. Work and horse-power for two-stage compressors 152
3. Work and horse-power for three-stage compressors 153
4. Mean effective pressure of compressors, one-, two-, and three-stages 154

5. Value of supply pressure in maximum work and mean effective pressure 156
6. Relative work of two- and three-stage compressors compared to single stage
157
7. Diagram to give economy of exponential cycles referred to isothermal as
standard . 158
8. Compressor cylinder displacement for given capacity '. 159
9. Graphical determination of mean effective pressure for single cylinder
engines 160
10. Relations for equal distribution of work in compound engine 161
11. Specific heats of gases 162
12. Specific heat of superheated steam 163
13. Equivalent gas densities at different pressures and temperatures 164
14. Ammonia pressure-temperature relations, for saturated vapor 165
15. Carbon dioxide pressure-temperature relations for saturated vapor 166
16. Steam, pressure-temperature (Table XL) 167
17. Steam, heat of the Hquid (Table XL) 168
18. Steam, latent heat (Table XL) 169
19. Steam, total heat (Table XL) 170
20. Steam, specific volume and density of the liquid (Table XL) 171
21. Steam, specific volume and density of the vapor (Table XL) 172
22. Vapor pressure of hydrocarbons and light petroleum distillates of the
gasolene class . 173
23. Vapor pressure of heavy petroleum distillates of the kerosene class 174
24. Vapor pressure of the alcohols ' 175
25. Relation between wet and dry bulb psychrometer readings and dew point for
air
and water vapor 176
26. Relation between humidity and weight of moisture per cubic foot of
saturated air. 177
27. Ammonia-water solutions, relation between total pressure and temperature
178
28. Ammonia-water solutions, relation between total pressure and per cent.
NH3 in

solution 179
29. Ammonia-water solutions, relation between temperature and per cent. NH3
in
solution 180
30. Fractional distillation of kerosene and petroleums 181
31. Fractional distillation of gasolenes 182
32. Composition of hypothetical producer gas from fixed carbon 183
33. Heats of reaction for hypothetical producer gas from fixed carbon, B.T.U
184
34. Relation between temperatures and heat for gases according to the
constant and
variable specific heat 185
35. Rate of combustion of coal with draft 186
36. Heat per pound of steam above feed temperature. Evaporation per hour per
boiler horse-power. Factor of evaporation 187
37. Heat balance for locomotive boiler 188
38. Lifluence of various factors on boiler efficiency 189
39. Influence of various factors on boiler efficiency 190
xi

xii LIST OF CHARTS

CHART PAGB
40. Constant volume lines for steam on the temperature-entropy diagram 191
41. Exponential gas changes. Small pressure ratios 192
42. Exponential gas changes. Larger pressure ratios 192
43. Exponential gas changes. Relation between initial and final ratios of
pressures,
volumes, temperatures, and entropies 193
44. Temperature-entropy diagram with lines of constant pressure and constant
quality
for steam 194

45. The MoUier total heat entropy diagram for steam 195
46. Rankine cycle. Thermal efficiency. Steam initially dry and saturated 196
47. Rankine cycle. Thermal efficiency. Steam initially of any quality 197
48. Rankine cycle. Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and jet velocity. Steam
initially
dry saturated 198
49. Rankine cycle. Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and jet velocity. Steam
initially
of any quality 199
50. Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Thermal efficiency. Steam initially
dry
saturated 200
51. Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Thermal efficiency. Steam initially
of any
quality 201
52. Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and
jet
velocity. Steam initially dry and saturated 202
53. Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Work per lb. of steam (m.e.p.) and
jet
velocity. Steam initially of any quality '. 203
54. Thermal efficiency. Non-compression gas cycles, Brown, Lenoir, and Otto
and
Langen 204
55. Work per lb. of gases and (m.e.p.). Non-compression gas cycles, Brown,
Lenoir,
and Otto and Langen " 205
56. Stirling gas cycle. Thermal' efficiency. Heat of regeneration, plotted
against
heat from the fire 206
57. Ericsson gas cycle. Thermal efficiency. Heat of regeneration plotted
against
heat from the fire 207

58. Stirling gas cycle. Thermal efficiency. Heat of regeneration plotted

against compression pressure 208
59. Ericsson gas cycle. Thermal efficiency. Heat of regeneration plotted
against
compression pressure 209
60. Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and complete expansion Otto cycles.
Thermal
efficiency, with heat supplied 210
61. Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and complete expansion Otto cycles.
Thermal
efficiency, with compression 211
62. Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and complete expansion Otto cycles. Work
and
(m.e.p.) with heat supplied 212
63. Otto, Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, and complete expansion Otto cycles. Work
and
(m.e.p.) with compression 213
64. Otto gas cycle. Work and (m.e.p.) for heat added after compression 214
65. Diesel gas cycle. Work and (m.e.p.) for heat added after compression 215
66. Comparison of rational and empiric formulas for air and steam flow. Any
initial
pressure 216
67. Comparison of rational and empiric formulas for air and steam flow. Any
back
pressure 217
68. Harter's values of Napier's coefficient and weight of flow for
superheated steam 218
69. Velocity of air in pipes in terms of pitot tube readings 219
70. Coefficients of friction for air in ducts 220
71. Diagram to determine chimney diameters 221

LIST OF CHARTS xiii

CHART PAGE
72. Diagram to determine refrigerating effect per pound of ammonia 222
73. Diagram to determine refrigerating effect per pound of carbon dioxide 223
74. Density and specific volume of ammonia-water solutions 224
75. Temperature-entropy diagram for ammonia 225
76. MoUier diagram for ammonia 226
77. Temperature-entropy diagram for carbon dioxide 227
78. MoUier diagram for carbon dioxide 228
79. Work in B.T.U., by ammonia vaporizing to dry saturated vapor 229
80. Work in B.T.U., by ammonia vaporizing to any quality or superheat at 15
pounds 229
81. Work in B.T.U., by carbon dioxide vaporizing to dry saturated vapor 230
82. Work in B.T.U., by carbon dioxide vaporizing to any quality or superheat
230

TABLE OF SYMBOLS

A = area in square feet.

a = area in square inches.
= coefl&cient of linear expansion.
Be. = Baume.
B.H.P. = brake horse-power; also boiler horse-power.
(bk. pr.) = back pressure in pounds per square inch.
C = Centigrade.
= coefficient for air flow.
= specific heat.
Cp = specific heat at constant pressure.
Cv = specific heat at constant volume.
Ci = clearance expressed in cubic feet.
c = clearance expressed as a fraction of the displacement.

= constant.
D = displacement in cubic feet.
(del. pr.) = delivery pressure in pounds per square inch.
Ev = volumetric efficiency (apparent).
F = constant in equation for pipe flow.
= Fahrenheit.
Fr = resistance factor, Fr X velocity head = loss due to resistances.
g acceleration due to gravity, 32.2 (approx.) feet per second, per second.
H = as a subscript to denote high-pressure cylinder.
H.P. = horse-power.
h = height in inches.
K = coefficient of thermal conductivity
= constant.
. , Lan . . <. 1 aS ^
Ke = engme constant = ^^ ^^^ m expression for horse-power = ^o r>QQ
L = as a subscript to denote low-pressure cylinder.
= latent heat.
= length of stroke in feet.
(L.P. Cap.) = low-pressure capacity.
I = length.
(M.E.P.) = mean
(m.b.p.) = mean
(m.e.p.) = mean
(m.f.p.) = mean
N = revolutions
P = pressure in
p = pressure in

effective pressure, pounds per square foot,

back pressure in pounds per square inch,
effective pressure in pounds per square inch,
forward pressure in pounds per square inch.
per minute =R. P.M. or R.p.m.
pounds per square foot.
pounds per square inch.

Q = quantity of heat or energy in B.T.U. gained by a body passing from one

state to another.
R = gas constant.
Rc = ratio of cylinder sizes in two-stage air compressor or compound engine.
Rp = ratio of delivery to supply pressure.
XV

xvi TABLE OF SYMBOLS

(rec. pr.) = receiver pressure in pounds per square inch.

S = piston speed.
= pounds of steam per pound of air in producer blast.
s = general exponent of V in expansion or compression of gases.
sp. gr. = specific gravity.
sp. ht. = specific heat,
(sup. pr.) = supply pressure, in pounds per square inch.
T = temperature, degrees absolute.
t = temperature in degrees scale.
T<i> = temperature-entropy.
V = volume in cubic feet.
V = volume.
W = work in foot-pounds.
w = weight in pounds.
Wt. = weight.
X = constant in the expression for missing water.
= fraction of total weight liquified from the solid, or vaporized from the
liquid = quality. If
the vapor be superheated, the number of degrees of superheat also = quality.
y = ratio of the volume of receiver to that of the high-pressure cylinder of
the compound
engine.
Z = fraction of the stroke of the steam engine completed at cut-off.
z = ratio of R.P.M. to cycles per minute.
a, (alpha) = coefficient of cubical expansion.
dv = constant in equation for variable specific heat at constant volume.
ap = constant in equation for variable specific heat at constant pressure.
7, (gamma) = special value for s for adiabatic expansion or compression =
specific heat at constant pressure
specific heat at constant volume
5, (delta) = density in pounds per cubic foot,
f , (zeta) = coefficient of friction.
S, (sigma) = summation.
$ = 0, (phi) = entropy.
Note. A small letter when used as a subscript to a capital in general refers
to a point on a
diagram, e.g.. Pa designates pressure at the point A. Two small letters used
as subscripts
together, refer in general to a quantity between two points, e.g., Wab
designates work done
from point A to point B.

HANDBOOK OF
THERMODYNAMIC TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

PART I
INTRODUCTION
The province of Engineering Thermodynamics is to guide numerical thermal
computations deahng with actual substances and apparatus in accordance with
the laws of thermodynamic philosophy. In order to do this, numerical values
for heat effects must be available for the various substances and materials
used in engineering under the varying conditions of practice, and in such
units
as may readily be applied ; these include especially that class of units
known as
physical constants which embrace, for example, such quantities as the coefficients of expansion, the specific heats, latent heats of fusion and
vaporization,
the ratio of the pressure-volume product to absolute temperature, the exponent ''" in adiabatic expansion of gases and vapors, and various other
quantities. In addition to the physical constants which are necessary in the work
of
thermodynamic computation, the solution of numerical problems is greatly
facilitated by the use of other correlated tables and diagrams many of which
are
given in the present book of tables, but to correctly use such aids there
should be
no ambiguity in regard to the units employed.
It should be noted that true pressures are always absolute, that is, measured
above a perfect vacuum or counted from zero, while most pressure gages and
other devices for measuring pressure, such as indicators, give results
measured
above or below atmospheric pressure. In all problems involving work of
gases and vapors, the absolute values of the pressures must be used ; hence,
if a
gage or indicator measurement is being considered, the pressure of the atmosphere found by means of the barometer must be added to the pressure above
atmosphere in order to obtain the absolute or true pressures. When the pressures are below atmosphere the combination with the barometric reading will
depend on the record; if the record be taken by an indicator it will be in
pounds
per square inch below atmosphere and must be subtracted from the barometric equivalent in the same units to give the absolute pressure in pounds
per
square inch. When, however, a vacuum gage reads in inches of mercury below
atmosphere, as such gages do, the difference between its reading and the
barometric gives the absolute pressure in inches of mercury directly, which can
be
converted to the desired units by the proper factors.
In general, steam pressures are most commonly stated in pounds per square
1

2 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

inch and are designated as either gage or absolute. Pressures of compressed

air are commonly expressed in the same units as steam, either gage or
absolute,
though sometimes in atmospheres. Steam pressures below atmosphere are conveniently stated as a vacuum of so many inches of mercury, or they may be
given as a pressure of so many inches of mercury absolute or so many pounds
per square inch absolute. The pressures of gases stored in tanks under high
pressure are frequently recorded in atmospheres due to the convenience of
computation of quantities on this basis. Pressures of air obtained by blowers
or fans are sometimes given in ounces per square inch above atmosphere, but
such pressures, and also differences of pressure of air due to chimney
draught,
or forced draught, and the pressure of illuminating gas in city mains are
commonly stated in inches of water. In many cases the data are given in other
units
which must be converted by the use of tables, diagrams or otherwise, before
the results can be properly interpreted or intelligently compared.
Time is an important item in all engineering work and none the less so in
computations, so that convenient tables and diagrams are most essential to
the solution of such problems. In some cases graphic methods are the only
means of solution; in others the problems may be solved directly without the
use of formulas, and in still others certain steps may be shortened. In many
engineering calculations no one is justified in using a complicated
mathematical
formula; if too much time be required to make the calculation in commercial
work it will not be made, therefore indirect and often approximate methods
are
substituted. In such cases the nearest tabular or chart value must be used,
and generally the result will be as accurate as the work requires.
In the following tables and charts the accompanying title usually indicates the character of each table or diagram and little explanation is
necessary.
The tables for dry saturated steam, and properties of superheated steam are
those of Marks and Davis. From the investigation made by Ma.rks and Davis
it is believed that the properties of saturated steam given in the tables are
correct to within one-tenth of 1 per cent, for pressures within the range of
ordinary engineering practice.
The unit of heat and of energy in these tables is a mean B.T.U. or YsJ ^^ ^^^
heat required to raise 1 lb. of water from 32 to 212.
The value of one mean B.T.U. as used in these tables is equivalent to 777.52
ft.-lbs. when the gravitational constant is 980.665 cm. sec.^ which
corresponds
to 32.174 lbs. and is the value for latitude between 45 and 46. For many
years it has been most common to use in engineering calculations, the round
number 778; for most problems this round number is still the best available
figure, but where special accuracy is needed it is likely that no closer
value
can be relied upon than anything between 777.5 and 777.6 for the above
latitude.
Investigations, particularly by Knobloch and Jacob, by Thomas and by

Henning, show that the specific heat of superheated steam is not constant,
but
is a function of both pressure and temperature. The curves derived by Marks

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 3

and Davis for specific heat of superheated steam from a critical examination
of the material available are given in the charts.
As the method used in the derivation of the steam tables is so rational and
scientific it has been adopted for a new determination of the relations
between
pressure and temperature for ammonia and carbon dioxide, both important
substances in refrigeration. The tables of properties for ammonia and carbon
dioxide thus determined give the final values of total heat, heat of liquid,
latent
heat, specific volume and density of dry saturated vapor based upon large
scale
plottings, without equations beyond those for the pressure-temperature relations for saturated vapor. The results are believed to be as reliable as it
is
possible to have them without more experimental data.
The Mollier total heat-entropy diagram for steam makes possible the
solution of many problems involving both saturated and superheated steam.
Since this chart is so convenient for turbine work, a scale of corresponding
steam- jet velocities has been added to the diagram. Temperature-entropy
and Mollier diagrams have also been plotted for ammonia and carbon dioxide,
from which the work may readily be obtained.
The analyses of gases, oils, coals, and other fuels given in the tables will
be
found of great value to the engineer. These values have been selected from
the
most reliable sources available, but it is worth noting that in the analyses
of
oil gas there is quite a probability of uncertainty in the hydrocarbons
reported.
There is also some doubt, at least for gases, in the values given in the
table of
ignition temperatures (Table XXXIII). The ignition of a combustible is not
by any means a simple operation especially when the fuel is in the form of an
explosive gas mixture. With the latter the ignition temperature, true or
apparent, is different for different proportions of air and fuel, and likewise
still
different when neutrals are present. For this reason there may be various ignition temperatures for the same substance; this is known to be true for
gases.
The values given in the tables therefore must be considered as ignition temperatures not the ignition temperature.
Attention is called to the general coal tables (No. LV and LVI), the first
of which gives the proximate and ultimate analysis of upward of 200 different
coals covering the range from peat to anthracite. For each fuel the calorific

power is also given. Table LVI constitutes a new table derived from No. LV
in which the chemical and thermal properties have been re-determined as ash
and moisture free. In this table the calorific power of the combustible is
reported, total and as divided between the fixed carbon and the volatile parts,
and
finally the calorific power of the volatile itself per pound is found. The
product of the fractional weight of the fixed carbon and 14,544, its known
calorific
power, gives the heat due to the combustion of the fixed carbon part of the
combustible, and this subtracted from the B.T.U. per pound of combustible
gives the heat per pound of combustible derived from its volatile. The heat
per pound of combustible derived from its volatile only, when divided by the
fractional weight of volatile in the combustible gives the B.T.U. per pound
of

4 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
volatile itself. Thus the character of heating power of the volatile of the
coals
furnishes a new basis of classification with direct reference to availability
as
fuels, and makes possible the calculation of the calorific power of a coal
with
fair accuracy, from its easily found proximate analysis.
In general, the charts presented in this book have been drawn to a
sufficiently
large scale to permit direct solution of most problems with a reasonable
degree
of accuracy. However, in certain cases it is advisable to plot new diagrams
to
a larger scale in order to ensure still greater accuracy of result.
Where it has been deemed advisable the derivation and use of the chart has
been given in the text; but where this description would involve a lengthy
explanation it has been omitted ; in such cases the reader is referred to the
authors'
Textbook of Engineering Thermodynamics for a complete discussion of the construction of the diagrams. It will be understood that the numbers of
equations
given in the descriptive matter refer to the textbook quoted. In some of the
charts the curves have been plotted from tabular values derived from experiment or calculated from formulas; under these conditions the method of derivation is obvious and will not be referred to in the text.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table I
CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF DISTANCE

Meters. 1
Kilometers.
Inches. i
Feet.
Statute Miles.
Nautical Miles.
1
1000
0.0254
0.304801
1609.35
1853.27
0.001
1
0.0000254
0.0003048
1.60935
1.85327
39.37
39370.1
1
12
63360
72963.2
3.28083
3280.83
0.083333
1

5280
6080.27
0.000621370
0.62137
0.0000157828
0.000189394
1.
1.15157
0.000539587
0.539587
0000137055
0.000164466
0.868382
1.

* In accordance with U. S. Standards (see Smithsonian Tables).

Table II
CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF SURFACE

Sq. Meters.
Sq. Inches.
Sq. Feet.
Sq. Yards.
Acres.
Sq. Miles.
1

.000645
.0929
.8361
4046.87
1550.00
1
144
1296
10.76387
.00694
1
9
43560
27878400
1.19599
.111
1
4840
3097600
.000247
.000206
1
640
001562
2589999

Table III
CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF VOLUME

Cu. Meters.
Cu. Inches.
Cu. Feet.
Cu. Yards.
Lities
(1000 Cu. Cm.)
Gallons (U.S.)
1
61023.4
1
1728
46656
61.023
231
35.3145
.000578
1
27
.035314
.13368
1.3079
1000
.016387

28.317
264.170
00433
.028317
.76456
.03704
1
.001308
.004951
7.4805
201 . 974
.001
.003785
1
3.7854
.26417
1

Table IV
CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF WEIGHT AND FORCE

Kilogrammes.
Metric Tons.
Pounds.
U. S. or Short Tons.
British or Long Tons.
1.

1000.
0.453593
907.186
1016.05
0.001
1.
0.000453593
0.907186
1.01605
2.20462
2204.62
1.
2000.
2240.
0.00110231
1.10231
0.0005
1.
1.12000
0.000984205
0.984205
0.000446429
0.892957
1.

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table V
CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF PRESSURE

Pounds per
Square Foot.

Pounds per
Square Inch.

Inches of
Mercury at
32 F.

Atmospheres
(Standard at
Sea Level).

One lb. per sq. ft

One lb. per sq. in
One ounce per sq. in
One atmosphere (standard at sea
level)
One kilogramme per square meter . .
One gramme per square millimeter .
One kilogramme per square centimeter
FLUID PRESSURES
One ft. of water at 39.1 F. (max.
dens.)
One ft. of water at 62 F
One in. of water at 62 F
One in. of mercury at 32 F. (standard) ^
One centimeter of mercury at 0 C. .
One ft. of air at 32 F., one atmos.
press
Oneft. of air, 62 F

1
144.
9.
2116.1
20.4817
204.817
2048.17

62.425
62.355
5.196
70.7290
27.8461
0.08071
0.07607

0.006944
1.
0.0625
14.696
0.142234
1.42234
14.2234

0.43350
0.43302
0.036085
0.491174
0.193376
0.0005604
0.0005282

0.014139

2.03594
0.127246
29.924
0.289579
2.89579
28.9579

0.88225
0.88080
0.07340
1.
0.393701
0.0011412
0.0010755

0.0004724
0.06802
0.004252
1.
0.009678
0.09678
0.9678

0.029492
0.029460
0.002455
0.033416
0.013158
0.00003813
0.00003594

1 Pressubes Measured by the Mercury Column. For temperatures other than 32

F., the density
of mercury, pounds per cubic inch, and hence the pressure, pounds per square
inch, due to a column of

mercury 1 inch high, is given with sufficient accuracy by the following

formula:
p = 0.4912- (- 32) XO.OOOl.
The mercurial barometer is commonly made with a brass scale which has its
standard or correct length
at 62 F, and a linear coefficient of expansion of about 0.000001 for each
degree Fahrenheit. Hence, to
correct the standard mercury at 32 F., the corrected reading will be
<-28.6

Hsz^H^-H

UX

where Hi is the observed height at a temperature of t F.

11000

Table VI

CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF WORK

Kilogrammeters,
Foot-pounds.
Foot Tons (Short Tons).
Foot Tons (Long Tons).
1.
0.138255
276.510
309.691

7.23300
1.
2000.
2240.
0.00361650
0.000500
1.
1 . 12000
0.00322902
0.000446429
0.892857
1.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table VII
CONVERSION TABLE OF UNITS OF POWER

Foot-pounds per
Second.
Foot-pounds per
Minute.
Horse-power.
Cheval-Vapeur.
Kilogrammeters per
Minute.
1.
0.0166667
550.000
542.475
0.120550

60.
1.
33000.
32548.5
7.23327
0.00181818
0.000030303
1.
0.986319
0.000219182
0.00184340
0.0000307241
1.01387
1.
0.000222222
8.29531
0.138252
4562.42
4500.00
1.

Table VIII
UNITS OF VELOCITY

One foot per second

One foot per minute
One statute mile per hour
One nautical mile per hour = 1 knot
One kUometer per hour

One meter per minute

One centimeter per second

Feet per Minute.

60.
1.
88.
101.338
54.6806
3.28084
2.00848

Feet per Second.

0.016667
1.4667
1.6890
0.911344
0.0.54581
0.032808

Table IX
HEAT AND POWER CONVERSION TABLE

Calorie
KUo C.
B.T.U.
Lb. "F.
Lb. C.
Kilo *>F.

Calorie
per Lb.
B.T.U.
per Lb.
B.T.U.
per Kilo.
Calorie
per Kilo.
1.
3.9683
2.2046
1.8
1.
3.9683
8.7483
2.2046
.252
1.
.5556
.4536
.252

1.
2.2046
.5807
.4536
1.8
1.
.8165
.1143
.4536
1
.252
.5556
2.2046
1.2261
1.
.4536
1.8
3.9683
1.

Calorie
per Cu. Ft.
B.T.U.
per Cu. Ft.
Calorie
per Liter.
B.T.U.
per Liter.
1.
.252
28.317
7.136
3.9683
1.
112.37
28.317
.0353
.0089
1.
.252
.1402
.0353
3.9683
1.

Ft.-Lb.
B.T.U.
Calorie.

Cent. Heat
Unit, At.
H.P. Sec.
H.P. Min.
H.P. Hour.
1
777.5
3086
1399.5
650
3.3X10*
1.98X108
1. 286X10-'
1
3.9683
1.8
.7074
42.44
2545
.324X10-'
.252
1
.4536
.1783
10.695
641
.18X10-'

.5556
2.2046
1
.3931
23.578
1.413X10'
1. 818X10-'
1.414
5.61
2.545
1
60
3600
.303X10-*
2.356X10-2
9.35 XlO-2
4.24 XlO-2
1.67 XlO-
1
60
5.05 XlO-7
3. 927X10-*
1. 558X10-'
.707X10-'
2.777X10-*
1.67 XlO-2
1

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table X
TABLE OF BAROMETRIC HEIGHTS, ALTITUDES, AND PRESSURES
(Adapted from Smithsonian Tables)
Barometric heights are given in inches and milhmeters of mercury at its
standard density
(32 F.).
Altitudes are heights above mean sea level in feet, at which this barometric
height is
standard. (See Smithsonian Tables for corrections for latitude and
temperature.)
Pressures given are the equivalent of the barometric height in lbs. per sq.
in. and per
sq. ft.

Standard Barometer.

Pressure, Pounds per

Altitude, Feet above

Sea Level.

Inches.
Centimeters.

Square Inch.

Square Foot.
17.0
43.18
15379
8.350
1202.3
17.2
43.69
15061
8.448
1216.6
17.4
44.20
14746
8.546
1230.7
17.6
44.70
14435

8.645
1244.8
17.8
45.21
14128
8.742
1259.0
18.0
45.72
13824
8.840
1273.2
18.2
46.23
13523
8.940
1287.3
18.4
46.73

13226
9.038
1301.4
18.6
47.24
12931
9.136
1315.6
18.8
47.75
12640
9.234
1329.7
19.0
48.26
12352
9.332
1343.8
19.2

48.77
12068
9.430
1357.9
19.4
49.28
11786
9.529
1372.1
19.6
49.78
11507
9.627
1386.3
19.8
50.29
11230
9.726
1400.4

20.0
50.80
10957
9.825
1414.6
20.2
51.31
10686
9.922
1428.7
20.4
51.82
10418
10.020
1442.9
20.6
52.32
10153
10.118

1457.0
20.8
52.83
9890
10.217
1471.2
21.0
53.34
9629
10.315
1485.3
21.2
53.85
9372
10.414
1499.4
21.4
54.36
9116

10.511
1513.6
21.6
54.87
8863
10.609
1527.7
21.8
55.37
8612
10.707
1541.8
22.0
55.88
8364
10.806
1556.0
22.2
56.39

8118
10.904
1570.1
22.4
56.90
7874
11.002
1584.3
22.6
57.40
7632
11.100
1598.4
22.8
57.91
7392
11.198
1612.6
23.0

58.42
7155
11.297
1626.7
23.2
58.92
6919
11.395
1640.8
23.4
59.44
6686
11.493
1655.0
23.6
59.95
6454
11.592
1669.3

23.8
60.45
6225
11.690
1683.3
24.0
60.96
5997
11.788
1697.4
24.2
61.47
5771
11.886
1711.6
24.4
61.98
5547
11.984

1725.7
24.6
62.48
5325
12.083
1739.9
24.8
62.99
5105
12.182
1754.0
25.0
63.50
4886
12.280
1768.2
25.2
64.01
4670

12.377
1782.3
25.4
64.52
4455
12.475
1796.5
25.6
65.02
4241
12.573
1810.7
25.8
65.53
4030
12.671
1824.8

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table X Continued

Standard Barometer.
Altitude, Feet above
Sea Level.
Pressure, Pounds per
Inches.
Centimeters.
Square Inch.
Square Foot.
26.0
26.1
26.2
26.3
26.4
65.04
66.30
66; 55
66.80
67.06
3820
3715
3611
3508
3404
12.770
12.819
12.868
12.918
12.967

1838.9
1846.0
1853.1
1860.2
1867.3
26.5
26.6
2'6.7
26.8
26.9
67.31
67.57
67.82
68.08
68.33
3301
3199
3097
2995
2894
13.016
13.065
13.113
13 163
13.212
1874.3
1881.4
1888.5
1895.5
1902.6
27.0
27.1
27.2
27.3
27.4
68.58
68.84
69.09
69.34
69.60

2793
2692
2592
2493
2393
13.261
13.310
13.359
13.408
13.457
1909.7
1916.7
1923 . 8
1930.9
1938.0
27.5
27.6
27.7
27.8
27.9
69.85
70.10
70.35
70.61
70.87
2294
2195
2097
1999
1901
13.507
13.556
13.605
13.654
13.704
1945.1
1952.1
1959.2
1966.3
1973.3

28.0
28.1
28.2
28.3
28.4
71.12
71.38
71.63
71.88
72.14
1804
1707
1610
1514
1418
13.753
13.802
13.850
13.899
13.948
1980.4
1987.5
1994.5
2001 . 6
2008.7
28.5
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9
72.39
72.64
72.90
73.15
73.40
1322
1227
1132
1038 .
943

13.998
14.047
14.096
14.145
14.194
2015.7
2022 . 8
2030.0
2037.0
2044.1
29.0
29.1
29.2
29.3
29.4
73.66
73.92
74.16
74.42
74.68
849
756
663
570
477
14.243
14.293
14.342
14.392
14.441
2051 . 2
2058 . 2
2065.3
2072.4
2079.4
29.5
29.6
29.7
29.8
29.9

74.94
75.18
75.44
75.69
75.95
384
292
261
109
+18
14.490
14.539
14.588
14.637
14.686
2086.5
2093.6
2100.7
2107.7
2114.7
29.92
76.00

14.696
2116.1
30.0
30.1
30.2 ,
30.3
30.4
76.20
76.46
76.71
76.96
77.22 .

- 73
-163
-253
-343
-433
14.734
14.783
14.833
14.882
14.931
2121.7
2128.8
2135.9
2143.0
2150.1
30.5
30.6
30.7
30.8
30.9
77.47
77.72
77.98
78.23
78.48
-522
-611
-700
-788
-877
14.980
15.030
15.078
15.127
15.176
2157.2
2164.2
2171.3
2178.4
2185.5

31.0
78.74
-965
15.226
2192.6

10

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table XI
CONVERSION TABLE INCHES OF MERCURY TO POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH
(Calculated for a Temperature of 32 F.)
To correct for other temperatures see footnote Table V

In.
Hg

1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
9

0.0491
0.0982
0.1473
0.1964
0.2456
0.2947
0.3438
0.3929
0.4421
1
0.4912
0.5403
0.5894
0.6385

. 6877
0.7368
0.7859
0.8350
0.8841
0.9333
2
0.9824
1.0315
1.0806
1.1297
1 . 1788
1.2280
1.2771
1 . 3262
1.3753
1.4244
3
1.4736

1.5227
1.5718
1.6209
1.6701
1.7192
1.7683
1.8174
1.8665
1.9157
4
1.9648
2.0139
2.0630
2.1121
2.1613
2.2104
2.2595
2.3086
2.3577

2.4069
5
2.4560
2.5051
2 . 5542
2 . 6033
2 . 6525
2.7016
2.7507
2.7998
2.8489
2.8981
6
2.9472
2 . 9963
3.0454
3.0945
3.1437
3.1928

3.2419
3.2910
3.3401
3 . 3893
7
3.4384
3.4875
3 . 5366
3.5857
3.6349
3.6840
3.7331
3.7822
3.8313
3.8809
8
3.9296
3.9787
4.0278

4.0769
4.1261
4.1752
4.2243
4.2734
4.3225
4.3717
9
4.4208
4.4699
4.5190
4.5681
4.6173
4.6664
4.7155
4.7646
4.8137
4.8629
10

4.912
4.9611
5.0102
5.0593
5 . 1085
5 . 1576
5.2067
5.2558
5 . 3049
5.3541
11
5.4032
5.4523
5.5014
5 . 5505
5.5997
5.6488
5.6979
5.7470

5.7961
5 . 8453
12
5.894
5.9435
5 . 9926
6.0417
6.0909
6 . 1400
6.1891
6.2382
6.2873
6 . 3365
13
6.3856
6.4347
6 . 4838
6.5329
6.5821

6.6312
6 . 6803
6 . 7294
6.7785
6.8277
14
6 . 8768
6.9259
6.9750
7.0241
7.0733
7.1224
7.1715
7 . 2206
7.2697
7.3189
15
7.3680
7.4171

7.4662
7.5153
7.5645
7.6136
7.6627
7.7118
7.7609
7.8101
16
7.8592
7.9083
7.9574
8.0065
8.0557
8.1048
8.1539
8 . 2030
8.2521
8.3013

17
8.3504
8.3995
8.4486
8 . 4977
8.5469
8.5960
8.6451
8.6942
8.7433
8.7925
18
8.8416
8.8907
8.9398
8.9889
9.0381
9.0872
9.1363

9 . 1854
9.2345
9.2837
19
9.3328
9.3819
9.4310
9 . 4801
9 . 5293
9.5784
9 . 6275
9.6766
9.7257
9 . 7788
20
9 . 8240
9.8731
9.9222
9.9713

10.020
10.069
10.118
10.168
10.217
10.266
21
10.315
10.364
10.413
10.462
10.511
10.561
10.610
10.659
10.708
10.757
22
10.806

10.855
10.904
10.953
11.003
11.052
11.101
11.150
11.199
11.248
23
11.297
11.346
11.396
11.445
11.494
11.543
11.592
11.641
11.690

11.739
24
11.789
11.838
11.887
11.936
11.985
12.034
12.083
12.132
12.181
12.231
25
12.280
12.329
12.378
12 . 427
12.476
12.525

12.574
12.624
12.673
12.722
26
12.771
12.820
12.869
12.918
12.967
13.017
13.066
13.115
13.164
13.213
27
13.262
13.311
13.360

13.409
13.459
13.508
13.557
13.606
13.655
13.704
28
13 . 753
13.802
13.852
13.901
13.950
13.999
14.048
14.097
14.146
14.195
29

14.245
14.294
14.343
14.392
14.441
14.490
14.539
14 . 588
14.637
14.689
30
14.736
14.785
14.834
14.883
14.932
14.981
15 . 030
15.080

15.129
15.178
31
15.227
15.276
15.325
15.374
15.423
15.473
15.530
15.571
15 . 620
15 . 669

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table XII
PISTON POSITIONS FOR ANY CRANK ANGLE

11

From Bsginning of Stroke Away from Crank Shaft to Find Piston Position from
Dead-Center Multiply Stroke by Tabular Quantity

Crank
Angle.
^=4
r
^ = 4,5
r
r
r
r
I
- = 7
r
I
- = 8
r
I
-=9
r
5
.0014
.0015
.0015
.0016
.0016

.0016
.0017
.0019
10
.0057
.0059
.0061
.0062
.0063
.0065
.0067
.0076
15
.0128
.0133
.0137
.0140
.0142
.0146

.0149
.0170
20
.0228
.0237
.0243
.0248
.0253
.0260
.0265
.0302
25
.0357
.0368
.0379
.0388
.0394
.0405
.0413

.0468
30
.0513
.0531
.0545
.0556
.0565
.0581
.0592
.0670
35
.0698
.0721
.0740
.0754
.0767
.0787
.0801
.0904

40
.0910
.0939
.0962
.0981
.0997
.1022
.1041
.1170
45
.1152
.1187
.1215
.1237
.1256
.1286
.1308
.1468
50

.1416
.1458
.1491
.1518
.1541
.1576
.1607
.1786
55
.1713
.1759
.1828
.1827
.1853
.1892
.1922
.2132
60
.2026

.2079
.2122
.2157
.2186
.2231
.2295
.2500
65
.2374
.2431
.2477
.2514
.2545
.2594
.2630
.2886
70
.2730
.2794

.2844
.2885
.2929
.2973
.3013
.3290
75
.3123
.3187
.3239
.3282
.3317
.3372
.3414
.3705
80
.3516
.3586
.3642

.3687
.3725
.3784
.3828
.4132
85
.3944
.4013
.4068
.4113
.4151
.4210
.4254
.4564
90
.4365
.4437
.4495
.4547

.4580
.4641
.4686
.5000
95
.4816
.4885
.4940
.4985
.5022
.5081
.5126
.5436
100
.5253
.5323
.5378
.5424
.5461

.5520
.5564
.5868
105
.5711
.5775
.5828
.5870
.5905
.5961
.6002
.6294
110
.6150
.6214
.6265
.6306
.6340
.6393

.6530
.6710
115
.6600
.6657
.6703
.6740
.6771
.6820
.6856
.7113
120
.7026
.7080
.7122
.7157
.7186
.7231
.7265

.7500
125
.7449
.7495
.7533
.7563
.7588
.7628
.7658
.7868
130
.7844
.7885
.7920
.7947
.7969
.8004
.8030
.8214

135
.8223
.8258
.8286
.8308
.8327
.8357
.8379
.8535
140
.8570
.8600
.8623
.8642
.8658
.8682
.8703
.8830
145

.8889
.8913
.8931
.8946
.8958
.8978
.8993
.9096
150
.9173
.9191
.9204
.9216
.9226
.9241
.9252
.9330
155
.9420

.9432
.9452
.9451
.9457
.9468
.9476
.9531
160
.9625
.9633
.9640
.9645
.9650
.9656
.9661
.9698
165
.9787
.9792

.9796
.9799
.9802
.9805
.9809
.9829
170
.9905
.9908
.9909
.9911
.9912
.9913
.9915
.9924
175
.9976
.9977
.9977

.9977
.9978
.9978
.9979
.9981
180
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

Z = length of connecting rod.

T = radius of crank.

12

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table XIII
HORSE-POWER PER POUND MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE
aS Area n"X speed in ft. p.m.

VALUE OF Ke =

33000

33000

Diameter
nf
Speed of Piston in Feet per Minute.
UI
Cylinder,
Inches.
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800

900
4
0.0381
0.0762
0.1142
0.1523
0.1904
0.2285
0.2666
0.3046
0.3427
4^
0.0482
0.0964
0.1446
0.1928
0.2410
0.2892
0.3374

0.3856
0.4338
5
0.0592
0.1190
0.1785
0.2380
0.2975
0.3570
0.4165
0.4760
0.5355
5h
0.0720
0.1440
0.2160
0.2880
0.3600
0.4320

0.5040
0.5760
0.6480
6
0.0857
0.1714
0.2570
0.3427
0.4284
0.5141
0.5998
0.6854
0.7711
61
0.1006
0.2011
0.3017
0.4022
0.5028

0.6033
0.7039
0.8044
0.9050
7
0.1166
0.2332
0.3499
0.4665
0.5831
0.6997
0.8163
0.9330
1.0490
7i
0.1339
0.2678
0.4016
0.5355

0.6694
0.8033
0.9371
1.0710
1.2049
8
0.1523
0.3046
0.4570
0.6093
0.7616
0.9139
1.0662
1.2186
1.3709
81
0.1720
0.2439
0.5159

0.6878
0.8598
1.0317
1.2037
1.3756
1.5476
9
0.1928
0.3856
0.5783
0.7711
0.9639
1.1567
1.3495
1.5422
1.7350
91
0.2148
0.4296

0.6444
0.8592
1.0740
1.2888
1.5036
1.7184
1.9532
10
0.2380
0.4760
0.7140
0.9520
1.1900
1.4280
1.6660
1.9040
2.1420
11
0.2880

0.5760
0.8639
1.1519
1.4399
1.7279
2.0159
2.3038
2.5818
12
0.3427
0.6854
1.0282
1.3709
1.7136
2.0563
2.3990
2.7418
3.0845
13

0.4022
0.8044
1.2067
1.6089
2.0111
2.4133
2.8155
3.2178
3.6200
14
0.4665
0.9330
1.3994
1.8659
2.3324
2.7989
3.2654
3.7318
4.1983

15
0.5355
1.0710
1.6065
2.1420
2.6775
3.2130
3.7485
4.2840
4.8195
16
0.6093
1.2186
1.8278
2.4371
3.0464
3.6557
4.2650
4.8742

5.4835
17
0.6878
1.2756
1.9635
2.6513
3.3391
4.0269
4.6147
5.4026
6.1904
18
0.7711
1.5422
2.3134
3.0845
3.8556
4.6267
5.3987

6.1690
6.4901
19
0.8592
1.7184
2.5775
3.4367
4.2858
5.1551
6.0143
6.8734
7.7326
20
0.9520
1.9040
2.8560
3.8080
4.7600
5.7120

6.6640
7.6160
8.5680
21
1.0496
2.0992
3.1488
4.1983
5.2475
6.2975
7.3471
8.3966
9.4462
22
1.1519
2.3038
3.4558
4.6077
5.7596

6.9115
8.0643
9.2154
10.367
23
1.2590
2.5180
3.7771
5.0361
6.2951
7.5541
8.8131
10.072
11.331
24
1.3709
2.7418
4.1126
5.4835

6.8544
8.2253
9.5962
10.967
12.338
25
1.4875
2.9750
4.4625
5.9500
7.4375
8.9250
10.413
11.900
13.388
26
1.6089
3.2178
4.8266

6.4355
8.0444
9.6534
11.262
12.871
14.480
27
1.7350
3.4700
5.2051
6.9401
8.6751
10.410
12.145
13.880
15.615
28
1.8659
3.7318

5.5978
7.4637
9.3296
11.196
13.061
14.927
16.793
29
2.0016
4.0032
6.0047
8.0063
10.008
12.009
14.011
16.013
18.014
30
2.1420

4.2840
6.4260
8.5680
10.710
12.852
14.994
17.136
19.278
31
2.2872
4.5744
6.8615
9.1487
11.436
13.723
16.010
18.287
20.585
32

2.4371
4.8742
7.3114
9.7485
12.186
14.623
17.060
19.497
21.934
33
2.5918
5.1836
7.7755
10.367
12.959
15.551
18.143
20.735
23.326

34
2.7513
5.5026
8.2538
11.005
13.756
16.508
19.259
22.010
24.762
35
2.9155
5.8310
8.7465
11.662
14.578
17.493
20.409
23.224

26.240
36
3.0845
6.1690
9.2534
12.338
15.422
18.507
21.591
24.676
27.760
37
3.2582
6.5164
9.7747
13.033
16.291
19.549
22.808

26.066
29.324
38
3.4367
6.8734
10.310
13.747
17.184
20.620
24.057
27.494
30.930
39
3.6200
7.2400
10.860
14.480
18.100
21.720

25.340
28.960
32.580
40
3.8080
7.6160
11.424
15.232
19.040
22.848
26.656
30.464
34.272

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

13

Table XIV
CONSTANTS FOR THE CURVE PV = K
(Modified from Klein and Heck)
/VA"

The tabular value under "Exp." is equal to ( ^^ I corresponding to the given

ratio of the
assumed increasing volume V2 to initial volume Vi; the tabular value under
"Comp." is
/P2\equal to(p-)s corresponding to the given ratio of the assumed increasing
pressure Pi to
the initial pressure P2.

Logarithmic
expansion
s = 1
Constant
steam weight
Adiabatic of saturated steam for x =
0.7 0.9 1.0
Compression curve
with steam jacketed
cylinder
Adiabatic of
superheated
steam
Adiabatic of
air
Ratio
s = 1.065
1.105
1.125

1.135
s = 1.250
s = 1.33
s = 1.406

Exp.
Comp.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Exp.
Comp.
Exp.
Comp.
Exp.
Comp.
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.25
2.50
2.75
3.00

3.50
4.00
4.50
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
0.8000
0.6667
0.5714
0.5000
0.4444
. 4000
0.3636
0.3333
. 2857
. 2500
0.2222
0.2000
0.1667
0.1429
0.1250
0.1111
0.1000
0.0833
0.0714
0.0625
0.0556
0.0500
0.0400
0.0333
0.7885
0.6493
0.5510
0.4780

0.4216
0.3769
0.3405
0.3104
0.2634
0.2285
0.2015
0.1801
0.1483
0.1259
0.1092
0.0963
0.0861
0.0709
0.0602
0.0522
0.0460
0.0412
0.0324
0.0267
0.8110
0.6843
0.5913
0.5216
0.4670
0.4230
0.3868
0.3565
0.3084
0.2721
0.2436
0.2206
0.1859
0.1609
0.1419
0.1271
0.1151
0.0970
0.0839
0.0740
0.0663
0.0600
0.0487
0.0410

0.7815
0.6389
0.5388
. 4649
0.4082
0.3633
0.3270
0.2970
0.2505
0.2161
0.1898
0.1689
0.1381
0.1165
0.1005
0.0882
0.0785
0.0642
0.0541
0.0467
0.0410
0.0365
0.0285
0.0233
0.7780
0.6337
0.5328
0.4585
0.4016
0.3567
0.3204
0.2906
0.2443
0.2102
0.1841
0.1636
0.1332
0.1120
0.0964
0.0844
0.0750
0.0611
0.0514
0.0442

0.0387
0.0345
0.0268
0.0218
0.7763
0.6312
0.5299
0.4553
0.3984
0.3535
0.3172
0.2874
0.2413
0.2073
0.1814
0.1609
0.1309
0.1099
0.0944
0.0826
0.0733
0.0596
0.0500
0.0430
0.0376
0.0334
0.0259
0.0211
. 7569
0.6024
0.4968
0.4265
0.3629
0.3121
0.2824
0.2533
0.2089
0.1768
0.1526
0.1337
0.1065
0.0878
0.0743
0.0642

0.0562
0.0450
0.0369
0.0313
0.0270
0.0236
0.0179
0.0142
0.8365
0.7230
0.6391
0.5743
0.5226
0.4804
0.4451
0.4152
0.3671
0.3299
0.3002
0.2760
0.2385
0.2158
0.1895
0.1724
0.1585
0.1369
0.1210
0.1088
0.0991
0.0910
0.0759
0.0658
0.7427
0.5824
0.4742
0.3969
0.3393
0.2947
0.2596
0.2311
0.1882
0.1575
0.1346
0.1170

0.0917
0.0747
0.0625
0.0534
0.0464
0.0364
0.0296
0.0248
0.0212
0.0184
0.0137
0.0107
0.8459
0.7378
0.6572
0.5946
0.5443
0.5030
0.4683
0.4387
0.3908
0.3536
0.3237
0.2991
0.2609
0.2324
0.2102
0.1925
0.1778
0.1551
0.1382
0.1250
0.1144
0.1057
0.0894
0.0780
0.7307
0.5655
0.4553
0.3774
0.3198
0.2757
0.2412
0.2134

0.1718
0.1424
0.1207
0.1041
0.0805
0.0448
0.0537
0.0455
0.0393
0.0304
0.0245
0.Q203
0.0172
0.0148
0.0108
0.0084
0.8533
0.7495
0.6716
0.6108
0.5617
0.5212
. 4870
0.4578
0.4102
0.3731
0.3431
0.3183
0.2796
0.2506
0.2274
0.2096
0.1944
0.1708
0.1531
0.1392
0.1280
0.1188
0.1013
0.0890

14

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table XV

A. Expansion of Water from 200

Lbs. Abs.

B. Expansion of Dry Saturated Steam from

200 Lbs. Abs.

Values of s for 10-lb.

Values of s for Whole
Values of s for 10-lb.
Values of s for Whole |
Intervals

Range.

Intervals.

Range.

Pressure.

CalcuCor200 Lbs.
CalcuCorRange. ^
CalcuCor200 Lbs.
CalcuCorlated.
rected.
to
lated.
rected.

lated.
rected.
to

lated.
rected,
200-190
.0987
.1
190
.0987
.100
200-190
1.132
1.145
190
1.132
1.143
190-180
.1435
.141
180
.1175

.118
190-180
1.153
1.145
180
1.143
1.143
180-170
.1847
.182
170
.1348
.135
180-170
1.142
1.145
170
1.143
1.143

170-160
.2304
.223
160
.1519
.153
170-160
1.148
1.145
160
1.144
1.143
160-150
.2671
.264
150
.1682
.168
160-150

1.138
1.144
150
1.143
1.143
150-140
.3069
.305
140
.1843
.184
150-140
1.128
1.144
140
1.140
1.143
140-130
.3509

.346
130
.2007
.202
140-130
1.150
1.143
130
1.142
1.142
130-120
.3911
.387
120
.2172
.218
130-120
1.130
1.143

120
1.140
1.142
120-110
.4304
.428
110
.2341
.235
120-110
1.135
1.142
110
1.139
1.142
110-100
.4738
.470
100

.2517
.252
110-100
1.137
1.141
100
1.139
1.141
100- 90
.5166
.510
90
.2699
.270
100- 90
1.148
1.140
90
1.140

1.140
90- 80
.5512
.551
80
.2889
.290
90- 80
1.126
1.138
80
1.138
1.139
80- 70
.5897
.592
70
.3089
.310

80- 70
1.144
1.137
70
1.139
1.139
70- 60
.6320
.633
60
.3306
.332
70- 60
1.138
1.136
60
1.138
1.138
60- 50

.6790
.674
50
.3547
.356
60- 50
1.125
1.135
50
1.137
1.137
50- 40
.7147
.716
40
.3811
.382
50- 40
1.143

1 . 133
40
1.138
1.136
40- 30
.7658
.760
30
.4125
.412
40- 30
1.131
1.131
30
1.136
1.135
30- 20
.8150
.808

20
.4518
.448
30- 20
1.131
1.130
20
1.135
1.134
20- 10
.8718
,870
10
.5085
.504
20- 10
1.125
1.128
10

1.133
1.131
10- 1
1.0557
1.042
1
.6381
.638
10- 1
1.124
1.126
1
1.124
1.127

C. Expansion of Steam. Superheated throughout D. Expansion op Steam Initially

Superheated
Expansion, from 200 Lbs. Abs. and 540 Super- and Finally Wet, from 203 Lbs.
Abs. and 150
heat. Superheat.
(Note. Crosses saturation line at 70 lbs. abs.)

Values of S for
10-lb.
Values of s for Whole
Values of s for 10-lb.
Values
of s for Whole
Intervals.

Range.
Intervals

Range.

CalcuCor200 Lbs.
Calcu-

CorRange.
CalcuCor200 Lbs.
CalcuCorPressure.
lated.
rected.
to
lated.
rected.
lated.
rected.
to
lated.
rected.
200-190

1.354
1.342
190
1.354
1.342
200-190
1.249
1.334
190
1.249
1.339
190-180
1.314
1.342
180
1.333
1.342
190-180
1.365

1.332
180
1.306
1.338
180-170
1.455
1.342
170
1.374
1.342
180-170
1.396
1.330
170
1.336
1.337
170-160
1 . 257
1.342

160
1.340
1.342
170-160
1.333
1.327
160
1.336
1.336
160-150
1.403
1.341
150
1.354
1.341
160-150
1.314
1.324
150

1.331
1 . 335
150-140
1.213
1.341
140
1.323
1.341
150-140
1.325
1.321
140
1.330
1.333
140-130
1.422
1.341
130
1.340

1.341
140-130
1.357
1.316
130
1.334
1.332
130-120
1.343
1.340
120
1.340
1.340
130-120
1.302
1.312
120
1.329
1.330

120-110
1.329
1.340
110
1.339
1.339
120-110
1.303
1.306
110
1.325
1.328
110-100
1.332
1.339
100
1.338
1.339
110-100

1.270
1.300
100
1.317
1.326
100- 90
1.338
1.338
90
1.338
1.338
100- 90
1.396
1.292
90
1.328
1.323
90- 80
1.287

1.336
80
1.331
1.336
90- 80
1.311
1.283
80
1.325
1.320
80- 70
1.331
1.335
70
1.331
1.335
80- 70
1.337
1,272

70
1.327
1.316
70- 60
1.340
1.334
60
1.332
1.334
70- 60
1.230
1.156
60
1.314
1.304
60- 50
1.315
1.332
50

1.330
1.332
60- 50
1.150
1.150
50
1.290
1.289
50- 40
1.327
1.330
40
1.329
1.330
50- 40
1.144
1.146
40
1.268

1.270
40- 30
1.318
1.327
30
1.328
1.327
40- 30
1.138
1.140
30
1.246
1.250
30- 20
1.328
1.325
20
1.328
1.325

30- 20
1.093
1.134
20
1.216
1.226
20- 10
1.323
1.322
10
1.327
1.322
20- 10
1.157
1.127
10
1.202
1.200

10- 1
1.116
1.120
1
1.163
1.176

Note. Irregularities in values of 5 have been corrected by plotting a smooth

curve through calculated
values, and taking corrected values from this curve.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

15

Table XVI
VALUES OF s IN THE EQUATION PV = CONSTANT FOR VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
AND CONDITIONS

Substance.

Remarks or Authority.
All gases
Isothermal
1 1

All gases and vapors . .

Constant pressure

Accepted thermodyAll saturated vapors . .

Isothermal

namic law
All gases and vapors . .
Constant volume
00

Air
Adiabatic
1 4066

Smith son inn Tnlilptj

Air
Compressed in cylinder
Adiabatic, wet
1 4
Experience
Average
Ammonia (NH3)
1.1
Ammonia (NH3)
Adiabatic, superheated
1.3
Thermodynamics
Bromine
Adiabatic
1.293
Strecker
Carbon dioxide (CO2) .
Adiabatic
1.300

Rontgen, Wullner
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Adiabatic
1.403
Cazin, Wullner
Carbon disulphide

(CS2)
Adiabatic
1.200
Beyne
Strecker
Chlorine (CI)
Adiabatic
1.323
Chloroform

(CCl3CH(OH)2)....

Adiabatic
1.106
Beyne, Wullner
Ether (C2H6OC2H5)...
Adiabatic
1.029
Miiller
Hydrogen (H2)
Adiabatic
1.410
Cazin
Hydrogen sulph . (H2S)
Adiabatic
1.276
Miiller
Methane (CH4)
Adiabatic
1.316
MuUer

Nitrogen (N2)
Adiabatic
1.410
Cazin
Nitrous oxide (NO2) . .
Adiabatic
1.291
Wullner
Pintsch gas
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
1.24
1.26
Pintsch Co.
Sulphide diox (SO2) .. .
Cazin, Miiller
Steam, superheated . ..
Adiabatic
1.300
Smithsonian Tables

Steam, wet
Adiabatic
Variable
(From less than 1 to

more than 1.2)

Steam^ wet
Adiabatic
Adiabatic
1.111
1+.14X% moist.
Rankine
Steam, wet
Perry
Steam, wet
Adiabatic
1.035 + 1.0 X% moist.
Gray
Steam, wet
Expanding in cylinder
1.

Average from practice

Steam, dry
Saturation law
1.0646
Regnault

Table XVII
FIXED TEMPERATURES
U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Temperature,
C.
Temperature,
Y,
Determined by the Point at which
232
449
Liquid tin solidifies
327
621
Liquid lead solidifies

419.4
787
Liquid zinc solidifies
444.7
832.5
Liquid sulphur boils
630.5
1167
Liquid antimony solidifies
658
1216
Liquid aluminum, 97.7% pure, solidifies
1064
1947
SoHd gold melts
1084
1983
Liquid copper solidifies
1435

2615
SoHd nickel melts
1546
2815
Solid palladium melts
1753
3187
Solid platinum melts

16

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table XVni
TEMPERATURES, CENTIGRADE AND FAHRENHEIT

c.
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
C.

F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
-40
-40.
26
78.8
92
197.6
158
316.4
224
435.2
290
554

950
1742
-39
-38.2
27
80.6
93
199.4
159
318.2
225
437.
300
572
960
1760
-38
-36.4
28

82.4
94
201.2
160
320.
226
438.8
310
590
970
1778
-37
-34.6
29
84.2
95
203.
161
321.8

227
440.6
320
608
980
1796
-36
-32.8
30
86.
96
204.8
162
323.6
228
442.4
330
626
990

1814
-35
-31.
31
87.8
97
206.6
163
325.4
229
444.2
340
644
1000
1832
-34
-29.2
32
89.6

98
208.4
164
327.2
230
446.
350
662
1010
1850
-33
-27.4
33
91.4
99
210.2
165
329.
231

447.8
360
680
1020
1868
-32
-25.6
34
93.2
100
212.
166
330.8
232
449.6
370
698
1030
1886

-31
-23.8
35
95.
101
213.8
167
332.6
233
451.4
380
716
1040
1904
-30
-22.
36
96.8
102

215.6
168
334.4
234
453.2
390
734
1050
1922
-29
-20.2
37
98.6
103
217.4
169
336.2
235
455.

400
752
1060
1940
-28
-18.4
38
100.4
104
219.2
170
338.
236
456.8
410
770
1070
1958
-27

-16.6
39
102.2
105
221.
171
339.8
237
458.6
420
788
1080
1976
-26
-14.8
40
104.
106
222.8

172
341.6
238
460.4
430
806
1090
1994
-25
-13.
41
105.8
107
224.6
173
343.4
239
462.2
440

824
1100
2012
-24
-11.2
42
107.6
108
226.4
174
345.2
240
464.
450
842
1110
2030
-23
- 9.4

43
109.4
109
228.2
175
347.
241
465.8
460
860
1120
2048
-22
- 7.6
44
111.2
110
230.
176

348.8
242
467.6
470
878
1130
2066
-21
- 5.8
45
113.
111
231.8
177
350.6
243
469.4
480
896

1140
2084
-20
- 4.
46
114.8
112
233.6
178
352.4
244
471.2
490
914
1150
2102
-19
- 2.2
47

116.6
113
235.4
179
354.2
245
473.
500
932
1160
2120
-18
- 0.4
48
118.4
114
237.2
180
356.

246
474.8
510
950
1170
2138
-17
+ 1.4
49
120.2
115
239.
181
357.8
247
476.6
520
968
1180

2156
-16
3.2
50
122.
116
240.8
182
359.6
248
478.4
530
986
1190
2174
-15
5.
51
123.8

117
242.6
183
361.4
249
480.2
540
1004
1200
2192
-14
6.8
52
125.6
118
244.4
184
363.2
250

482.
550
1022
1210
2210
-13
8.6
53
127.4
119
246.2
185
365.
251
483.8
560
1040
1220
2228

-12
10.4
54
129.2
120
248.
186
366.8
252
485.6
570
1058
1230
2246
-11
12.2
55
131.
121

249.8
187
368.6
253
487.4
580
1076
1240
2264
-10
14.
56
132.8
122
251.6
188
370 4
254
489.2

590
1094
1250
2282
- 9
15.8
57
134.6
123
253.4
189
372.2
255
491.
600
1112
1260
2300
- 8

17.6
58
136.4
124
255.2
190
374.
256
492.8
610
1130
1270
2318
- 7
19.4
59
138.2
125
257.

191
375.8
257
494.6
620
1148
1280
2336
- 6
21.2
60
140.
126
258.8
192
377.6
258
496.4
630

1166
1290
2354
- 5
23.
61
141.8
127
260.6
193
379.4
259
408.2
640
1184
1300
2372
- 4
24.8

62
143.6
128
262.4
194
381.2
260
500.
650
1202
1310
2390
- 3
26.6
63
145.4
129
264.2
195

383.
261
501.8
660
1220
1320
2408
- 2
28.4
64
147.2
130
266.
196
384.8
262
503.6
670
1238

1330
2426
- 1
30.2
65
149.
131
267.8
197
386.6
263
505.4
680
1256
1340
2444

32.
66

150.8
132
269.6
198
388.4
264
507.2
690
1274
1350
2462
+ 1
33.8
67
152.6
133
271.4
199
390.2

265
509.
700
1292
1360
2480
2
35.6
68
154.4
134
273.2
200
392.
266
510.8
710
1310
1370

2498
3
37.4
69
156.2
135
275.
201
393.8
267
512.6
720
1328
1380
2516
4
39.2
70
158.

136
276.8
202
395.6
268
514.4
730
1346
1390
2534
6
41.
71
159.8
137
278.6
203
397.4
269

516.2
740
1364
1400
2552
6
42.8
72
161.6
138
280.4
204
399.2
270
518.
750
1382
1410
2570

7
44.6
73
163.4
139
282.2
205
401.
271
519.8
760
1400
1420
2588
8
46.4
74
165.2
140

284.
206
402.8
272
521.6
770
1418
1430
2606
9
48.2
75
167.
141
285.8
207
404.6
273
523.4

780
1436
1440
2624
10
50.
76
168.8
142
287.6
208
406.4
274
525.2
790
1454
1450
2642
11

51.8
77
170.6
143
289.4
209
408.2
275
527.
800
1472
1460
2660
12
53.6
78
172.4
144
291.2

210
410.
276
528.8
810
1490
1470
2678
13
55.4
79
174.2
145
293.
211
411.8
277
530.6
820

1508
1480
2696
14
57.2
80
176.
146
294.8
212
413.6
278
532.4
830
1526
1490
2714
15
59.

81
177.8
147
296.6
213
415.4
279
534.2
840
1544
1500
2732
16
60.8
82
179.6
148
298.4
214

417.2
280
536.
850
1562
1510
2750
17
62.6
83
181.4
149
300.2
215
419.
281
537.8
860
1580

1520
2768
IS
64.4
84
183.2
150
302.
216
420.8
282
539.6
870
1598
1530
2786
19
66.2
85

185.
151
303.8
217
422.6
283
541.4
880
1616
1540
2804
20
68.
86
186.8
152
305.6
218
424.4

284
543.2
890
1634
1550
2822
21
69.8
87
188.6
153
307.4
219
426.2
285
545.
900
1652
1600

2912
22
71.6
88
190.4
154
309.2
220
428.
286
546.8
910
1670
1650
3002
23
73.4
89
192.2

155
311.
221
429.8
287
548.6
920
1688
1700
3092
24
75.2
90
194.
156
312.8
222
431.6
288

550.4
930
1706
1750
3182
25
77.
91
195.8
157
314.6
223
433.4
289
552.2
940
1724
1800
3272

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table XVIH Continued
TEMPERATURES, FAHRENHEIT AND CENTIGRADE

17

F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
C.
F.
c.
-40

-40.
26
- 3.3
92
33.3
158
70.
224
106.7
290
143.3
360
182.2
-39
-39.4
27
- 2.8
93
33.9

159
70.6
225
107.2
291
143.9
370
187.8
-38
-38.9
28
- 2.2
94
34.4
160
71.1
226
107.8
292

144.4
380
193.3
-37
-38.3
29
- 1.7
95
35.
161
71.7
227
108.3
293
145.
390
198.9
-36
-37.8

30
- 1.1
96
35.6
162
72.2
228
108.9
294
145.6
400
204.4
-35
-37.2
31
- 0.6
97
36.1
163

72.8
229
109.4
295
146.1
410
210.
-34
-36.7
32
0.
98
36.7
164
73.3
230
110.
296
146.7

420
215.6
-33
-36. 1
33
+ 0.6
99
37.2
165
73.9
231
110.6
297
147.2
430
221.1
-32
-35.6
34

1.1
100
37.8
166
74.4
232
111.1
298
147.8
440
226.7
-31
-35.
35
1.7
101
38.3
167
75.

233
111.7
299
148.3
450
232.2
-30
-34.4
36
2.2
102
38.9
168
75.6
234
112.2
300
148.9
460

237.8
-29
-33.9
37
2.8
103
39.4
169
76.1
235
112.8
301
149.4
470
243.3
-28
-33.3
38
3.3

104
40.
170
76.7
236
113.3
302
150.
480
248.9
-27
-32.8
39
3.9
105
40.6
171
77.2
237

113.9
303
150.6
490
254.4
-26
-32.2
40
4.4
106
41.1
172
77.8
238
114.4
304
151.1
500
260.

-25
-31.7
41
5.
107
41.7
173
78.3
239
115.
305
151.7
510
265.6
-24
-31.1
42
5.6
108

42.2
174
78.9
240
115.6
306
152.2
520
271.1
-23
-30.6
43
6.1
109
42.8
175
79.4
241
116.1

307
152.8
530
276.7
-22
-30.
44
6.7
110
43.3
176
80.
242
116.7
308
153.3
540
282.2
-21

-29.4
45
7.2
111
43.9
177
80.6
243
117.2
309
153.9
550
287.8
-20
-28.9
46
7.8
112
44.4

178
81.1
244
117.8
310
154.4
560
293.3
-19
-28.3
47
8.3
113
45.
179
81.7
245
118.3
311

155.
570
298.9
-18
-27.8
48
8.9
114
45.6
180
82.2
246
118.9
312
155.6
580
304.4
-17
-27.2

49
9.4
115
46.1
181
82.8
247
119.4
313
156.1
590
310.
-16
-26.7
50
10.
116
46.7
182

83.3
248
120.
314
156.7
600
315.6
-15
-26.1
51
10.6
117
47.2
183
83.9
249
120.6
315
157.2

610
321.1
-14
-25.6
52
11.1
118
47.8
184
84.4
250
121.1
316
157.8
620
326.7
-13
-25.
53

11.7
119
48.3
185
85.
251
121.7
317
158.3
630
332.2
-12
-24.4
54
12.2
120
48.9
186
85.6

252
122.2
318
158.9
640
337.8
-11
-23.9
55
12.8
121
49.4
187
86.1
253
122.8
319
159.4
650

343.3
-10
-23.3
56
13.3
122
50.
188
86.7
254
123.3
320
160.
660
348.9
- 9
-22.8
57
13.9

123
50.6
189
87.2
255
123.9
321
160.6
670
354.4
- 8
-22.2
58
14.4
124
51.1
190
87.8
256

124.4
322
161.1
680
360.
- 7
-21.7
59
15.
125
51.7
191
88.3
257
125.
323
161.7
690
365.6

- 6
-21.1
60
15.6
126
52.2
192
88.9
258
125.6
324
162.2
700
371.1
- 5
-20.6
61
16.1
127

52.8
193
89.4
259
126.1
325
162.8
710
376.7
- 4
-20.
62
16.7
128
53.3
194
90.
260
126.7

326
163.3
720
382.2
- 3
-19.4
63
17.2
129
53.9
195
90.6
261
1?7.2
327
163.9
730
387.8
- 2

-18.9
64
17.8
130
54.4
196
91.1
262
127.8
328
164.4
740
393.3
- 1
-18.3
65
18.3
131
55.

197
91.7
263.
128.3
329
165.
750
398.9

-17.8
66
18.9
132
55.6
198
92.2
264
128.9
330

165.6
760
404.4
+ 1
-17.2
67
19.4
133
56.1
199
92.8
265
129.4
331
166.1
770
410.
2
-16.7

68
20.
134
56.7
200
93.3
266
130.
332
166.7
780
415.6
3
-16.1
69
20.6
135
57.2
201

93.9
267
130.6
333
167.2
790
421.1
4
-15.6
70
21.1
136
57.8
202
94.4
268
131.1
334
167.8

800
426.7
5
-15.
71
21.7
137
58.3
203
95.
269
131.7
335
168.3
810
432.2
6
-14.4
72

22.2
138
58.9
204
95.6
270
132.2
336
168.9
820
437.8
7
-13.9
73
22.8
139
59.4
205
96.1

271
132.8
337
169.4
830
443.3
8
-13.3
74
23.3
140
60.
206
96.7
272
133.3
338
170.
840

448.9
9
-12.8
75
23.9
141
60.6
207
97.2
273
133.9
339
170.6
850
454.4
10
-12.2
76
24.4

142
61.1
208
97.8
274
134.4
340
171.1
860
460.
11
-11.7
77
25.
143
61.7
209
98.3
275

135.
341
171.7
870
465.6
12
-11.1
78
25.6
144
62.2
210
98.9
276
135.6
342
172.2
880
471.1

13
-10.6
79
26.1
145
62.8
211
99.4
277
136.1
343
172.8
890
476.7
14
-10.
80
26.7
146

63.3
212
100.
278
136.7
344
173.3
900
482.2
15
- 9.4
81
27.2
147
63.9
213
100.6
279
137.2

345
173.9
910
487.8
16
- 8.9
82
27.8
148
64.4
214
101.1
280
137.8
346
174.4
920
493.3
17

- 8.3
83
28.3
149
65.
215
101.7
281
138.3
347
175.
930
498.9
18
- 7.8
84
28.9
150
65.6

216
102.2
282
138.9
348
175.6
940
504.4
19
- 7.2
85
29.4
151
66.1
217
102.8
283
139.4
349

176.1
950
510.
20
- 6.7
86
30.
152
66.7
218
103.3
284
140.
350
176.7
960
515.6
21
- 6.1

87
30.6
153
67.2
219
103.9
285
140.6
351
177.2
970
521.
22
- 5.6
88
31.1
154
67.8
220

104.4
286
141.1
352
177.8
980
526.7
23
- 5.
89
31.7
155
68.3
221
105.
287
141.7
353
178.3

990
532.2
24
- 4.4
90
32.2
156
68.9
222
105.6
288
142.2
354
178.9
1000
537.8
25
- 3.9
91

32.8
157
69.4
223
106.1
289
142.8
355
179.4
1010
543.3

18

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

The missing water, or difference between the actual steam consumption of an

engine and that shown by the indicator cards is given by Prof. Heck as:

Missing water

Indicated steam

027 L

S{x2 xi)

PiZ

in which ;S=the ratio of cylinder-displacement surface in sq. ft. to

displacement in cu. ft., or
2 d
iS=v+2^; Z=fraction of card length completed at cut-off;
iV=R.P.M. of engine; d = dia. cyl. in in.; L = stroke in ft.
The term (0^2 a? i) is to be supplied from Table XIX and is the difference
between the x for the high pressure and that for the low pressure, both
absolute.

Table XIX
VALUES OF X FOR USE IN HECK'S FORMULA FOR MISSING WATER

Absolute

Absolute

Absolute

Steam Preasure.
X
Steam Pressure.
X

Steam Pressure.
X

170
70
297.5
165
393
1
175
75
304
170
397
2
179
80
310
180

405
3
183
85
316
185
409
4
186
90
321.5
190
413
6
191
95
327
195
416.5

8
196
100
332.5
200
420
10
200
105
338
210
427
15
210
110
343
220
431
20

220
115
348
230
441
25
229
120
353
240
447.5
30
238
125
358
250
454
35
246

130
362.5
260
460.5
40
254
135
367
270
467
45
262
140
371.5
280
473
60
269.5
145

376
290
479
55
277
150
380.5
300
485
60
284
155
385

65
291
160
389

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

19

Table XX
BAUME SPECIFIC GRAVITY SCALE
Specific gravities are for 60 F. referred to water at same temperature as
unity, at which
temperature it weighs 62.34 lbs. per cubic foot.
Tabular results are calculated from:

Degrees Baum6

145

145

specific gravity
140

)for liquids heavier than water.

130 1 for liquids lighter than water.

^specific gravity
Relation between Specific Gravity and Baume

.00
.01

.02
.03
.04
.05
.06
.07
.08
.09
Specific
Gravity

Degrees Baume.

.60
103.33
99.51
95.81
92.22
88.75
85.38
82.12
78.95
75.88

72.901
.70
70.00
67.18
64.44
61.78
59.19
56.67
54.21
51.82
49.49
47.221
.80
45.00
42.84
40.73
36.68
36.67
34.71

32.79
30.92
29.09
27.301
.90
25.56
23.85
22.17
20.54
18.94
17.37
15.83
14.33
12.86
11.411
1.00
10.00

1.00
0.00
1.44
2.84
4.22
5.58
6.91
8.21
9.49
10.74
11.97
1.10
13.18
14.37
15.54

16.68
17.81
18.91
20.00
21.07
22.12
23.15
1.20
24.17
25.16
26.15
27.11
28.06
29.00
29.92
30.83
31.72
32.60
1.30

33.46
34.41
35.15
35.98
36.79
37.50
38.38
39.16
39.93
40.68
1.40
41.43
42.16
42.89
43.60
44.31
45.00
45.68
41.36

47.03
47.68
1.50
48.33
48.97
49.60
50.23
50.84
51.45
52.05
52.62
53.23
53.80

Adapted from Smithsonian Tables No. 65.

1 Specific gravity less than 1.00 particularly useful for Hquids fuel, oils,
and alcohols.
' Specific gravities greater than 1.00 particularly useful for non-freezing
brines.

TABT.T5 XXT
FREEZING-POINT OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE
U. S. Bureau of Standards

Density of Solution.

Per cent CaCU by Wt.

Freezing-point,
C.
Freezing-point.
o p
1.12
14.88
- 9
15.8
1.14
16.97
-13
8.6
1.16
19.07
-16
3.2
1.18
21.13
-20

- 4.0
1.20
23.03
-24
-11.2
1.22
24.89
-29
-20.2
1.24
26.77
-34
-29.2
1.26
28.55
-40
-40.0

20

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table
SPECIFIC HEATS

Class.

Substance.

Atomic
Weight
H=l.

Specific
Gravity.

Authority.

Elements.

Common Bubstances

Aluminum

Carbon (amorphous)
Carbon graph.

Copper (cast)
Iron (pure)
Iron (pure)
Lead (cast)

Mercury
Nickel
Tin (cast)
Zinc (cast)

Bronze
Brass
Brick work, Masonry
Butter
Clay
Coal
Wood
Glass
Ice
Cast Iron
Wrought Iron
Marble
Steel
Sand
Stone

26.9

11.99
11.99

63.07

55.41

55.41

205.46
198.5
58.21

118.1
64.88

2.57

Mallet

2.10-2.32

8.8-8.95

7.85

7.85

11.37
14.18
8.65

7.29
7.05

8.75-9
7.8-8.6
1.84-2.3
.865

1.80-2.6
1.2-1.5
.4-1.2
2.4-2.8
.9
6.8-7.5
7.4-7.9
2.5-2.8
7.7-7.9
1.45-1.6
2.1-3.4

Smithsonian Tables
Smithsonian Tables
Smithsonian Tables
Smithsonian Tables
Reich
Mallet
Smithsonian Tables
Mathiessen
Smithsonian Tables

Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian
Smithsonian

Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables
Tables

Tables

Smithsonian Tables
Smithsonian Tables

* Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocketbook.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

21

XXII
OF SOLIDS

Specific Heat.
At Temperature.
Specific Heat
Calculated from
Atomic
Weights.
Authority.
C.
F.
.2089
.2226

20-100

500
-50
+11
977
16-1000
17
300
15
300
500
720-1000
1000-1200
15
200
-78 to -40
21-99
500
1000
0-100
16-197
18
200
0-100
15-98
32
68-212
932
32
-58
52
1795
61-1832
62
572
32
69
572
392

1328-1832
1832-2192
59
392
-108 to -40
69-210
932
1832
32-212
69-387
64
392
32-212
59-208
.238
Bontschew
Bontschew
.2739

Bontschew
.241

Olsen
.1138

Weber
.1605

Weber
.467

Weber
.310

Dewar
.0924
.0985
.102
Naccari
Naccari
.1162
.1091
.1376
.117
Olsen
Naccari
Naccari
.1765
218

.117
Pionchon
Pionchon
.1989

Pionchon
.0299
.0324
.031
Naccari
Naccari
.0319
.1084
1233
.0323
.11
Regnault
Voigt
Tilden
1608

Pionchon
.0545
0538
.052

Bunsen
Spring
Naccari
Naccari
.0915
0996
.099
0935

Bunsen
0858

Regnault
0939

Regnault
About 2

*
55

Siebel
197

Regnault
2- 241

Regnault
45- 65

*
16- 18

Regnault
504

Regnault
1298

Regnault
1138

Regnault
21

Regnault
llfi.'i- 117.^

Regnault

1Q5
. . .

*
2- 22

* Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocketbook.

22

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table

SPECIFIC HEATS OF GASES;

Substance.

Cv
At Temperature.
Authority.
c.

C.
-p.

Hydrogen, H2.
3.3996
3.409
3.410
-28-+9
12-198
21-100
-18.4-15.8
53.6-388.4
70-212
Regnault
Regnault
Wiedeman
2 4219

Oxvcen. O2

.2175
.2240
.2300
13-207
20-440
20-630
55-405
68-824
68-166
Regnault
Holborn-Austin
Holborn-Austin
1603

Nitroffpn N>
.2438
.2419
.2464
.2497
0-200
20-440
20-630
20-800
22-392
68-824
68-1166
68-1472
Regnault
Holborn-Austin
Holborn-Austin

Holborn-Austin
1715

Air
.2377
.2374
.2375
.2366
.2429
.2430
.2389
-30-+10
0-100
0-200
20-440
20-630
20-800
20-100
32-50
32-212
32-392
68-824
68-1166
68-1472
68-212
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Holborn-Austin
Holborn-Austin
Holborn-Austin

Wiedeman

.1703
Ammonia, NHa
.5202
.5356
.5125
23-100
27-200
24-216
73-212
80-392
75-421
Wiedeman
Wiedeman
Regnault
.4011

Carbon diox., CO2

.1843
.2025
.2169
-28- +7
15-100
11-214
18-45
59-212

52-417
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
.1558
Carbon monoxide
.2425
.2426
23-99
26-198
74-210
79-388
Wiedeman
Wiedeman
.1734

Methane, CH4
.5929
18-208
64-406
Regnault
.4505

Benzole, CeHe
.2990
.3325
.3754
34-115
35-180
116-218
93-239
95-356
241-424
Wiedeman
Wiedeman
Regnault
.2131

Ethylene, C2H4
.4040
10-202
60-396
Regnault
.3404

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

23

XXIII

RATIOS AND DIFFERENCES

Determined from
Cv-Cv
777.52(ep-Co)
- ( y, ) m ft.-lbs.
Cp-i-Cv
= T
Wiedeman Cp = 3 .4 1 and
n
-^ = 1.408 at 4" -16"' C. by Lummer and Pringsheim
Co
.9881
768.267
1.408
Holborn and Austin Cp = .2240 and
^ = 1.3977 at 5Uo 14 C.

.0637
49.528
1.3977
Holborn and Austin Cp = .2419 and
^ = 1.41by Cazin
.0704
54.737
1.4105
Wiedeman Cp = .2389 and
n
= 1.4025 at 5 to 14 C. by Lummer and Pringsheim
.0686
53.338
1.4028
Wiedeman Cp = .5202 and mean of
(^ = 1.3172 at 0 C. and ^ = 1.2770 at 100 C. )
\Cv Cv 1
= 1.2971 by Wiillner
,1191
92.603
1.2969
Regnault Cp = .2025 and

Cp
= 1.2995 by Lummer and Pringsheim
.0467
36.310
1.2997
Wiedeman Cp = .2425 and mean of
(^ = 1.4032 at 0 C. and ^ = 1.3946 at 100 C. )
= 1.3989 by WiiUner
.0691
53.726
1.3985
Regnault C2, = .5929
~= 1.316 at 30 C. by Miifler
.1424
110.719
1.316
Wiedeman Cp = .2990 and -^ = 1.403 at 60 C. by
Pagliani
.0859
66.789
1.4031

Q
Regnault Cj,=:.4040 and "7 = 1.1870 at 100 C. by
Wiillner
.0636
49.450
1.1867

24

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

O"

HH

1-1
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X
u
X
s
w
<
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s
hd

u
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c
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fl 45 45 ;i5 d
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fl ^ I 0^
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bD bO

la

-J
a -a

a
a
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<u
Ui
GQ
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CO CO
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CO
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2-^
g.SPlI

1-1
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o o
Oi 00 (M .
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CO
CO (M

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1-1

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1-1 lO
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CO
CO 00 CO 00 00
tH CO Oi CO OS

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t^ l> t^

COCO XOl>00C0O5 (NCO

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C0C0TtHC0c01:^OTt*05">*(MI>.
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QQ
CO
^
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-|J
-(J

02

d d
d d
o o

CQ CG

Eh H
d d
d d
o o
CO GQ

d d

1^

CO CO

OS

00 OS
o OS
00 00

g
a
C/J
CQ

lO

lO
^
tH
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*2 -^
d d
MM

CQ

00 00

CO

CO lO CO
^ tJ< CO CO
I O (M '^

ds o o 9

CQ 0
CO lO
o o

lO

00 00
OS tH

-J
d
a
GQ
l-t
w

d
aCO
p H
w

-(J

o
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TO
o

3
DQ
M
d
OQ
d
o
a
a
o

rd
a
^ d
o d

o
d 3
O -(-3
O 0)
>> bC
O !>

Is

c6
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o3
f-<
d
o
fH 4 M
a a 9i <v
c ^ ^ ^
C3 ^ o3 o3
e8 ^ ^ ^
M ^ ^ c3
O' <u <D <u
-< CQ CQ CQ

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

25

Table XXV
SPECIFIC HEAT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE BRINE

Density, B6
Sp.gr.
Per cent NaCl
by Wt.
Sp. Heat.
Temp. F.
Authority.

1
1.007
1
1.6
4.9
5.0
10.0
10.3
10.3
11.5
12.3
15.0
18.8
18.8
20.0
24.3
24.5
25
.992
978
.995
.960
.892
.892
.912
.887
.871
.892
.841
.854
.829
.7916
.791
.783
-0
64.4
66-115
-0
-0
59-120
59-194

61-126
64.4
-0
63-125
68-192
64-68
64
Common
Thomsen

Winkelmann
5
10
1.037
1.073
Common
Common
Teudt

Teudt

Marignac

Winkelmann

15
1.115
Common
Teudt

Teudt
19
1.150
Common
Winkelmann

Thomsen
23
1.191
Common

Table XXVI
COEFFICENT OF LINEAR EXPANSION OF SOLIDS

Substance.
aXlO*
per degree C.

At Temp.
c.
aXlO*
At Temp.
F.
Authority.
Aluminum. .
.2313-. 3150
40-600
.1285-. 175
104-1112
Fizeau and
Le Chatelier
Antimony. .
.0882-. 1692
40
.049-. 094
104
Fizeau
Carbon coke
.054

40
.03
104
((
Carbon

graphite. ,
.0786
40
.0437
104

[(
Copper
.1678
40
.0932

104

(
Iron
.1061-. 1210
40
.059-. 0672
104

Steel
.1095-. 1322
40
.06085-. 0735
104

Lead
.2924
40
.1625

104

Nickel
.1279
40
.071
104

Platinum. . .
.0899
40
.05
104

Tin
.2234
40
.1241

104

Zinc
.2918
40
.1621
104
(<
Brasses and

Limits of
bronze ....
.17-.21
0-900
.0889-. 1167
32-1652
determination

Rubber. . . .
.770
16.7-25.3
.4278
62-77.5
Kohlrausch
Glass
.058-. 0897
0-100
.03222-. 0498
32-212
Limits of
determination
Solder
.2508
0-100
.1338
32-215
Smeaton

Ice
.375
-20 to -1
.2083
-4-30.2
Brunner
Paraffin ....
1.0662-4.7707
0-16; 38-49
.5921; 2.6505
32-60.8
100.4-120
Rodwell
Porcelain. . .
.0413
20-790
.023
68-145.4
Braun
Wood

. 0325-^0614
2-34
.0181-. 0341
35.6-93.2
Limits of
determination
Wax
2.300-15.227
10-26;
1.278
50-78.8
Kopp

43-57
8.46
109.4-134.6

Concrete
.1430
.046-. 089

.0795
.0256-. 0494

Clark
Masonry. . .

Clark

26

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table XXVII
COEFFICIENT OF CUBICAL EXPANSION OF LIQUIDS

Substance.

Alcohol (methyl)
Benzene
Bromine
Calcium chloride, CaCl2, 5.8 per cent
Calcium chloride, CaCl2,40.9 per cent

Ether
Hydrochloric acid, HCl+6.25 H2O . ,
Hydrochloric acid, HCl+50 H2O. . . ,
Mercury ,
Olive oil
Phenol, CeHgO
Petroleum, Sp.gr. .8467 ,
Sodium chloride, NaCl, 1.6 per cent..
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Sulphuric acid, H2SO4

aXlO*
per " C.

.1433
.1385
.1168
.0506
.0510
.2150
.0489
.0933
.0179
.0742
.0899
.1039
.1067
.0489
.0799

At Temp.
C.

-38-+70
11-81
-7-+60
18-25

17-24
-15-+38
0-30
0-30

3-157
24-120
6^30
0-30

aX10
per " F.

.0796
.0770
.0649
.0281
.0283
.1195
.0272
.0519
.0099
.0412
.0500
.0577
.0593
.0272
.0444

At Temp.
F.

36-158
32-178
19-140
64-77
63-75
5-100
32-86
32-86

97-314
75-248
32-86
32-86

Authority.

Pierre
Kopp
Pierre
Decker
Decker
Pierre
Marignac
Marignac
Spring
Pinette
Frankenheim
Marignac
Marignac
Marignac

Table XXVIII
COEFFICIENT OF VOLUMETRIC EXPANSION OF GASES AND VAPORS AT
CONSTANT PRESSURE
(Heated without change of state.)

Substance.

Pressure (Cm Hg)

a^XlOO
per Deg. C.

a^XlOO
per Deg. F.

Authority.

Air
Air
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide 0''-64
Carbon dioxide 84-100. . .
Carbon dioxide 0-7.5
Carbon dioxide 64'*-100. . .
Carbon dioxide 0-64
Carbon dioxide 0-7.5''
Carbon dioxide 0-64^
Carbon dioxide 0-100
Carbon monoxide
Nitrous oxide
Sulphur dioxide
Sulphur dioxide
Water vapor (steam) 0-119

Water vapor 0^-141 **

Water vapor 0-162"'
Water vapor 0*'-200
Water vapor 0-247

76
256
76
254
76
252
17.1

atm.

17.1 atm.
24.81 atm.
24.81 atm.
24.81 atm.
34.49 atm.
34.49 atm.
34.49 atm.
76
76
76
98
1
1
1
1
1

atm.
atm.
atm.
atm.
atm.

.3671
.3693
.36613
.36616
.3710
.3845
.5136
.4747
.7000
.5435

.6204
1.097
.8450
.6514
.3669
.3719
.3903
.3980
.4187
.4189
.4071
.3938
.3799

.2040
.2055
.2034
.20342
.2060
.2135
.2855
.2635
.38885
.3020
.3446
.6100
.470
.362
.204
.2065
.217
.221
.23261
.23272
.22617

.21878
.2111

Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Regnault
Him
Hirn
Him
Him
Him

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table XXIX

27

COEFFICIENT OF PRESSURE RISE OF GASES AND VAPORS AT CONSTANT

VOLUME
(Heated without change of state.)

Substance.
PresBure (Cm Hg)
aXlOO
per Deg. C.
a,Xl00
per Deg. F.
Authority.
Air
.6
1.6
10.0
26.0
37.6
75.0
76-83
11-15
17-24
37-51
76
200
2000
10000
76
1 atm.
1 atm.
1 atm.
76-104
174
793

16.4 atm.
16.5 atm.
25.87 atm.
25.87 atm.
33.53
33.53
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

atm.
atm.
atm.
atm.
atm.
atm.
atm.
atm.

.3767
.3703
.3663
.3660
.3662
.3665
.3670
.3648
.3651
.3658
.3665
.3690
.3887
.4100
.3671
.3670
.3706
.3726
.3686
.3752
.4252
.4754
.4607
.5728
.5406
.6973
.6334
.3667
.3669
.3656
.3668
.3676
.3705
.3674
.3845
.20915

.2057
.2035
.20335
.20345
.20360
.20370
.20265
.20285
.20320
.20360
.205
.206
.22775
.20395
.20290
.2059
.2070
.20475
.2085
.2361
.2641
.256
.3182
.30035
.38740
.35190
.2037
.20353

.2031
.20375
.20410
.206
.2041
.21350
Meleander
Air
Meleander
Air
Meleander
Air
Meleander
Air
Meleander
Air
Meleander
Air
Magnus
Air
Regnault

Air
Regnault
Air,
Regnault
Air
Regnault
Air
Regnault
Air
Regnault
Air
Regnault
Air
Rowland
Air
Jolly
Carbon dioxide
JoUy
Carbon dioxide

Meleander
Carbon dioxide
Regnault
Carbon dioxide
Regnault
Carbon dioxide
Regnault
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon
Carbon

dioxide 0''-64''. . .
dioxide 64-100.
dioxide 0-64. . .
dioxide 64M00.
dioxide 0''-64. . .
dioxide 64-100,
monoxide

Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Andrews
Regnault
Regnault
Hydrogen
JoUy

Regnault
Nitrous oxide
Regnault

JoUy
Oxygen
JoUy

JoUy

28

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table
COMPRESSIBILITY OF GASES BY THEIR ISOTHERMALS. VALUES OF P7 AT
AND AT 1 ATMOSPHERE

Pressure in Atmosphere.
1
100
200
300
400
500
600

f 32 F.
Oxygen at {211.1
[391.1
1.000
.9265
.9140
1.4
1.819
.9624
1.4529
1.8849
1.0516
1.532
1.96
1.1560
1.622
2.05
1.2690
1.7202
2.142
r32F.
Air at {210.92
[392.72
1.000
.9730

1.010
1.472
1.886
1.0974
1.551
1.9866
1.2144
1.668
2.096
1.3400
1.7825
2.211
1.4700
1 908
2.3298
f 32 F.
Nitrogen at { 211.1
[391.28
1.000
.9910
1.0390
1.4890
1.9064
1.1358
1.5903
2.1045
1.2568
1.7060
2.1324
1.3900
1.8275

2.2575
1.5258
1.9548
2.3838
r32F.
Hydrogen at { 210.74
[393.5
1.000

1.1380
1.5134
1.884
1.2090
1.5858
1.956
1.2828
1.6588
2.030
1.3565
1.7310
2.105
1.4322
1.8036
2.1762
r 32 F
Carbon dioxide oio *
^* 1 38819
1.000
.202
1.03
1.582

.559
.890
1.493

.891
1.201
1.678

r32F.
NHs at {211.28
,362.48
1.000

.9290
.9750
.8625
.9555
.832
.9380
.7450
.8875
.5850
.8700

Calculated from Smithsonian Tables Nos. 55 and 58, reporting Amagat's results

Table XXXI

VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT R

Hydrogen, H2
Oxygen, O2
Nitrogen, N2
Air
Ammonia, NH3
Carbon dioxide, CO2 . .
Carbon monoxide, CO
Methane, CH4
Benzole, CeHg
Ethylene, CaH*

Determined from
Specific Heats by
R = 777.52iCp-Cv)

768.267
49.528
54.737
53.338
92.603
36.310
53.726
110.719
66.789
49.450

Determined from
Volume of One Lb.
at 32 F. and
29.92 ins. Hg.

765.893

48.244
55.981
53.332
90.467
35.084
65.135
96.200
Liquid at 32*
54.153

Authority for
Specific Volume.

Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Rayleigh and Leduc
Leduc
Rayleigh
Leduc
Thomson
Saussure

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

29

XXX
VARIOUS PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES; THE VALUE OF PV AT 32 F
TAKEN AS 1.00.

700

800

900

1000

1.3853
1.827
2.2414

1.6016
2.0328
2.4514

1.5032
1.9336
2.3432

1.6200
2.0412
2.4462

1.7350
2.151

Critical point

Pressure 50 atm.
Temperature 180.4 F.

Wrobleweki

1.7344
2.1592
2.5752

1.8630
2.2896
2.7

1.992
2.415
2.828

Critical point

Pressure 39 atm.
Temperature 220 F.

Olszewski

1.6618
2.086
2.5123

1.7920
2.22
2.64

1.9341
2.3544
2.7765

2.0680

Critical point

Pressure 35 atm.
Temperature 230.8 F.

Olszewski

1.5043
1.876
2.2484

1.5776
1.9552
2.32

1.6488
2.1096
2.3913

1.7200
2.093

Critical point

Pressure 20 atm.
Temperature 390. 1 F.

Dewar

1.656
1.999

Critical point

Pressure 27 atm.
Temp. +87.66 F.

Andrews

.8715

.9000

.9315

.95

Critical point

Pressure 115 atm.

Temp. +266 F.

Dewar

and Table 62 Roth's results; also Table 218 reporting miscellaneous data.

Table XXXII
DENSITIES OF GAS AT ONE ATMOSPHERE =29.92" Hg AND 32 F., COMPARING
EXPERIMENTAL VALUES WITH COMPUTED VALUES FROM MOLECULAR
WEIGHTS

Lbs.

Lbs.

Molecular
Cu.ft.
Molecular
Cu.ft.
Gas.
Sp.Gr.
Lba. per
Cu.ft.
Authority.
Weight

from
Weight
from

Air = l.
Cu.it.
per Lb.

Exact.
Exact
Approx.
Approx.

Itixptl.

H=2.
Molecular
Weight.
H=2.
Molecular

Weight.
Hydrogen, H^ . .
.0696
.005621
177.9093
Rayleigh
2.

Oxygen, O2
1.053
.08922
11.208
Rayleigh
31.76
.08926
32
.08993
Nitrogen, N2 . . .

.9673
.07829
12.773
Rayleigh
27.80
.07813
28
.07869
Air
1.000
.08071
12.390
Rayleigh
and Leduc

Ammonia, NH3..
.597

.04758
21.017
Leduc
16.9
.04750
17
.04778
Carbon dioxide

CO2
1.5291
. 12269
8.1506
Rayleigh

43,75
.12295
44
.12366
Carbon mon-

oxide, CO
.9672
.07807
12.8090
Leduc
27.87
.07833
28
.07869
Methane, CH4 . .
.5576
.04470
22.349
Thomson

15.99
.04494
16
.04497
Benzole, CeHe. . .

Liquid

Ethylene, C2H4. .
.9852
.07951
12.578
Saussure
27.98
.07862
28

.07868
Ethane, CoHe. . .
1.075
.08379
11.9354
Kolbe
29.98
.08426
30
.08431
Butane, C4H10. . .
2.01
. 16194
6.1751
Frankland
57.96
. 16289
58
.16301

Computed from data reported in Smithsonian Tables, Nos. 71 and 276.

30

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table XXXIII
IGNITION TEMPERATURES, *F*

Substance.
Ignition Temperature.
Substance.
Ignition Temperature.
Carbon, C
Soft coal
752 (Sexton)
600
750
430
300 (Strohmeyer)
1077 (Olsen)
1124 (Meyer)
1031 (LeChatelier)
1253 (AUen)
1347 (Meyer)
1211 (LeChatelier)
1212 (Allen)

Methane, CH4
Methane, CH4
Ethane, C2H6
1201
1213
1141
1124
1124

(Meyer)
(LeChatelier)
(AUen)
(Allen)
(Meyer)

940 (AUen)
1038 (Allen)
896 (Robinson)
1017
1292
1100 (Robinson)
Anthracite
Peat
Ethylene, C2H4
Ethylene, C2H4
Propylene, CsHe
Acetylene, C2H2
Acetylene, C2H2
Propane, CsHg
Alcohol, CzHsOH
Coal gas
Lignite dust
Hydrogen, H2
Hydrogen, H2
Hvdroeren. H9
Carbon monoxide, CO. . .
Carbon monoxide, CO, . .

Carbon monoxide, CO. . .

Methane, CH4

* Owing to the controlling influences of proportions and other factors on

ignition temperatures the value
given are of doubtful accuracy for the ignition temperature, at least for
gases.

Table XXXIV
THE CRITICAL POINT

Substance.

Symbol.

Critical Temp.

0 C.

0 F.

Critical Pres-

Atm.

Lbs.
per
Sq.in.

Critical
Density
Water
at
4C=1.

Authority.

Critical vol.
Cu.ft.
per Lb.

Authority-

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Ammonia
Ammonia
Carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide.

Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water

H2
O2
N2

NH3
NHj
CO2
CO2

H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O

-243.5
-118.1
-146.1
+130.0
+131.0
+ 31.35
+ 30.921

+358.1
+364.3
+365.0
+374.
+374.6
+374.5

-390.1
-180.4
-232.8
266.
267.8
88.43
87.67

676.4
687.7
689.
705.2
706.3
706. 1

20
501
35.1
115.
113.
72.9
77.1

194.61
200.5

294
735
515
1690
1660
1070
1130

2859
2944

3200
3200

.652
.442

.464
.452

.429

Olszewski
1 Wroblewski
2 Dewar
1 Olszewski
2 Wroblewski
Dewar
Vincent and
Chappuis
Amagat
1 Andrews
2 Cailletet and
Mathias
Nadejdini
Battel!
Cailletet and
Colardeau
Traube and
Teichner
Holborn and
Baumann
Marks

26.
13.

Nadejdini
Battel!

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

31

Table XXXV
LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION AT ONE ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhofif, and Smithsonian Physical
Tables.

Substance.
Symbol.
Cal. per Kg.
B.T.U. per Lb.
G.
F.
Authority.
Ammonia
NH3
294.21
530
7.8
4.6
Regnault

291.32
524.45
11.04
51.87
Regnault

297.38
535
16.0
60.8
Regnault

296.5
534
17
62.6
Strombeck

Water
H2O
535.9
532.0
964.6
957.6
100
100
212
212
Andrews

Scball
Benzol
CeHa
109.
132.1
196
238

100
32
212
Reemaiilt

Regnault

154.5
278
210
410
Regnault
Air

44.02
45.4
79.3
81.7

Shearer

Shearer
Oxvcen

68.0
60.9
106.1
109.8
-188
-306.4
Shearer

Estreicher
Nitrogen
N
49.83
89.6

Shearer
Carbon dioxide
CO2
72.23
130
-25

- 13
Cailletet

67.48
103.2

32
Matthias

66.25
10 .3

32
Chappuis

60.76
91.5
6.5

43.7
Matthias

31.80
67.2
22.4
72.3
Matthias

14.40
25.9
29.85
85.7
Matthias

11.60
20.9
30

86
Cailletet

3.72
6.7
30.82
87.4
Matthias
Alcohol, methyl
CHOH
267.48
482
64.6
148.
Wirtz
Alcohol, ethyl
CzHeOH
206.4
372

78
172.4
Schall
Alcohol +5% water. . .

214.25
386
78.4
173.1
Brix
Decane
C10H2J
CeHn
60.83
87.3
109.5
157.1
159.45
68
70
319
154.4
158

Louguinine
Hexylene
Mabery

Goldstein
Octane
CsHio
71.1
128
125
257
Goldstein

Table XXXVI
LATENT HEATS OF FUSION
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables.

Substance.
Symbol.
Cal. per Kg.
B.T.U .per Lb.

C.
F.
Authority.
Aluminum. . .
Al
239.4
432
625
1157
Pionchon
Lead
Pb
5.37
9.66
362.2
619.2
Person
Iron
Fe
Cu

6.0
43.0
10.8
77.4
1000-1050
1832-1922
Pionchon
Copper
Richards
Nickel
Ni
4.64
8.35

Pionchon
Zinc
Zn
Sn
NH3
28.1
14.25

108.1
50.5
25.65
195
415
233
-75
779
451.4
-102
Person
Tin
Person
Ammonia. . . .
Massol
Ice-water
H2O
79.25
142.5

32
Person and Regnault

79.06
142.2

32
Regnault

79.24
142.5

32
Desains

79.91
143.9

32
Smith

80.025
144.3

32
Bunsen
Benzol
CeHa
30.08
55.5
5.3
41.6
Fisher

32

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table XXXVII

BOILING-POINTS (at 29.92 Ha)

Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables.

Class.

Substance.

Symbol.

Boiling-point.

C.

Authority.

Elements

Inorganic compounds

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Mercury
Bromine
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Sulphur
Tin
Bismuth
Cadmium
Lead

Zinc
Antimony
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silver
Copper
Manganese
Chromium
Iron
Ammonia
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide . .
Sulphur dioxide. .
Zinc chloride ....
Air.

H
O
N
CI
Hg
Br
P
K
Na
S
Sn
Bi
Cd
Pb
Zn
Sb
Mg

Al
Ag
Cu
Mn
Cr
Fe
NH3
CO
CO2
SO2
ZnClz

-252.5

-182.7
-194.4
- 33.6
357
61.1
287
712

750
444.
2270
1430
782
1525
918
1440
1120
1800
1955
2310
1900
2200
2450
- 38.
-191.

- 79.1
- 10.8
730
-192.2
-191.4

-412
-297
-318
- 28.5
674
142
558
1372
1382
837
4118
2607
1440
2777
1686
2622
2047
3272
3552
4192
3452
3992
4442
-37.4
-313
-110.5
12.6

1347
-314
-312.5

Dewar, 1901
Holborn, 1901
Olszewski
Regnault
Crafts-Regnault
Mean of Thorpe, van der
Plaats
Schrotter, 1848
Perman, Ruff, and Johannsen
Perman, Ruff, and Johannsen
Rothe, 1903
Greenwood
Barus, Greenwood
Barus, 1894
Greenwood
Berthelot
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Greenwood
Regnault, 1863
Mean of Wroblewski and
Olszewski
Villard and Jarry
Regnault, 1863
Freyer and Meyer
Wroblewski
Olszewski

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table XXXYll Continued

33

BOILING-POINTS (at 29.92 Hg)

Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables.

Class.

Substance.

Boiling-point.
Symbol.

C.
F.
CH4
-165
-265
C2H6
- 93

-135
C3H8
- 45
- 49
C4H10
+ 1
33.8
C5H12
36.3
97.3
C6H14
69
156.2
C7H16
98.4
209.1
CgHis
125.5
257.9

C9H20
150
302
C10H22
173
343.4
CiiH24
195
384
C12H26
214
417.2
C13H28
234
453.2
C14H30
252
485.6
C15H32

270
518
C16H34
287
548.6
C17H36
303
577
C18H38
317
602
C19H40
330
626
C2H4
-103
-153.4
C3H6
- 50.2

- 58.5
C4H8
+ 1
33.8
C5H10
36
96.8
C6H12
69
156.2
C7H14
96-99
205-210
C8H16
122-123
251-255
C9H18
140-142
284-288

C10H20
175
347
C2H2
- 85
-121
CH30H
66
150.8
C2H60H
78
172.4
Mixture

424 app.
Mixture

177 app.

Authority.

Hydrocarbon
constituents of
liquid and
gaseous fuels

Paraffine series,
C'oH24-2

Ethylene series,
C2II2B

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane
Undecane
Dodecane
Tridecane
Tetradecane. . . .
Pentadecane. . .
Hexadecane. . . .
Heptadecane. . .
Octadecane. . . .
Nonadecane. . . .
Ethylene
Propylene
Butylene

Amylene
Hexylene
Heptylene
Octylene
Nonylene
Decylene
Acetylene
Methyl alcohol .
Ethyl- alcohol. . .
Naphthas
Benzines

Young
Ladenberg
Young, Hamlen
Butlerow, Young
Thorpe, Young
Schorlemmer
Thorpe, Young
Thorpe, Young
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft
Kraft

Kraft
Kraft
Olszewski
Ladenburg-Kriigel
Sieben
Wagner
Wreden
Morgan
Moshnger
Beilstein
Beilstein
Villard

General
General

34 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table XXXVIII
INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC WEIGHTS
Selected from Report of the International Committee on Atomic Weights,
Journal Amer
Chem. Soc, 1910.

Substance.

Aluminum .
Calcium. . .
Caibon. . . .
Chlorine. . .
Copper. . . .
Hydrogen. .
Iron

Lead
Magnesium ,
Manganese .
Mercury. . .
Nickel
Nitrogen. . .
Oxygen. . . .
Platinum. ,
Potassium. .
Silicon
Sodium. . . .
Sulphur ....
Tin
Zinc

Symbol.

Al
Ca
C
CI
Cu
H
Fe
Pb
Mg
Mn
Hg
Ni
N
O
Pt
K
Si
Na
S
Sn
Zn

Atomic Weight,
= 16.

27.1
40.09
12.00
35.46
63.57
1.008
55.85
207.10
24.32
54.93
200.00
58.68
14.01
16.00
195.00
39.10
28.30
23.00
32.07
119.00
65.37

Atomic Weight,
H=l.

26.9
39.77
11.99
35.19
63.07
1.00
55.41
205.46
24.13
54.49
198.50
58.21

13.90
15.88
193.40
38.79
28.20
22.82
31.82
118.10
64.88

Table XXXIX
MELTING OR FREEZING-POINTS (at 29.92 Hg)
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables.

Class.

Elements:

Substance.

Hydrogen. .
Oxygen
Nitrogen. . ,
Chlorine. . .
Mercury.. .
Bromine . . .
Phosphorus .
Potassium. ,
Sodium. . . .
Sulphur. . . ,

Symbols,

H
O
N
CI
Hg
Br
P
K
Na
S i

Freezing-point.

-258.9
-230
-210.5
-102
- 38.85
- 7.3
44.2
62.5
97
113.5119.5

-432
-382
-347
-151
- 38
45,
111.
144.
206.

236-247

Authority.

Travers, 1902
General
Fischer-Alt
Olszewski
Vincentini and Omodei, 1888
Van der Plaats, 1886
Helff, 1893
Holt and Sims, 1894
Kurnakow and Puschin, 1902
Depending on form of S

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table XXXIX Continued
MELTING OR FREEZING-POINTS (at 29.92 Ha)
Selected from Landolt, Bornstein, Meyerhoff, and Smithsonian Physical Tables.

35

Class.

Substance.

Symbols.

Freezing-point.

C.

F.

Authority.

Elements:

Inorganic compomids

Hydrocarbon
constituents of
liquid and
gaseous fuel
Paraffine series, ^
CftHzn+a

Tin
Bismuth
Cadmium
Lead
Zinc
Antimony.
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silver
Gold
Copper
Manganese

Silicon
Nickel
Cobalt...
Chromium
Iron
Platinum
Tungsten
Ammonia
Calcium chloride
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide . ,
Sodium chloride .
Sulphur dioxide. .
Zinc chloride ....
Air

Sn
Bi
Ca
Pb
Zn
Sb
Mg
Al
Ag
Au
Cu
Mn
Si
Ni
Co

Cr
Fe
Pt
W
NH3
CaCl2
CO
C02
NaCl
SO2
ZnCla

Ethylene Series,
CH2n

Ethane
Nonane ....
Decane
Undecane. . .
Dodecane . . .
Tridecane . .
Tetradecane .
Pentadecane
Hexadecane .
Heptadecanc
Octadecane .
Nonadecane .

Ethylene ....
Ethyl alcohol

CzHs
C9H20
C10H22

C11H24
C12H26
C13H28
Cl4H30
C16H32
C16H34
C17H36
C18H38
C19H40
C2H4
C2H6OH

231.5
269.2
321
326.9
419
624
632.6
657.3
961
1063
1083
1225
1420
1450
1490
1505
1600
1755
2950
- 75.5

780
-203
- 57
820
- 76
262
-1922
-171.4
- 51
- 31
- 26
- 12
- 6
+ 5
10
18
22
28
32
-169
-130

451
517
610
621
787
1154
1171
1217
1651
1947
1892

2232
2592
2647
2813
2792
2912
3192
5347
-104
1454
-331.5
70.8
1510
-105
504
-314
-276.5
- 59.8
- 23.8
14.8
10.4
21.2
41
50
64.4
71.6
82.4
89.6
272
202

Kurnakow and Puschin, 1902

Callendar, 1899
Kurnakow and Puschin, 1902
Holborn and Day
Holborn and Day
Fay and Ashley
Heycock and Neville, 1895
Holborn and Day
Holborn and Day
Roberts and Austin
Roberts and Austin
Day-Sosman
General
Carnelley, Pictet, 1879
General
General
Roberts and Austin
Mean of three
Waidner-Burgess,
Waterburg
Ladenburg and Krugel, 1 900
Ruff and Plato, 1903
Wroblewski, Olszewski
(mean)
General
Ruff and Plato, 1903
Faraday, 1845
Braun, 1875
Wroblewski, 1884
Liquid Density
.446 at 32 F.
.733 at 32 F.

.745 at 32 F.
.756 at 32 F.
.765 at 32 F.
.771 at 32 F.
.775 at 40 F.
.776 at 10 C.
.775 at 18 C.
.777 at 22 C.
.777 at 28 C.
.777 at 32 C.

.610
.806 at 32*

F.

36

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table XL
PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM
(Condensed from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables and Diagrams, 1909, by
permission of
the publishers, Longmans, Green & Co.)

Vacuum

Total Heat Above

in inches
Hg or
Absolute
Pressure
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Temperature,
Fahrenheat.
32'
'F.
Latent
Heat,
L=H-h
Heat-unita
Volume,
Cu. Ft. in
1 Lb. of
Steam.
Weight of

1 Cu. Ft.
Steam,
Pound.
Entropy
of the
Water.
Entropy
Gauge
Pressure
Pounds
In the
Water,
h
In the
Steam,
H
of Evaporation.
perSq.in.

Heat-units
Heat-unita

29.74
0.0886
32
0.00
1073.4
1073.4
3294
0.000304
0.0000
2.1832
29.67
0.1217
40
8.05
1076.9
1068.9
2438
0.000410

0.0162
2.1394
29.56
0.1780
50
18.08
1081.4
1063.3
1702
0.000587
0.0361
2.0865
29.40
0.2562
60
28.08
1085.9
1057.8
1208

0.000828
0.0555
2.0358
29.18
0.3626
70
38.06
1090.3
1052.3
871
0.001148
0.0745
1.9868
28.89
0.505
80
48.03
1094.8
1046.7

636.8
0.001570
0.0932
1.9398
28.50
0.696
90
58.00
1099.2
1041.2
469.3
0.002131
0.1114
1.8944
28.00
0.946
100
67.97
1103.6

1035.6
350.8
0.002851
0.1295
1.8505
27.88
1
101.83
69.8
1104.4
1034.6
333.0
0.00300
0.1327
1.8427
25.85
2
126.15
94.0

1115.0
1021.0
173.5
0.00576
0.1749
1.7431
23.81
3
141.52
109.4
1121.6
1012.3
118.5
0.00845
0.2008
1.6840
21.78
4
153.01

120.9
1126.5
1005.7
90.5
0.01107
0.2198
1.6416
19.74
5
162.28
130.1
1130.5
1000.3
73.33
0.01364
0.2348
1.6084
17.70
6

170.06
137.9
1133.7
995.8
61.89
0.01616
0.2471
1.5814
15.67
7
176.85
144.7
1136.5
991.8
53.56
0.01867
0.2579
1.5582
13.63

8
182.86
150.8
1139.0
988.2
47.27
0.02115
0.2673
1.5380
11.60
9
188.27
156.2
1141.1
985.0
42.36
0.02361
0.2756
1.5202

9.56
10
193.22
161.1
1143.1
982.0
38.38
0.02606
0.2832
1.5042
7.52
11
197.75
165.7
1144.9
979.2
35.10
0.02849
0.2902

1.4895
5.49
12
201.96
169.9
1146.5
976.6
32.36
0.03090
0.2967
1.4760
3.45
13
205.87
173.8
1148.0
974.2
30.03
0.03330

0.3025
1.4639
1.42
lbs.
gauge
14
209.55
177.5
1149.4
971.9
28.02
0.03569
0.3081
1.4523
14.70
212
180.0
1150.4
970.4
26.79

0.03732
0.3118
1.4447
0.3
15
213.0
181.0
1150.7
969.7
26.27
0.03806
0.3133
1.4416
1.3
16
216.3
184.4
1152.0
967.6

24.79
0.04042
0.3183
1.4311
2.3
17
219.4
187.5
1153.1
965.6
23.38
0.04277
0.3229
1.4215
3.3
18
222.4
190.5
1154.2

963.7
22.16
0.04512
0.3273
1.4127
4.3
19
225.2
193.4
1155.2
961.8
21.07
0.04746
0.3315
1.4045
5.3
20
228.0
196.1

1156.2
960.0
20.08
0.04980
0.3355
1.3965
6.3
21
230.6
198.8
1157.1
958.3
19.18
0.05213
0.3393
1.3887
7.3
22
233.1

201.3
1158.0
95 J. 7
18.37
0.05445
0.3430
1.3811
8.3
23
235.5
203.8
1158.8
955.1
17.62
0.05676
0.3465
1.3739
9.3
24

237.8
206.1
1159.6
953.5
16.93
0.05907
0.3499
1.3670
10.3
25
240.1
208.4
1160.4
952.0
16.30
0.0614
0.3532
1.3604
11.3

26
242.2
210.6
1161.2
950.6
15.72
0.0636
0.3564
1.3542
12.3
27
244.4
212.7
1161.9
949.2
15.18
0.0659
0.3594
1.3483

13.3
28
246.4
214.8
1162.6
947.8
14.67
0.0682
0.3623
1.3425
14.3
29
248.4
216.8
1163.2
946.4
14.19
0.0705
0.3652

1.3367
15.3
30
250.3
218.8
1163.9
945.1
13.74
0.0728
0.3680
1.3311
16.3
31
252.2
220.7
1164.5
943.8
13.32
0.0751

0.3707
1.3257
17.3
32
254.1
222.6
1165.1
942.5
12.93
0.0773
0.3733
1.3205
18.3
33
255.8
224.4
1165.7
941.3
12.57

0.0795
0.3759
1.3155
19.3
34
257.6
226.2
1166.3
940.1
12.22
0.0818
0.3784
1.3107
20.3
35
259.3
227.9
1166.8
938.9

11.89
0.0841
0.3808
1.3060

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table XL Continued

37

Total Heat Above

1
f

32<
'F.

Gauge
Absolute
Pressure
Temperature,

Latent
Heat,
Volume,
Cu. Ft. in
Weight of
1 Cu. Ft.
Entropy

Pressure

Entropy
Pounds
Pounds
Fahren-

In the
In the
L=H-h
1 Lb. of
Steani,
of the
of Evapper Sq.in.
per Sq.in.
heat.
Water,
Steam,
H
Heat-units
Heat-units
Steam.
Pound.
Water.
oration.

/I
Heat-units

21.3
36
261.0
229.6
1167.3
937.7
11.58
0.0863
0.3832
1.3014
22.3
37
262.6

231.3
1167.8
936.6
11.29
0.0886
0.3855
1.2969
23.3
38
264.2
232.9
1168.4
935.5
11.01
0.0908
0.3877
1.2925
24.3
39

265.8
234.5
1168.9
934.4
10.74
0.0931
0.3899
1.2882
25.3
40
267.3
236.1
1169.4
933.3
10.49
0.0953
0.3920
1.2841
26.3

41
268.7
237.6
1169.8
932.2
10.25
0.0976
0.3941
1.2800
27.3
42
270.2
239.1
1170.3
931.2
10.02
0.0998
0.3962
1.2759

28.3
43
271.7
240.5
1170.7
930.2
9.80
0.1020
0.3982
1.2720
29.3
44
273.1
242.0
1171.2
929.2
9.59
0.1043
0.4002

1.2681
30.3
45
274.5
243.4
1171.6
928.2
9.39
0.1065
0.4021
1.2644
31.3
46
275.8
244.8
1172.0
927.2
9.20
0.1087

0.4040
1.2607
32.3
47
277.2
246.1
1172.4
926.3
9.02
0.1109
0.4059
1.2571
33.3
48
278.5
247.5
1172.8
925.3
8.84

0.1131
0.4077
1.2536
34.3
49
279.8
248.8
1173.2
924.4
8.67
0.1153
0.4095
1.2502
35.3
50
281.0
250.1
1173.6
923.5

8.51
0.1175
0.4113
1.2468
36.3
51
282.3
251.4
1174.0
922.6
8.35
0.1197
0.4130
1.2432
37.3
52
283.5
252.6
1174.3

921.7
8.20
0.1219
0.4147
1.2405
38.3
53
284.7
253.9
1174.7
920.8
8.05
0.1241
0.4164
1.2370
39.3
54
285.9
255.1

1175.0
919.9
7.91
0.1263
0.4180
1.2339
40.3
55
287.1
256.3
1175.4
919.0
7.78
0.1285
0.4196
1.2309
41.3
56
288.2

257.5
1175.7
918.2
7.65
0.1307
0.4212
1.2278
42.3
57
289.4
258.7
1176.0
917.4
7.52
0.1329
0.4227
1.2248
43.3
58

290.5
259.8
1176.4
916.5
7.40
0.1350
0.4242
1.2218
44.3
59
291.6
261.0
1176.7
915.7
7.28
0.1372
0.4257
1.2189
45.3

60
292.7
262.1
1177.0
914.9
7.17
0.1394
0.4272
1.2160
46.3
61
293.8
263.2
1177.3
914.1
7.06
0.1416
0.4287
1.2132

47.3
62
294.9
264.3
1177.6
913.3
6.95
0.1438
0.4302
1.2104
48.3
63
295.9
265.4
1177.9
912.5
6.85
0.1460
0.4316

1.2077
49.3
64
297.0
266.4
1178.2
911.8
6.75
0.1482
0.4330
1.2050
60.3
65
298.0
267.5
1178.5
911.0
6.65
0.1503

0.4344
1.2024
51.3
66
299.0
268.5
1178.8
910.2
6.56
0.1525
0.4358
1 . 1998
52.3
67
300.0
269.6
1179.0
909.5
6.47

0.1547
0.4371
1.1972
53.3
68
301.0
270.6
1179.3
908.7
6.38
0.1569
0.4385
1.1946
54.3
69
302.0
271.6
1179.6
908.0

6.29
0.1590
0.4398
1.1921
55.3
70
302.9
272.6
1179.8
907.2
6.20
0.1612
0.4411
1 . 1896
56.3
71
303.9
273.6
1180.1

906.5
6.12
0.1634
0.4422
1.1872
57.3
72
304.8
274.5
1180.4
905.8
6.04
0.1656
0.4437
1.1848
58.3
73
305.8
275.5

1180.6
905.1
5.96
0.1678
0.4449
1.1825,
59.3
74
306.7
276.5
1180.9
904.4
5.89
0.1699
0.4462
1 1801 j
60.3
75
307.6

277.4
1181.1
903.7
5.81
0.1721
0.4474
1.1778
61.3
76
308.5
278.3
1181.4
903.0
5.74
0.1743
0.4487
1.1755
62.3
77

309.4
279.3
1181.6
902.3
5.67
0.1764
0.4499
1.1730
63.3
78
310.3
280.2
1181.8
901.7
5.60
0.1786
0.4511
1.1712
64.3

79
311.2
281.1
1182.1
901.0
5.54
0.1808
0.4523
1.1687
65.3
80
312.0
282.0
1182.3
900.3
5.47
0.1829
0.4535
1.1665

66.3
81
312.9
282.9
1182.5
899.7
5.41
0.1851
0.4546
1 . 1644
67.3
82
313.8
283.8
1182.8
899.0
5.34
0.1873
0.4557

1 . 1623
68.3
83
314.6
284.6
1183.0
898.4
5.28
0.1894
0.4568
1.1602

38

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table XL Continued

Total Heat Above

32 F.

Gauge
Absolute
Pressure
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Temperature,
Fahrenheat.

Latent
Heat,
L=H-h
Heat-units
Volume,
Cu. Ft. in
1 Lb. of
Steam.
Weight of
1 Cu. Ft.
Steam,
Pound.
Entropy

of the
Water.

Pressure
Pounds
perSq.in.
In the
Water,
h
Heat-units
In the
Steam,
H
Heat-units
Entropy
of Evaporation.

69.3
84

315.4
285.5
1183.2
897.7
5.22
0.1915
0.4579
1.1581
70.3
85
316.3
286.3
1183.4
897.1
5.16
0.1937
0.4590
1.1561
71.3

86
317.1
287.2
1183.6
896.4
5.10
0.1959
0.4601
1.1540
72.3
87
317.9
288.0
1183.8
895.8
5.05
0.1980
0.4612
1.1520

73.3
88
318.7
288.9
1184.0
895.2
5.00
0.2001
0.4623
1.1500
74.3
89
319.5
289.7
1184.2
894.6
4.94
0.2023
0.4633

1.1481
75.3
90
320.3
290.5
1184.4
893.9
4.89
0.2044
0.4644
1.1461
76.3
91
321.1
291.3
1184.6
893.3
4.84
0.2065

0.4654
1.1442
77.3
92
321.8
292.1
1184.8
892.7
4.79
0.2087
0.4664
1.1423
78.3
93
322.6
292.9
1185.0
892.1
4.74

0.2109
0.4674
1.1404
79.3
94
323.4
293.7
1185.2
891.5
4.69
0.2130
0.4684
1 . 1385
80.3
95
324.1
294.5
1185.4
890.9

4.65
0.2151
0.4694
1.1367
81.3
96
324.9
295.3
1185.6
890.3
4.60
0.2172
0.4704
1.1348
82.3
97
325.6
296.1
1185.8

889.7
4.56
0.2193
0.4714
1.1330
83.3
98
326.4
296.8
1186.0
889.2
4.51
0.2215
0.4724
1.1312
84.3
99
327.1
297.6

1186.2
888.6
4.47
0.2237
0.4733
1.1295
85.3
100
327.8
298.3
1186.3
888.0
4.429
0.2258
0.4743
1.1277
87.3
102
329.3

299.8
1186.7
886.9
4.347
0.2300
0.4762
1.1242
89.3
104
330.7
301.3
1187.0
885.8
4.268
0.2343
0.4780
1 . 1208
91.3
106

332.0
302.7
1187.4
884.7
4.192
0.2336
0.4798
1.1174
93.3
108
333.4
304.1
1187.7
883.6
4.118
0.2429
0.4816
1.1141
95.3

110
334.8
305.5
1188.0
882.5
4.047
0.2472
0.4834
1.1108
97.3
112
336.1
306.9
1188.4
881.4
3.978
0.2514
0.4852
1.1076

99.3
114
337.4
308.3
1188.7
880.4
3.912
0.2556
0.4869
1 . 1045
101.3
116
338.7
309.6
1189.0
879.3
3.848
0.2599
0.4886

1.1014
103.3
118
340.0
311.0
1189.3
878.3
3.786
0.2641
0.4903
1.0984
105.3
120
341.3
312.3
1189.6
877.2
3.726
0.2683

0.4919
1.0954
107.3
122
342.5
313.6
1189.8
876.2
3.668
0.2726
0.4935
1.0924
109.3
124
343.8
314.9
1190.1
875.2
3.611

0.2769
0.4951
1.0895
111.3
126
345.0
316.2
1190.4
874.2
3.556
0.2812
0.4967
1.0865
113.3
128
346.2
317.4
1190.7
873.3

3.504
0.2854
0.4982
1.0837
115.3
130
347.4
318.6
1191.0
872.3
3.452
0.2897
0.4998
1.0809
117.3
132
348.5
319.9
1191.2

871.3
3.402
0.2939
0.5013
1.0782
119.3
134
349.7
321.1
1191.5
870.4
3.354
0.2981
0.5028
1.0755
121.3
136
350.8
322.3

1191.7
869.4
3.308
0.3023
0.5043
1.0728
123.3
138
352.0
323.4
1192.0
868.5
3.263
0.3065
0.5057
1.0702
125.3
140
353.1

324.6
1192.2
867.6
3.219
0.3107
0.5072
1.0675
127.3
142
354.2
325.8
1192.5
866.7
3.175
0.3150
0.5086
1.0649
129.3
144

355.3
326.9
1192.7
865.8
3.133
0.3192
0.5100
1.0624
131.3
146
356.3
328.0
1192.9
864.9
3.092
0.3234
0.5114
1.0599
133.3

148
357.4
329.1
1193.2
864.0
3.052
0.3276
0.5128
1.0574
135.3
150
358.5
330.2
1193.4
863.2
3.012
0.3320
0.5142
1.0550

137.3
152
359.5
331.4
1193.6
862.3
2.974
0.3362
0.5155
1.0525
139.3
154
360.5
332.4
1193.8
861.4
2.938
0.3404
0.5169

1.0501
141.3
156
361.6
333.5
1194.1
860.6
2.902
0.3446
0.5182
1.0477
143.3
158
362.6
334.6
1194.3
859.7
2.868
0.3488

0.5195
1.0454
145.3
160
363.6
335.6
1194.5
858.8
2.834
0.3529
0.5208
1.0431
147.3
162
364.6
336.7
1194.7
858.0
2.801

0.3570
0.5220
1.0409

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table XL Continued

39

Total Heat Above

32 F.

GaAige
Absolute
Pressure
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Temperature,

Fahrenheat.

Latent
Heat,
L=H-h
Heat-units
Volume,
Cu. Ft. in
1 Lb. of
Steam.
Weight of
1 Cu. Ft.
Steam,
Pound.
Entropy
of the
Water.

Pressure
Pounds
per Sq.in.
In the
Water,
h
In the

Steam,
H
Heat-units
Entropy
of Evaporation.

fi
Heat-units

149.3
164
365.6
337.7
1194.9
857.2
2.769
0.3612

0.5233
1.0387
151.3
166
366.5
338.7
1195.1
856.4
2.737
0.3654
0.5245
1.0365
153.3
168
367.5
339.7
1195.3
855.5
2.706

0.3696
0.5257
1.0343
155.3
170
368.5
340.7
1195.4
854.7
2.675
0.3738
0.5269
1.0321
157.3
172
369.4
341.7
1195.6
853.9

2.645
0.3780
0.5281
1.0300
159.3
174
370.4
342.7
1195.8
853.1
2.616
0.3822
0.5293
1.0278
161.3
176
371.3
343.7
1196.0

852.3
2.588
0.3864
0.5305
1.0257
163.3
178
372.2
344.7
1196.2
851.5
2.560
0.3906
0.5317
1.0235
165.3
180
373.1
345.6

1196.4
850.8
2.533
0.3948
0.5328
1.0215
167.3
182
374.0
346.6
1196.6
850.0
2.507
0.3989
0.5339
1.0195
169.3
184
374.9

347.6
1196.8
849.2
2.481
0.4031
0.5351
1.0174
171.3
186
375.8
348.5
1196.9
848.4
2.455
0.4073
0.5362
1.0154
173.3
188

376.7
349.4
1197.1
847.7
2.430
0.4115
0.5373
1.0134
175.3
190
377.6
350.4
1197.3
846.9
2.406
0.4157
0.5384
1.0114
177.3

192
378.5
351.3
1197.4
846.1
2.381
0.4199
0.5395
1.0095
179.3
194
379.3
352.2
1197.6
845.4
2.358
0.4241
0.5405
1.0076

181.3
196
380.2
353.1
1197.8
844.7
2.335
0.4283
0.5416
1.0056
183.3
198
381.0
354.0
1197.9
843.9
2.312
0.4325
0.5426

1.0038
185.3
200
381.9
354.9
1198.1
843.2
2.290
0.437
0.5437
1.0019
190.3
205
384.0
357.1
1198.5
841.4
2.237
0.447

0.5463
0.9973
195.3
210
386.0
359.2
1198.8
839.6
2.187
0.457
0.5488
0.9928
200.3
215
388.0
361.4
1199.2
837.9
2.138

0.468
0.5513
0.9885
205.3
220
389.9
363.4
1199.6
836.2
2.091
0.478
0.5538
0.9841
210.3
225
391.9
365.5
1199.9
834.4

2.046
0.489
0.5562
0.9799
215.3
230
393.8
367.5
1200.2
832.8
2.004
0.499
0.5586
0.9758
220.3
235
395.6
369.4
1200.6

831.1
1.964
0.509
0.5610
0.9717
225.3
240
397.4
371.4
1200.9
829.5
1.924
0.520
0.5633
0.9676
230.3
245
399.3
373.3

1201.2
827.9
1.8S7
0.530
0.5655
0.9638
235.3
250
401.1
375.2
1201.5
826.3
1.850
0.541
0.5676
0.9600
245.3
260
404.5

378.9
1202.1
823.1
1.782
9.561
0.5719
0.9525
255.3
270
407.9
382.5
1202.6
820.1
1.718
0.582
0.5760
0.9454
265.3
280

411.2
386.0
1203.1
817.1
1.658
0.603
0.5800
0.9385
275.3
290
414.4
389.4
1203.6
814.2
1.602
0.624
0.5840
0.9316
285.3

300
417.5
392.7
1204.1
811.3
1.551
0.645
0.6878
0.9251
295.3
310
420.5
395.9
1204.5
808.5
1.502
0.666
0.5915
0.9187

305.3
320
423.4
399.1
1204.9
805.8
1.456
0.687
0.5951
0.9125
315.3
330
426.3
402.2
1205.3
803.1
1.413
0.708
0.5986

0.9065
325.3
340
429.1
405.3
1205.7
800.4
1.372
0.729
0.6020
0.9006
335.3
350
431.9
408.2
1206.1
797.8
1.334
0.750

0.6053
0.8949
345.3
360
434.6
411.2
1206.4
795.3
1.298
0.770
0.6085
0.8894
355.3
370
437.2
414.0
1206.8
792.8
1.264

0.791
0.6116
0.8840
365.3
380
439.8
416.8
1207.1
790.3
1.231
0.812
0.6147
0.8788
375.3
390
442.3
419.5
1207.4
787.9

1.200
0.833
0.6178
0.8737
385.3
400
444.8
422
1208
786
1.17
0.86
0.621
0.868
435.3
450
456.5
435
1209

774
1.04
0.96
0.635
0.844
485.3
500
467.3
448
1210
762
0.93
1.08
0.648
0.822
535.3
550
477.3
459

1210
751
0.83
1.20
0.659
0.801
585.3
600
486.6
469
1210
741
0.76
1.32
0.670
0.783

40

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table XLI
PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM
(Condensed from Marks and Davis's Steam Tables and Diagrams)
V =specific volume in cubic feet per pound, h =total heat, from water at 32
F. in B.T.U. per pound,
n = entropy, from water at 32.

Pressure
Absolute,
Temp,
Sat.
Degrees of Superheat.
Pounds

per Sq.in.
Steam.

20

50
100
150
200
250
300
400
500
20
228.0
V 20.08
20.73
21.69
23.25
24.80
26.33
27.85
29.37
32.39

35.40

h 1156.2
1165.7
1179.9
1203.5
1227.1
1250.6
1274.1
1297.6
1344.8
1392.2

n 1.7320
1.7456
1.7652
1.7961
1.8251

1.8524
1.8781
1.9026
1.9479
1.9893
40
267.3
V 10.49
10.83
11.33
12.13
12.93
13.70
14.48
15.25
16.78
18.30

h 1169.4

1179.3
1194.0
1218.4
1242.4
1266.4
1290.3
1314.1
1361.6
1409.3

n 1.6761
1.6895
1.7089
1.7392
1.7674
1.7940
1.8189
1.8427
1.8867

1.9271
60
292.7
v7.17
7.40
7.75
8.30
8.84
9.36
9.89
10.41
11.43
12.45

h 1177.0
1187.3
1202.6
1227.6

1252.1
1276.4
1300.4
1324.3
1372.2
1420.0

n 1.6432
1.6568
1.6761
1.7062
1.7342
1.7603
1.7849
1.8081
1.8511
1.8908
80
312.0

V 5.47
5.65
5.92
6.34
6.75
7.17
7.56
7.95
8.72
9.49

h 1182.3
1193.0
1208.8
1234.3
1259.0
1283.6
1307.8
1331.9

1379.8
1427.9

n 1.6200
1.6338
1.6532
1.6833
1.7110
1.7368
1.7612
1.7840
1.8265
1.8658
100
327.8
V4.43
4.58
4.79

5.14
5.47
5.80
6.12
6.44
7.07
7.69

h 1186.3
1197.5
1213.8
1239.7
1264.7
1289.4
1313.6
1337.8
1385.9
1434.1

n 1.6020
1.6160
1.6358
1.6658
1.6933
1.7188
1.7428
1.7656
1.8079
1.8468
120
341.3
v3.73
3.85
4.04
4.33
4.62
4.89
5.17

5.44
5.96
6.48

h 1189.6
1201.1
1217.9
1244.1
1269.3
1294.1
1318.4
1342.7
1391.0
1439.4

n 1.5873
1.6016
1.6216

1.6517
1.6789
1.7041
1.7280
1.7505
1.7924
1.8311
140
353.1
V 3.22
3.32
3.49
3.75
4.00
4.24
4.48
4.71
5.16
5.61

h 1192.2
1204.3
1221.4
1248.0
1273.3
1298.2
1322.6
1346.9
1395.4
1443.8

n 1.5747
1.5894
1.6096
1.6395
1.6666
1.6916

1.7152
1.7376
1.7792
1.8177
160
363.6
V 2.83
2.93
3.07
3.30
3.53
3.74
3.95
4.15
4.56
4.95

h 1194.5
1207.0

1224.5
1251.3
1276.8
1301.7
1326.2
1350.6
1399.3
1447.9

n 1.5639
1.5789
1.5993
1.6292
1.6561
1.6810
1.7043
1.7266
1.7680
1.8063

180
373.1
V 2.53
2.62
2.75
2.96
3.16
3.35
3.54
3.72
4.09
4.44

h 1196.4
1209.4
1227.2
1254.3
1279.9

1304.8
1329.5
1253.9
1402.7
1451.4

n 1.5543
1.5697
1.5904
1.6201
1.6468
1.6716
1.6948
1.7169
1.7581
1.7962
200
381.9
V 2.29

2.37
2.49
2.68
2.86
3.04
3.21
3.38
3.71
4.03

h 1198.1
1211.6
1229.8
1257.1
1282.6
1307.7
1332.4
1357.0
1405.9

1464.7

n 1.5456
1.5614
1.5823
1.6120
1.6385
1.6632
1.6862
1.7082
1.7493
1.7872
220
389.9
V 2.09
2.16
2.28
2.45

2.62
2.78
2.94
3.10
3.40
3.69

h 1199.6
1213.6
1232.2
1259.6
1285.2
1310.3
1335.1
1359.8
1408.8
1457.7

n 1.5379

1.5541
1.5753
1.6049
1.6312
1.6558
1.6787
1.7005
1.7415
1.7792
240
397.4
V 1.92
1.99
2.09
2.26
2.42
2.57
2.71
2.85.

3.13
3.40

h 1200.9
1215.4
1234.3
1261.9
1287.6
1312.8
1337.6
1362.3
1411.5
1460.5

n 1.5309
1.5476
1.5690
1.5985

1.6246
1.6492
1.6720
1.6937
1.7344
1.7721
260
404.5
V 1.78
1.84
1.94
2.10
2.24
2.39
2.52
2.65
2.91
3.16

h 1202.1
1217.1
1236.4
1264.1
1289.9
1315.1
1340.0
1364.7
1414.0
1463.2

n 1.5244
1.5416
1.5631
1.5926
1.6186
1.6430
1.6658

1.6874
1.7280
1.7655
280
411.2
V 1.66
1.72
1.81
1.95
2.09
2.22
2.35
2.48
2.72
2.95

h 1203.1
1218.7
1238.4

1266.2
1291.9
1317.2
1342.2
1367.0
1416.4
1465.7

n 1.5185
1.5362
1.5580
1.5873
1.6133
1.6375
1.6603
1.6818
1.7223
1.7597
300

417.5
V 1.55
1.60
1.69
1.83
1.96
2.09
2.21
2.33
2.55
2.77

h 1204.1
1220.2
1240.3
1268.2
1294.0
1319.3

1344.3
1369.2
1418.6
1468.0

n 1.5129
1.5310
1.5530
1.5824
1.6082
1.6323
1.6550
1.6765
1.7168
1.7541
350
431.9
V 1.33
1.38

1.46
1.58
1.70
1.81
1.92
2.02
2.22
2.41

h 1206.1
1223.9
1244.6
1272.7
1298.7
1324.1
1349.3
1374.3
1424.0
1473.7

n 1.5002
1.5199
1.5423
1.5715
1.5971
1.6210
1.6436
1.6650
1.7052
1.7422
400
444.8
V 1.17
1.21
1.28
1.40
1.50

1.60
1.70
1.79
1.97
2.14

h 1207.7
1227.2
1248.6
1276.9
1303.0
1328.6
1353.9
1379.1
1429.0
1478.9

n 1.4894
1.5107

1.5336
1.5625
1.5880
1.6117
1.6342
1.6554
1.6955
1.7323
450
456.5
V 1.04
1.08
1.14
1.25
1.35
1.44
1.53
1.61
1.77

1.93

h 1209
1231
1252
1281
1307
1333
1358
1383
1434
1484

n 1.479
1.502
1.526
1.554
1.580

1.603
1.626
1.647
1.687
1.723
500
467.3
V 0.93
0.97
1.03
1.13
1.22
1.31
1.39
1.47
1.62
1.76

h 1210

1233
1256
1285
1311
1337
1362
1388
1438
1489

n 1.470
1.496
1.519
1.548
1.573
1.597
1.619
1.640

1.679
1.715

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

41

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OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

o o ft-O

(NOOOOOOi:OOOcO-^COCOOOC^CD(Mt^(MOCOcDTt<iOOrtH(MO
l>OOOCO<:DTHrt<OOCOOOCOOOC005TtHOiOT-Kl>(NOOiOOb-C001>
lO Tji r}^ M (N C<i 1-H O* O* OJ Oi 00 00 ^^ t^ l> CO CO u:) lO rJH Tti rJH
CO M CO C^^
(M(N(M(N(N(M<N(M(N'-'i-lrHTH,-lr-li-lTHrHTHrHi-lT-lTHrH,-li-H,-l

iOiOOO(NuooO(MlOI>

(M iO lO

"^cOt^'-H'>*cO00COCOOS(MCOO5

050505000i-i^T-i(Nc^cq(NeocococoTti'<*i'^THuo^ocococo
C<l(M(NCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOeOCO

i01>0'^l>0'<*t>-

cocooso-^t^osocococo

Tt< t^

CO CO OS

CO(MC<IrHOOCi00001~^COiOiOrJ<cO<MC^'-iOOiOiOOt^t^COiO"^
000000050500505050505050505505050000000000000000
C0C0C0cOc0C0iOOiOOOiOiOi0iOOiOiO^iOiOiOiOiO^i0u^

Ot3 <D^'

C<?(NC<l(N(N(NC<IC0C0"*"<*!rt<rJ<C0C0C<l(N(N(N(NTHirHT--lT--iOO
TtlCO(Ni-lo'o5o6N^cO>0'<*iCOC<Ji-i005001>.COiOTt^CO(MrH00500
|>.l>.t>l>.l>.CO(:OcOCOcOCOCOCOCOCOOiOOiO'0OiOiOiO0"^"^
I I I I i I I I I I I I i M I I I I I I I I I I I 1

0) <n d
5 fl Cm
S 3CC c3

i001>0000 lOO lOO

OOCOCOi-iOOOi-it>"^OCO<Mt-COi-I^O>OOe005-^05-^05iOTH
rt< TjJ '^' TtJ eo' CO CO (N (M (N T-H rH o" o' O* O rH i-l (N* (N (N CO CO
rji rt^ lO Co'
I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I +

<U 05 fl
g 30Q o
^ o t, g

Ah^ ft-<

lO CO
00 tH CO CO 05 C<J CO

CO 1>tH
o
Ti<
00

1>
(M
00
CO
lO O
1-1 CO
1 1
CO
r--'
CO
<N

00
05 O O O O rH 1-1
11
I 1
I 1
CO CO ""^ "TfH r:J^
T 1 tH tH r-1 rH

0 CO
1 < 11
CO 1> 1>
iH 1 t 1-1
00
11
00
11
05
05
1-1
O
O

(O ft

005001>COiO'<^CO(Ni-l00500b*COiOrt^CO(N-i00500t^cO^'^
TfCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO<M(N(N(M(N(M(M(N(N(Ni-ii-ii-(i-ii-i'-<
I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

ft

OrH(NCOThiiOcOt^00050i-i(MCO'^iOcor^00050'-ic<lCOTHOcO
(M(N(N(N(N(NC^(N(M<MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOtJ<tJ< :tiTjl'^TlHrtl
Ti^ ^i^ ^^ ^i^ ^^ ^^ ^i^ ^t^ ^i^ ^^ ^t^ ^^ t}^ tJ^ ^t^ tJ^ ^^ ^t^ ^^ ''^
^"ij^ ^^ '^ >n ^^ ^^ ^^

42

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

o
>

H
<1
P^
P
H
<1
02
O

w
W
I I
H
p:?
fin
O
P^

Entropy
of
Vapor.
N(NOOC005"<!l<OiOiHCO(Nt>.C005rt<QOi-Ht>.(NOOrtHO0HbN.cO
OO0505Q00000l:^J>irC0OiOTHTt<^C0C0C<l(NTH,-l,-lOO0sdi
Entropy
of
Liquid.
000<:POOOO'*OCqcO(NOOOOO(MOcO(MiO(NOcO'<^COOO(M
ot^iocoi-icjocoTticooit^-ioc^iooocoeoT-ioit^ioc^oooco^i-i
005050i03CX)OOOOOOt^t^t^t^l>COcOcOCDOiOiOiLOOTj<Tt^Tfi-rtl
i-iOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Internal
Latent
Heat.
00500r-icOOThiTt<C<JC<lcqi:^(N<M(M(MCOTtHiOcOOOCiO(MTt<COOO
O'-lC0O'O05O(MC0TtiiX)<00OC0'*iOC01>0005O(Ne0"^iOiO
iO"^CO(Ni-<000500l>.COOTtiTj<eO(Mi-i00300t^l>-CDiO'<*'CO(N
External
Latent
Heat.

O'-l(Nrt<'<:t<K3cDCD0000000000000000t^<:0u:)'^(Mi-iO00C0-^(M
(NCO'<^iOCDl>00050i-l(MCO'*iOCOt^00050i-<C<lCOTtH"<^iO<)t>
05 05 as C5 oi C5 05 aJ O O O O O O O O O O rH T-^ 1-H ,4 tH rH i-J ,-1 ,-1
Density of
Liquid,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
'*T-ll>.TjH01r^COOCD(N05iOi-100'<^01^COOiiOi-lt^rt<OCOC<IOO
'^TtiCOCOCO<N(N(Mi-iT-i0000505Ci00001:^t^t^(>CO(iOOTt<
Sp. Vol.
of Liquid,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
co^r^05THcoi:ot^O(McocooiOC<j^cooooThii>.050eoooocj5
c^(^^(^^(^^c^c<^c^c^c^c^(N(^^(N(N<N(^^(N(^^(^J<N(^^(^^(N(N<^^(N(N
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Density of
Vapor,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
OOtH(MOQOOOO
0(NTt^cOGOO(MTHt^CiTHirocOOOTHTtH<:005(M-^l>0(MCD05<NiO
GOOOCOOCX)Ci05a>C50iC)000'-ii-Hi--i'-H(N(NC<ICOCOCOCOT^Tti
OOOOOOOOOOi-HT-HT--J,-HT-H,-H,-HT-HT-<rH,-Hr-|i-HTHrHrH,-l
Sp. Vol.
of Vapor,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.

O(MrHG0(Mc0(M00'*(M CO'^Tt^OOOO(M'^cOOr^^OO^-(lOO
iOrHOOiOCOOOOiOCO'-i05CO'*(MOOOcOnH(N0001>iOCO{N005
cq(Mi-HTH,-H,-iOOOOCi05G5050iOOOOOOOOOOI>l>l>l>l>i>CO
Total
Heat.
Above
32 F.
(^^l005r4co<:oo5(^^looOl-^c^^looo(^qTt^t^C5(^^Tt^cDoo^-^cocoooo5
^^^^^^(X)OOooooo505050000r-lrHT-l,--^(^q(^^(^l(^^cocococoeo
-*3 .
CI 43
(N'OOOOCOcOOSOq-^CDOlOCOCO C^-^CDOO (N-^CDOO (NCO
TjHCOC^OqTH0050iOOt^cOO>-0'<*TjHCOC<lT--iOOOi001>-.i:DCDiOThi
Heat of
Liquid
Above
32 F.

^'CD'd^(^0(^t)(^<^l-HOool^colo-^co(^^rHOC50ot^cDlOrt^co<^^r-^o
Tt^Tl^Tl^Tt^r^TtlT^^rt^co(^^o:)(^:)co'>0(^o<^ococ^c<^c^(^^(^^(^^<^^(^^(N(N
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Gage.
N.C0CSOt-I00tJHO1>-C0O1>"^O00OC<)OQ0c0"^C0C<1t-IO 05
<:Ot>.|>00050iOi-Hi-l(MC0C0'*iOi0Ot^00000iOTH(MC0Tt<iOO
tHi-Hi li (rHi-lTHi-lrHTHT-lT-HTHT-IC^C<lC<l(N(NC<lC<l

Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Absolute.
"* CO(M00iOr-tt^TH l>Ttii-Hl>.iO(M05I>>OC0i-l Oi CO t> t^ to
T-H C^ (N CO M r}H u:) u^ CD r^ b-' 00 05 oi O ^' rH (^q W T^^ lO CO O b 00
Oi o
c^c^(^^(^^(N(N(Nc<^c^(^^c<^c^c^c<^(X)cccocococococococococoTt^
Scale,
Temp.
. F.
CO(Mi-IOOi001>COWO-<*COC<JiHOrH(MCO'^OCDt>OOCOTH(NCO
T ItHt-Ht ( tHi lilrH
1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, ft
<J^o
!^00CiOT-i(MC0Tj<iOcOI^00OiOi-iC<>C0rHiOcOb'00<5P'-HC<IC0
Tt<Ttir*<lOOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOCOCOCOCOCOCOcOCOCOcOb-t>-t>-t>.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

43

Hi
X

C
Ah

Q
m
O
CQ
H
P5
O
A4

Entropy
of
Vapor.
GOooQOt-.t-.cocoiooiOTtH^Mcococ^cqiiHi5^oo^SSwoo
.....'"I'^. .'~I'~I'~I'~!'~!'~I'-I'-^. '-;'-|'-^'-;'-;^oooooEntropy
of
Liquid.
CO CO CO 00 CO 3 (M (N (M rH ,-H ^ rH r-l O O O O O O O O ^ r2 S ^^
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Internal
Latent
Heat.

External
Latent
Heat.
OOGOOiOr-ir-icqcOCO->^iODC01>000005050T-irHCSCqcO^-^iO
,-^^rH(^^(^q(^^(^q(^^(^l(^^(^^(^^<N(^^(^^(^^(N(^^cocococococococoeo
Density of
Liquid,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
Tt^ocO(^^oo^Ol:OrH^>.coo5lOOcO(^^oocoo:>looo(^^^^coooT}^
Tfir)HCOCO(NC^C^i-lr-l00050i05C0001>l>CO'X>COOiO'*TtiCOCO

Sp. Vol.
of Liquid,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
(NO00OC0>Ol>.C5C0i000OC0c00ii-iC0c000C<Ji01:^OC0c00i(M
t'-t^t^OOCOGOOOCXDOiOiOiOOOOi li iili ((MC^C^lCOCOCOCOTtH
c^c^c^(^^(^^cq(^^c^c^lc<^(^^(^lc<^(^^(^q(N(^^c<^c<^c^(^^(^l(^^<^^(^^(^^(^^
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Density of
Vapor,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
00(MiOa)(McDCiC0J>.O'^00(Ni00iC0I>.rHi005C01>.(NC0(M<:0i-i
Tt^iOiOiOcOOcOt^t^OOOOOOOiOiOJOOi-ii-ii-itNC^jCOeOTtiTfiiO

THrHT-HTHrHrHi-HTHT-HT-HrHT-HrHrH,-HC^CqCqC^C<J(rqCQC<JCqC^C^C^
Sp. Vol.
of Vapor,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
oolO(^^oO'*ooO':OTt^co(^^(M(^^(^^cocoT^^cd^-oooT-^cort^<:Doo
t^c0'*C0'-iO05t^cOO'^C0(Mi-iO05001>c0iO'rt^TtiC0(MT-iO05
OCOOCOCOCOiOOi0^iOiO0J^Ort<Tj<-^-^-<tlriH-^Tt<"<*"^Tj<cO
Total
Heat
Above
32 F.
^^ "x!' ^^ ^^ ^'sP Vj^ "^7" ^7^ 'Vj' Vj' vp ^^ vj ^'^ Tji ^^ ^^ ^7^ xj ' '^
' ^^1 xj ' ^vj' "^T" ^' ^7" ^^
<D 03
O':O00C5r-((M'^CO00 i-HC0iOcO00O5 i-HC^JCO-^iOCDCOcOCOCD
C0(NT-iOOCi00t^C0O>O"r}HC0<Mi lOOOiOOb-cDiO-^COCQi-iO
COCOcOcOCOiOiOiOiOiOtOiOiOuOiOiOtO'^-'ti-^'rJHTt^rt^-rt^TttTtirJi
Heat of
Liquid
Above
32 F.

05001>.COLO'*CO(Ni-ia3001>-<D0"^CO<NTHOOTH<M-<!tiiO<OI>-00
1 li li (i (i li (i 1,-Hr-l
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ++ +
Pressure,

Pounds
per Sq.in.
Gage.
CSi0i0i05C505OOOiHC<IC0'^000TH'*<:0O5(NiOOiC0l>i-HCO-i
<:Ot>.OOOiOi-iCO'=tiiLOcOt^00050rH(^0'^iOi:OOOC50<MCOiOCOOO
(M(N(M(MCCeOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO^'<^TtiTjH-*^'<;J(Tt<iOOiOiOiO0
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Absolute.
COcOCOcOCOcDI>t>.t>.C0C5 i-ieOiOOO-<CO<Oi(NCOOT}<OOCOoO
'-H(NC0Tt<iOCOI~^00O5O'-H00"rt^iOCOt^CiOr-HC^rtiiOt^00CT)-HC^
Scale,
Temp.
rhiiOCOI>.C0050i-iC<JCOTt<iOCDt>.00050i-<(MCOTfiiOcOb-OOOiO
rHi-tr-HTHi-lTH(N<M(N(N(M(M(N(N(N(MCOCCCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO-^
Abs.
Temp.
"F.
rtHiO<:OI>OOOiO'-i(NCO'*iOcOt^00050'-iC<JCO'^iOcOt^00050

44

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

1
I
6

O
QQ
W
H
W
Ph
o
p^

Entropy
of
Vapor.
OOTHOcO(NOOrJHO0(NOOC005iOi-Ht^C005iOi-IOOTj<OCOC<IOOTiH
t>-t^t^<X>COlOlOiOTtHTtHCOCO(N(N(NrH,-4000050050000t--^
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO05050i050i0505
Entropy
of
Liquid.

OO<M^tJHC0000000OI>(N(M(NC0(N00OOtHtJHi0<;000cD00O
O(M'^C000OC^"^C00iOC0OJ>a>T-(C0CC)00O(MTt<C000OC^O
oooooooooooooooooooooSooooo

Internal
Latent
Heat.
"^OSOSOSTtiOSVOOcOfMOiCOC^OScOCOOt^iOfNiOOOOOCOt^i-H
05CX)OOC<)001>l>t^CO<;0^00'<*lTt^T^Tt<OOCOWC^<t-lrHT=Io050

External
Latent
Heat.
COi-HCOT-IO'r-4iOO'*OOrHrhiOOi-l'rfl|>.OCO0000<NTtiiOt^OO<r'5
iococoi>i>ooooa50505000i-iT-iT-iG\iC^i(N(Mcococococoeoco
Density of
Liquid,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
05iOOCOi-HN.cqoOCOOir}HO^O00OOiOOiOOiLOCJCD-<CD
(M(M(Mr-lrHOO0i05G00000l>l><r)Oi0i0'*'<^C0C0(MC^i-i,-lO
OSOSOiqsOiOSOiOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Sp. Vol.
of Liquid,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
-*00rH'<e<l:^05Cq'i<l>OTt<l>OC0c0OTt<t^Ort<h,Ort<00rH-r^l00
TH'^0OiOiO':OOc01>l>.l>00000005C3i05000i-iT-iTH(N(Me<l
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Density of
Vapor,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
lOcOcOt^t^OOCOCiOiOOi ii i(Ne0C0-<*>Oi0cDc01:^CC00OiO' 1
c<l(^^c^c^c^<^^c^c^^<^lcocococococococococococococococort^"^

Sp. Vol.
of Vapor,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
T-<Tt<l:^O-*l>.^'*00(NC0T-HiLO00f01>T-tC0Ol>.(Nl>-C000C0a>Tji
Oi001>>I>000'st<COCOC^<Mi-iOOC5050000t>t>.COCOOiOTjH-^
l^oeococooococo(^^(^ococo(^0(^^M(^^c<l(^^(^^(^^(N<^^(^^c<^(N(N(^
Total
Heat
Above
32 F.
00000i0i0505050i0i05OOOOOOOOOrHrH,-l,-lTHi-ii-(,-(

lOiOiOCOCDcOcOfCOCOCOCOCOCOcOOCOCOCDCOiO^iOTfl'^COeO
0500l^cO5TtHCOC<lT-(005001:^COiO'*CO(Ni-H00500t^cO0'*eo
|^:)(^Deol^^cocococococo(Nc^c^(^^<^^(^l<^^<^^(^^(^^rHT--ll-lr-l,-^T-l^
Heat of
Liquid
Above
32 F.

050i-HClCOTtliOI>OOCiOTH(NCOiOcDb-00050i-lCSICO-^Ot^CO
,-^,-^I-^r^l-^T-^l-^^-(l-^(^^c^C^(^^C^C^lC^(^l(^^cocococoC0COC0C0
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Gage.
^0005>ON053CO 00CDr}<COC<l(MiHTHr-iTHO500000000OiTH
05TH(NOO01>.GOOC<lrlli01>.Oii-iCOiON.CiTHCOTtli:0000<N"rtit^
iOOCO<Ci';C><:OCC>l>-l>J>l>-l>-t>-OOOOOOOOOOOia)05050iOOOO
i-H r-l 1 1 T-H
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Absolute.
C<ll><M<)(M0i';0(MOt>-0C0T- O5Oi00000000CO>OOiO^CD00
"^lOt^OOOT-icO'ON.OOOCqrHCDt^Oir-ieOiOt^OiT-iCOiOt^OS'-i
l>.I>l>.i>.0000G0000000050505050i05OOOOOi-HT-irHT-4TH(N
Scale,
Temp.
F.
TH(NC0'^i0OI>000iOTH(NC0rJ4iOC0l>.000>Oi-<C<lC0'^i0C0t^
Abs.
Temp.
F.
OOOOOOOOOrH,-HrHrHTHi-Hi-Hi-H,-Hr-ICl(N(N(N(N(N<NC2

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

45

P5
O
>

Q
H
<
H
O
(1
H
O

Entropy
of
Vapor.
OI>eOOiWDi-IOOTHOCOC<100iLOTHt>.COOcOC<10SiOi-Hts.WOCDC<l
t^COCOiOiOiO'<:J<'*'*COCO(N(M(NT-lT-l,-lOOOi050iOOOOOOt^b0505050505010505050505 O5C5O^O5OSOSO5O5000000Q00000G000

Entropy
of
Liquid.
O(M05<N(N(M(NCCC0TtHc0CC)C0C000OO(N(NrtHT}iC0l>00000000

i>050coiot>05i-icoiot>.05i-(cooooo(NTricooooc<'^coooo
t>J>.OOOOOOOOCXD05050505050000i-ii-ii-ii-iT-i(MC<l(NC<ICSCO
OOOOOOOOOOOOr-lTHrHr-lrHTHr-tr-lrHT-Hr-li-lTHi-lT-4
Internal
Latent
Heat.
OTt<GOC01r^(M':OCOcOi:Ol^l>.0005050i-i(M'^i01:^000(N"<^oC30
001>-OCO^0-^CO(NT-i005QOCDTt<CO(M0051>.cOTt<rticqOOOcO
l>0>0'*CO(M'-i005001>iOThiCO(MT-l0051>.COiO'>!^eO(Ni-l0500
External
Latent
Heat.
O'-^C^C^C0CCT}HTtH-<*i-^c0C0(NTH,--(O0500cDiOC0(NO00c0T*<C<|

Density of
Liquid,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
TH(:0i-Hi:0i-(C0(Nt^(Nb-(Nl>'(Nt>-(Mc0i-iiOO^OTt<05C000C<ll>
0050500001>l>COCC>iLOiO'*TlHcOCO(M(Mi-iT-i00050000t^l>CO
00l>-I>t>-t-l>Wl>l>"l>-N'l>t>l>l:^t>-l:^l>-l>>t^t^cOcOcOcOcOcO
Sp. Vol.
of Liquid,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
r-<iO00<MiO05(MTiH00r-liO00(Mi0O5C000OiOO5C0cOOO05Tt<t^
COCOCOTt<'<tiTti0OtocDcOcDl:^t^l:^000005050500^'-ii-i(N(M
(^^c^c^(^^(^^(^^c^c^(^^(Nc^c^c<^(^qc^(^^(^^c^l(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^(N(^^(N
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Density of
Vapor,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
l>.cO(^^ooo^eoc<^^-loo^<.lOxor}^(NT-l005oooooloco^lOl:^^^
i-l(MC0Tj<Ti<-iOCOt^000005OTH(MC0THiOX0CO0000O5OT-4Cqe0rt<

Sp. Vol.
of Vapor,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
Oi0i-I1>.C0OC0(M00i0t-I00'^t-<00i0(N05c0(NO00iO{NOI>'^
Tt^COCOC^(NCqT-li-(000050505000000t>-l>l>l>COCOCOCOiOiO
(N (N (M* C<i (N* <N <M* (M* (N (N (M' tH tH tH tH tH r-I r-I t-I tH tH t^ ,-i tH rH tH tH
Total
Heat
Above
32 F.

-*3 .
CI C3
(NtHi-IO 050500t>.i:OlOTt<COT-i051>0'^COT-l 001>"3C0r-4O5
(N tH O 05* 00 CO 0 ^' (^5 (N tH O 05' 00 O* 0 T}^ CO C<i 1-4 O 00 b-^ CD ^
Tt< (N
i-It-It-1OOOOOOOOO050505050505050505000000000000
Heat of
Liquid
Above
32 F.

050T-iC<lCO"<*ii01>.00050rH(MOO'^OC000050T-i(MCOiOCDl>.00
C0'^-^'*'<*'Tt<'<#riiTl<TiHiovO^^iOiO>OiOiOcC)CDC0c0c0CC)C0c0
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Gage.
C^rfit>.rHi005COOOeOOOrhiOi005COCOTHTHXO"3rfiCOeOi-HTHCOO
05i-lPOCOOOOeOiOOOOOOcDOOOeOc005(N'*!:^OeOc005(NiOOO
OTHT-HrHT-HC^C^(N(NCOCOCOCOTt*rHTtiT:t<iOiOiOCOcC>COCOt^b--l>
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Absolute.
O5,-lrt<00(NCO 0 iOi-ll><NCOCOOOOOO(N<Nr-l 9^ '^.
cocooooeouoooocoioo6ocoiooOi-HcocD05(NocOi-icocooeo
(N<N(NCOCOCOCOrt<Tj<-<^Tt<ioiO>OiOcOcOcOcDl>.l:^l^0000000505
Scale,
Temp.
F.
0005OTH(Me0r}HiOCDI>.00O5OT-4(MC0THiOcDI>0005O^23C0:3J
CO CO''l> t>.t>.t>.t>.t>t>.|>t^l>00000000000000000000O5O5O5O5O>
..; a .
00050TH(NCOTj<iOcOt^C0050TH(NCOTj<iOcOI^00050'-t(MCC'*
C<l(NMCOCOCOCOCOCOeOCOCOrt<rJHr*Hrt<'!*lrtHTtHTt<rtH"^iOiOiOiOiO

46

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

't3
I
o

Q
H
P
H
<1
02
(^
O
cc
W
P^
O
Ph

k. <U 03

03 +3 .

-I? 3 fl ^
Q ft

ft'-

02

30

-I-; O fj 3

(X)-^01>C005CO(MOOCOTHl>COOcO(N05Oi-<OOrt<THt>.T}iO?OC<l
cC'00oio-^'*'^coeoeo(N(NC^T-i,-HOOoo50505ooooooi>-t>.
OOOOCX)GOOOOOGOC30CXDOOGOOOGOOOOOOOOO(X)C01>.l>l>l>t>.|>l>.l>

(MTtHCDOii iCOiOt^OiT-ICOiOt^ClrHCOiOt^Oii-lCOiOt^Oii ICOIO

ocoocorHeocoo5(M>ooocOTt<i>.o-^GOTH>oo5coc?7 iu:)OTt<o
C<1C?(M(MC<IC^C^' t' iT-(T-ti It It ii lOOOOOOOOOiOOiOi

Ot^>0(N05b'^T-iOOiOC^05COCOOCO(MasiOT-lt^C005iOOcOi-t
(MrHTHT-i000005C5CiOOQ000001>-t^cOOcOiOiOTtiTti-^COCO

T-iOO'*0>C0I:^C<l<>O'^0SC0NC<l0O-*'05C0r^i-liO0iC0l>.i-i

OlOiOTt^l^:lco(^^(^^1-ll-^ooiOoooo^>.l>oOK3Tt^Tl^co(^^(^^r-lr-l
McOl^3col^5cocococococol^ococococococO(^ococooocococococo

(MiOOiCOt^COcOT-iiOO^iiJiCOt'-T-tcDiMCOOiOCsrHoOCOOiCOOO
l^:)cocoTJ^THlOlOcocol:^^^^^ooQOOi0500l-l'-lr-l(^^(^^cocort^'T^^
t^t^i^l:^l:>-l>l:^t>l>i>l^i:^l>l>l>r^cooocooooooOGOoooOGOoo
c^c<^c<^(N(^q(^lc^c^c^c^(^^(^^(^^c^(^^c^c^(^^(^^<^l(^l(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^(^^
000000000000000000000000000

G0G0OTHT-lTtHTt<i0C0000iTHTtHcDOC0t>-<MC0i0Ol>.C0C0N.OiO
lOtrJcioosoT-iccjcoTfiiocociociOc^co'^cDt^oooi-iC'i'^iot^co
CDcOCOOt^I>l>.l>.|>t^l>.l>.l>QOOOOOOOOOOOOOCi0505C505Cia)

; h (D

^ 53^i g

^^^
m SOfJ o3

<NCT>)t^Tt<(MO00cDT}<(MO00i:O-^(NO00C0'^C0i-<O5Q0CD'*C0t-l
lOTH-^TJHTtlr^lCOCOCOCOCOtNC^JClC^C^r-li-li-lr-lrHOOOOOO

TjH(rOCOTHOOOt^t^l>'^'^CO(M(MTH0500<:O^CO(M0500^'rffOOi
i-lT-ii-li-ii-iOOOOOOOOOOOiCi050iC30JOOOOOOC0001^
lO'00>OiOOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiO'^-^'^-^Tt*rtHTtiTt<Tt<->*'*TH

t^lOCOiHCXJiOCOr-tOiCO-^rHOOCOCO l>"<*li-<00OrH00'*

CO CO

r-i005COCOiO'*COT-tOOiOOOiO'rHCOT-iOC!51>.O^CO(NTHOioO
^^ "^1 "^^ ^Ji ^*t^ ^7* ^^ ^T^ ^P ^^ ^^ ^^ ^T' ^r ^T* ^T" ^T* ^^J* ^^ "^^ ^^
^^ ^^ ^^ ^M^ ^t^ ^^

t>.00OO(MC0'^<:00000O(Nrt<O000irH(NTt<iOl>00OTHC0TH<:0
03 O <M CO -^ 10 co'lr^ 0005i-i(MCO"rt<K50C050-rH(M'cOiOCOt^OOa>
COt^l>t>l>.t>l>.t>-l>.l>COOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOiOi02C505050i050?

COCOt>-O5CO00CO00CO00CO00COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO00COCOCOCO
1-1 rji b>i O 'Tti N.' O* Co" b^ o" TjH t>i 1-1 T^' 06 C<J CD O '** 00 (M* CO
O lO oi Co' l>^
OOOOOOOiOi05000r-i,-iTHC^(M(MCOeO-rf<'^'^iOiLOcOCOCOt^t^
THT-iT-iTHrHi-iC<>C^C^C^C^C^(NC^C^(NC<lC^Cq(NC^(N(N(N(N(N(N

a <o

C-d-S^

3 fl

c?^

Sgcc

"* CD

JO

10

o 10

10

C0C5(NOaiC<JO00(MiOOi(NC00iC0N.-rH>O0SC0I^r-liOOrt<00(M
Oi05000i-ii-lT-lC^(M(MCOCOCO'*-rt<iOiOiOCOCON.I~^OOOOG005
'-^TH(^^c^(^^(N(N(^^c^c^(^l(Nc<^c^c<^(^^c<^(^^(^^(^^(^l(^l(^^(^l<^l<N(^^

<^0

iOcDl>-OOOiOr-iCqcOTtiiOCDN.OOOiOrHC<ieOThiiOcDlr^OOOOT-(
0505a5C5a5OOOOOOOOOOi-<rH,-(i-lTHr-(i-li-li-lT-l(M(N

OcOI>.OOOiOTH(NeO-^OcOI>-000>Oi-l(MCOT)<iOcOt>-COOiOi-i
iOiOiOiO>OCDCOCOcDCOCOcOCOCOCOt-l>l>.l>t>-l^l^I>-l>-t^0000
I0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0"0i0i0^^^0i0i0i0i0i0i0i0^i0

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

47

c
<
>

15
o

Q
<
P
H
Pm
O
H
P^
Ph
O
P^

Entropy
of
Vapor.
050.-HOOrt<OOe005COC<JOOiOFHOOTt<i-<N.COOb*eOOCOC0050
COCOCO0^lO'<^TtHCOCOCOC^C<lC^r-lr-H,-H000050>050000t-.b-

Entropy
of
Liquid.
00000i0505C505OOOOO'-Hi ir-ir-ii i(N(NCl(NCNeOCOCOC0CO
T-^.-^r^THlHl-^l-^c<^c^<NC^c^c^c^c^(^l(^^c<^(^^(^^(^^(^^(^l(^^(^l(^^(^^
Internal
Latent
Heat.

TjH05cocoT}H05u:)OiOcor^'^oi:^coooo0(Mot^05t^oeocoio
t^-COi-tOOOC^OcDCOOt^Tt^CqOOiOC^OlcOCOOJiO^-it^THOcDC^J
Oi0505oooooooooooooooot^b-t^i>t^r^i>.i>.ococDcocococoio
l^ocO(^^cO(^3eoMcocow(^5coeoco(^5(^0(^:)(^ocococO(^^(^^M(^:>c^
External
Latent
Heat.
cDi-Hl>.cqcOT-iiOOK005COOOeOt^OC1iOOOOCOCOOOOC<lTt<iO
(N<NT-lTH0005Ci001>.l>.OCOiO'^'^CO(M'-ii-i0050000I>.OiO
(^o CO M CO CO (>o (N (N c^' (^^ (N c^' (N (N (N (N (m' (N (m' (m (N i-t
th ,-1 t-h r-i rH
Density of
Liquid,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
iOOiCOI^i-ixoa>COI:^0"^00(M005(NcOO'^OOC<>iOCftCOCOOCO
oc5a5ooooi>coco>oiO'*coco<Ni-ii-<ooc5ooooi>cocoioiO'<*t

Sp. Vol.
of Liquid,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
C01>.f01>.COt^T-il>COOOC<J05"*a5iOr-iOOi-iiO(Mt^(NOOrtHOiO(M
lOiOcOcOt^lr^oOOOOsOiOOT-i^-ioqcOCO'^TtiiOiOcOcOt^oooOOi
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOi050iOl050505050iOi05CJ0505050iO>
(Nc^c^(^^c^c<l(^^(NCQc^(^^c<^(NC^<^l(^^(^^<^^(^^(^l(^^(^^(^^(N(^^(^^(^^
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Density of
Vapor,

Pounds
per Cu.ft.
T-HC<1r:t<C01:^0005C^COi01>a)OCOTl<OOOOT-ICOiOt^05i-HCOiO
OOOOOOOO'-ir-irH,-i,-<(M0qC<jC^C^C0e0C0C0C0C0'^Tt<Tj<
Sp. Vol.
of Vapor,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
OiOOiOOOOO VO lOiO
0051>.<:D'^CO(Mi-iC5001>'tOTt<CO'-iOa500N.OiO'^CO(NT-< 05
oo5ai05a50505Giooooooooooooooooi>t>-i>.t^i:^t^i>.i>t>.i>cc)
tH
Total
Heat
Above
32 F.
OOiOCO(Mi-ia)OOiOT}HTHa>l>CD'^TH001>iLOCOOOOiO(NrHl>cOCO
r^^^^^^>.^^C0C0cOc0';0lOlOOt0^rt^rJ^rHTt^^C0C0C0C0(N(N(^^
^^ ^^J' ^^ "M* ^^ x] ' "Sj' vj^ vjt xj' "'^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ "vP SJ* xj' ^^ ^n ^^^
XJi TJ' ^J^ ^^ T^ ^^ ^5^
+5 ,
':0C0Ot^C0OO(M00Oi-l00"^O<:OC0Oi>OOc0T-l(r)(MI>C000
l>iO'*C0i-iOO5r^cOTtiC0(MOCi00cOOC0(MT-HOi00C0iOC0(MO
TjHTt<TtlrJH-.^Tt^COCOCOCOCOCOCO-(M<M(MC<J(N(N(MT-lT-lT-HrHT-(,-lr-l
^^ Vj* ^^ ^sj' ^s|* vp ^J1 ''sj^ ^Ji TJ1 VJ* %p ^^ vj' '^J' '^' vp ^sP ^J'
'VJ' ^T* T^i ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^T*
Heat of
Liquid
Above

32 F.
OT-^cOrJ^lOcO^-*ClOl--l(^^co'Tt^c0^^00050l-lCOrt^lOcO^^OiO^-^
OOOOOOOOT-HT-ir-i^,-i,-irH^,-i(M(Mcq(Mcq(M(M(NCOCO
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Gage.
COCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
i-i'*00(Mt'.THioOiOOiOOiOOiOOiOOiOrHCOr-(r^(Ml^COOS
GOOOOOO:i0500r-<i-H(M(MCOCO^'*OiOCDCOl^l>0000050500
(M(M(M(M(MC0C0C0P0COCOC0C0C0COCOCOC0C0COCOCOC0C0CO'^'^
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Absolute.
CD05C01^(McOOiOOOOiOOOQOOK3dcOi-<cD(MN.(NOOrt4
0>0500'^rH(N(NCOCO'*'*iOioScOt^l^0000050500'-iT-i(N
(M(MCOC0C0COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOC0COCOCOCOC0COCO'^'^Tt<"^Tl<
Scale,
Temp.
F.
C<ICOTjHiOCOr^00050i-C<lCOTHVOCOJ^OOC50r-l(MCOTt<iOOt^OO
(N(M(M(N(N(NC^(NCOC0COCOCOCOC0COCOCOTt<rt<TjlTj<Tj<Tt<-<:JHrJ<Tt4
Abs.
Temp.
F.
(MCO-<^iOcOI^00050T-(CqcOrt<iO<:Dl>00050i-i(NCOTHiOcOI^OO

0000000000000000050505Ci0i0i05050305OOOOOOOOO

48

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

.1

Q
H
P4
H
o
a
H
P5
O

Entropy
of
Vapor.
(MOOOTHOOrt<i-(00"^OI>COOCOC005COC<IOO5THt^rJ40COCOO>
t^cOcOcOiOiOiOrt^-^TjicOcOCOC^C^i-irMi-iOOOOiOSOSOOOOt^

Entropy

of
Liquid.
(N(NOOOT-<OOiOiOOOOOOOOOOCON.COCOrt<Tt<(MOOOOOOOO
i-hC001:^05i-iCO'^COOOO(M^CDOOO(M'*COOOO(N'^C00005t-h
TtHTti-rhiTtHTtHOtoOOiOCDcOcDi:DCDl>.t>.I:^l>t>.000000000000O5
c^(^^(^^c<lC^(^^c^c^(NC^^c^(NC<^c<l(^^c<^c^c^(N(^^(^^(^^(^^(N(^^<N(^^

Internal
Latent
Heat.
Tt<(Nr-(000000000'-l(MTt<iOI>.000(MTt<COOOO(MiOOO
OO^Ot>C005'^OCOT-iiOT-il>.C<|()i-iiOO00'<*iOO(NI>i-i005
l>0OeO(NOOOOcO^CO(M005I>.COTt<eOTHOOOcOiOCO<MOOO
External
Latent
Heat.
c000050000000000iOOCOiOeOC<JOOOcOT}i(NOOOiO(M
'^COC^(MT-iOGiOOt^cOO'*(M,-iOCiOOI>COTttCOC^r-i0001>0
i-ii-iT-HT-ii-ii-i00000000005050iOOia>050S05o6o6o6
Density of
Liquid,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
l>-OC01:^OC0t>'OC0c005(Mi000OC0cD00r-lTt<t^O(M^b-OC0
(^5co(^^rHr-^oo50icol>co<:oiOTi^Ttlco(^^rHl--^oo5Cioo^-cocoo
CO CO CO CO CO CO (N C<i (N (N (N (N* (M* C<J (N <N <m' (M* (M* (n' rH rH r-I
rH 1-H ,-H ,-1
cococococococococococococococococococococococococococo
Sp. Vol.
of Liquid,

Cu.ft. per
Pound.
00C0OcOT-l00'^a>C0C0C0i0C<lOc0'*OOiiO(N0ii0C00i!^iOTH
050i-HT-l(N(MCOCO'=*^0OCOt^OOOOOiOOrH(M(MCO"rtH">*iOOI>
05000000000000000i-<T-Hi ii-Ht-Hi ii (tHt-Ht-Ii-i
(MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Density of
Vapor,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
rt"-^>o>oioioco(:ocococoi>i>i>r>oooooooia50505000i-ii-i
lr^THl-lT-^THTHTHl-^^-^lHlr^THTHr^lHrH,H,-^,HT-^TH,-^(^ic^(^^^
Sp. Vol.
of Vapor,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
THC<lTt<C000OTt<000000OOC<J(M'^O00(M"^00C<IC0O
oor^':DiO'^co(Mi-H0005oor^o<:oiO'^co(Ni-ioocsiooooi>.i>

Total
Heat
Above
32 F.

(Ni-ir-iT-li-lOOOOiOiOOOOOOGOt>-t^COi:Di:DiOiLOTtirtiCOCO(M(N
TttTti'^-^rJHTti'^THCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
43 .
C000C005'*0iC000C01>O^O'^I>THTj<00THlOC0THrlHl>OC0<:0

05r^c0'Tt<C0T-iO00Jr^iOrt<C<lT-(0ilr^c0-^(Mi-(0it^c0Tt<C<l,-i0il^
OOOOOOOOiOi05050505000000000000t^r^l^l>-t^l>CDCO
Tjl-^TjH^'-^rilTtlCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCQCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
Heat of
Liquid
Above
32 F.
000(NCOi:0000(NTt<COOi<N"^c005i--iTtic005T--<Tj<oi>000<NiO
(MTt<iOi:Ot>-OOOi-l(NCOTj<(N.OOOiT-l(MCO"^COl>00050(NCOTj<
COCOCOCOCOCO'*-<^"'*'^-^TtHTtl"<^Ttl)OiOOiOlOOlOOiCOCOCO
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Gage.
cocococoeococococococococoeocoeocococococococococococo
'TtHO^COt>.(MOO'>#OcDi-<l:^COC5iOCOOO'*T-it^Tfir-IOOiOOCS0
i-l(N<MC0C0Ttl-^OC0c01>.b-.000005OOT-ICq(NC0Tt<-^iOCDCDt>.
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Absolute.
05>0000(Mb-COOiOi-HCDC<ICO"<^OOOC005CO(MOiOCOOlO'rt<0
(MC0Tt<-^iOiOc0i:Ol>.00000iO5OrHi-i(M(NC0TtH'<#)L0c0l>-l>000i
Scale,
Temp.
F.
0iOTH(MC0rf<xO<r)t^000SO^C<ie0rt<O0l>000iOi-lC<IC0-^O

T^io>oiooioio>oioioiococococOi:oco<:ocococot^i>-t>-i>i>i^
m a .
C3iOT-H(MCOTt<OCOl>OOOiO'-H(NCOrtHiOi:ON.OOOiOTH(NCOTf<iO
OT-li-iT-li-li-lt-lT-lTHTHrH(N(M(N(N<N<N(N(M<N(MCOCOCOCOCOCO

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

49

o
>

p
<
Pm
O
t (
H
P5
Pi
O
P^
Ph

Entropy

of
Vapor.
i0<N00"!t<OI>C00iO(M00C0O0CQ00Tj<OC0C^00T}<OC0N
J>-l>COCOOtOiOr^'.^^eOCOCO(N<Ni-lrHiHOOSSWOO
c
Entropy
of
Liquid.
COcOOr}<0(N0005gOOOOOOOOOQOT}1rt(T}<Tjirt<Tt<TlHr+lTt<CO
e0>Ot^05i-iC0Ot^00O<Nrt<CD00OC^Tt^O)O^^SSo
Oi0505C500000rHTHTHrHrH(M(M(MC^(MeOeOeOCOCO-5<
(^l(^lC^(^^cococo(^^(^^W(^^cocococo(^^(^^MMcoMww

Internal
Latent
Heat.
O'*t^OrH00(MCOi0T}<00C<IC0OiL0O'<^O5rt<00C000C00iiO
i0t^.-i^00OC0C0C01>CX)Oi-lC0ThiOi0i:0^iO0000SSS
1 1,-iTHrHT i0000005050iOi050iOOOOOOOOOOt^l>l:^l:^
cocococococo(^oco(^5co<^l(^l(^^(^^(N(^^c^(^^c^c^^(^^(N<^^(^^(^l.
External
Latent
Heat.
O<:0C0OC0C<I00'*OC0(M00'^OiOOC0rHCD(NI>.(Mt^i-(iO
iOCO(MT-l0500CO0'^(NrHC5001>>0'^C<lTH0500<:0OCO(NO
000000001>.l>.l^t^l>-b-l>-COCDCOCDcOCDcO^iOOOiOiOO
^1 Tji ^T* ^T^ ^p ^^ ^^ ^r "^p ^n ^^ ^^ ^7^ ^^ ^T* ^4^ *^ "'st^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^
^^ *^ ^4^

Density of
Liquid
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
iOOOO(MiOr^OC<JiOb-b-(N'<^ir>OOOi-tCO"^OI>OOOOOSO
^eOCO(MrHOOC500t^cDcOK3TtiCOCO(Mr-iOOiOOI>COiO0
Sp. Vol.
of Liquid,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
05l^i0C0O00c0rt<i-(O0iCD"^C0(NOO0i0>050iOOOO
t^OOC550r-li-H(NCOrHxOiOCDI>.00050T-li-H(NCO-^':Dt^0005
,-^T-^rHc^(^^(^l(^^(^^(N(^qc^(^^(N(^^(^^cocoeocoeocococoeoco
cocO(^ocO(^:)cO(^:l(^5(^5(^oeo(^5(^5CO(^:)COcocococococoeoeoco
ooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Density of
Vapor,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
COOOO(M'^N.OCOOOO005COtON.COt^OOOOC<JCOO"rt<00
cq(N(^^(^l(^l(Nc<l(Ncqc<^(^q(^^(^^(^q(^^(^^c^<N(^^(^^(N(N(^^(^l(^^
Sp. Vol.
of Vapor,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
'rt400TtHOC0OrtH00Oi:D00(McD(M<:0OT}HO'<^O'*OTj<OC0
(lOiOiOTt^-^OOfMfNT-HOOOJOOOOOl^t^COCOiOiOT^T^eO

Total
Heat
Above

32 F.

THr-IOO050000I>.C0iOi0T}<C0(M(Mi-<O0500l>COC0iO">*C0

Oi-<TjHcOOOOiOOiOOOOOOOOiOOOOI>COiOTt<eOT-iO
<T}<(MO00CDiO(MT-(05t>.V0C0r-<O5CDrt<(NO00i:DTtH(NO00
MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
Heat of
Liquid
Above
32 F.

locoooosor-icoTtHiocoooosOrHco'rtiiocooogsoT-j^^io
COCDcOCDt^-t^t^t^t^t^l^lr^OOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOlOOiOlOi
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Gage.
cooocoMMMcoMMcococococococococococoeocoeoeoco
CO O N^ 0 rH C5 lO CO r-I 05 U:j TfH ^ 05 N.* lO rM M tH ^ ^-. t^
OOOi050'-i-i(NCO'*<*<OCOt^l^00050'-iCaC<ieO;^OcObPressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Absolute.
a50l-l(^^(^^cO'*Tt^lOcot^t^oooiO:HJ--(c^co;^^oco^-oooo
Scale,

Temp.
F.
i:^i>t^t>.ooooooooooooooooooooo505C505a>050500500
r-lT-Hi-li-li-lT-Hr-li-Hi-Hi-li-li-lTHTHi-li-ti-Hi-HT-lT-Hi-li-l'-H'-'GM

COt^OOOiOi-H(NCOTtHiOCOt>-OOOiOTH(NCO:*,^50t;-Q0 050

50

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

1-^
5

o
>
o
o

o
p^
<i
o
P
H
P^
P
H
<5
QQ
P>^

O
t t
p^
o
p^
Ph

Entropy
of
Vapor.
CO-liOOiOO:)0005COi-lCOl^C005iOOr)<OTHOTHi-<COiH
00l>O^(NrHa500C0'*C0C^O00l>.i0TtiC0.-(O00t>iO'<^(NTH

Entropy
of
Liquid.
0500(M<M051>eOcOTHl>CO<N(NiOOO>OI>OOT-HOOOrHOOCOCC
(M(OOOC00500003rH05C^O<N-^(MTHT-irttcOI:^iOcDOOiOl>.
i-iOOiOOI>.COiOtOCOCOT-(i-i00500l>'COiO'*iCO(NT-i00500l>.
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Internal
Latent
Heat.
rH(MTt<COI>00 (N05<00'^OCD00 l>05iOT-H|>cCir}< CO
00'^0<0(MOO'*'-lt>-(MOOiOOcO(NOOiOO':DC^OOCOa5iOTHCO
l>t^l>.COCOOiO^'Tt<'<#C0C0C0(N(NrHTHT-(OOC5Oi000000t>.
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0505Ci0i050i
External

Latent
Heat.
OOiOOCO"*CO(NOOO<r>rt<CqrH00500iOCOi-HOOiOO!>OiOTj4
"^M^ ^^ ^^ ''^ ''T' '^T' ^^ ^^ ^T* ^7^ ^T" ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^r ^r ^7^ ^T^ ^^ ^^
^t^ ^^ ^J^ '^^ ^^
Density
of Vapor,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
Tt<t*t^00O0i<:0OOC0rH00THl>(N00Tt<O(MOc0l>C0t^OO
*03-^0<:Oi-il>-COGOTHOiOi-icO(Mt^COOi'^0Oi-fl>-COOCD
<:OCOt^000005C5OOTH(MC4C0C0rt<TtiiOO<:01>l>.000005OO
<N (N (M (N (N CS (M coco COCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO CO CO rf< "*
Sp. Vol.
of Vapor,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
<NOOcD^THiOOOOOr-l(NcOO<NiOOiOCO(MT-iOOOOO
00OC0C005C^C0OTti00(MC0rHl>(Mt^C000TjHOcDCq00'^OO
|>.l>.OiO'<^-^COCO(Mi-iTHOOa)OiOOOOt^lr^I>COOiOOiOTt
COC0COC0C0COC0C0COCOC0C0C0(M(M(N(N<M(N(N(N(N(N(N(M(N

Density
of Liquid,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
TtlC0(Ni-lOO001><DlO'<^C0C<|rHO051>C0^Tt<C0(NrHO0500
Co' CO Co' CO CO (N* <m' (N* (N (N C<i (N Cq (N 05 r-l 1-H i--< ,-H tH ,-( rH
tH rH O O
cO<;OCOcOCO<0^<OOcOCOcOCOcO'^COCO?OCDCOCOCOCOCOCO
Sp. Vol.

of Liquid
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
TjHOcO OOOT-HOOOTiHoq OOcOrtHCq 0500'*<C0<MOO
COOOOCOiOOOOCOi:OOOi-iTHt>.0(M>OOOTHTticO<35(NiLOOOi-iTri
l>t^OOOOC000050500000rHTHrH,-l(M(N(M(NCOCOCOr^TtH
iOOU^^>OiOOiOO^COCDCOCOCOCOcOcOCOCOCOCOCDCOCOi;0
r-ti It li IrHrHrlT It-HtHtHi li IrHrHTHT-HTHrHrHT li ItHt IrHrH
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

Total
Heat
Above
32 F.
to ^ lO^ O lOiOiO
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

lO I00i0i0>0 oio o o>oo

?0<NOOTt<0<><MOOTt<05iO(M<:0(NOO'^OcO(Nt>.COOOTj(0OT-i
(NC<lrHrHr-<OOOiOiOOOOOOl>.l>CDCOCOlOlOTt<-^COCOCO(M<N
C<l(MC^(M(M(N(MT-l,-lT-HrHrHTHT-Hi-li-lrHrHrHrHT-HTH,-l,-lr-l,-(
Heat of
Liquid
Above
32 F.
C0(N00THOC0(N00C00iiOOC0(M00C0a)'>^OOOOi-lt><N
CqC^(N(MC^CNCQ(M(M(MT-li-HT-lrHrHrHrHrH,-lT-l,-lr-lT-lrH,-lr-<
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 i 1 1
Pressure,

Pounds
per Sq.in.
Gage.
00C0(NCSi-H05C0i-IC00iC0C0OrHC0i0 IOtH OOOt-HCOCOOO
rt^OOCo'^>^^H^<^Co'o5TJ^cil005CO^^THlOO^05rt^OOTt^OiTt^05Tt^
OOrHrH(M(MC0C0Tt<rtHi0OC0cDI:^t^000000C3a)OO-<'-HC^
C^C^C^C^(NC^(N(NC^(NC^(NC^C^(N(N(N(N(NC^(NCOC0C0C0C0
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Absolute.
lO 05C000O 00 O 1>00 (Mt^(M00biOt^00 0
OiCO^'C5'l>.(^^OOCOOi^'oT}^^>'^-^cDo'Ti^oicOOOCOOOcoOi^05
THC^(NC0C0-<^Tt<U:)l0C0t^l>t^000005Oi0iOOrH,-l(N(MC0C0
(N<N(N(N(N(NC^<NC^(N(NC^(N<NC^Cq<NO1C0C0C0C0C0COC0CO
Scale,
Temp.
F.
O05Q01>.C0i0Tt<C0C<lT-lO0S00l><i0'^C0(NTHOi-HC^C0"*C
77777777777 i i i i i i i i i

Oi-i(NC0-*>OCDt^0005OT-H(MC0Tt<i0c0t>-000JOi-HCqc0rt<iO
XjH TJ^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ '^i^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^3^ NP "^d^ NJ^ "^^ "^' xi' "M'
^J' "M^ "vi' ^p

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

51

c
<
Q
X
O

g o
I ^
pq ^
o
Eh
P^
P^
C
P5
Ph

Entropy
of
Vapor.
<r)OiOOCOi-4N.'HCOi-Hl>THiOOiOO(MCDOrt<005(Nc005M
05oocooco(NOO>i>.coTticoi-ioa)i>iococ^ooocoioeO'-HO
COCOCOeoeOCOCO(M(N(NCS(M<M(N'-i'-trHi-Hr-(i-iOOOOOO
c^(^^c^c^(NCSC^(^^(^^(^^c^c^c^(NC^(N(^^<N(^^(^^(^^(^l(^l(^^(^^c^^
V
Entropy
of
Liquid.
00 t^ CD (M Tt< Gi lO
C01>.C0O001>tHO CDtOCOOOCOOOi-lTt<"<^cOCO'^(MOCOi-iCO
GOa5COl^0005C01>.a)0005OiOcOc01>.l:^C^(N(M(M(N(NrHi-<0

COtO'^fOC^r-i00500t^cOiOTfieO(M.-iOOiGOI>CDiO-<^COC^rH
(N(NC^(M(NC<J(Mi-li-lTHT-(THr-li-lTHr-<i-HOOOOO. OOOO
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Internal
Latent
Heat.
(Ne00000000000CO0000C000OiT-lC0,-iC0iO(Nr}Hi-(ioa)C0l>O5
(Mt^(Mt>COOOTt<Oi-<^05iOa)'^000'*OOC01>i-l>005TjioOC<J
050iaiOSG505a)Oia5C5C505ai050505oooooooocx)oooooooooo
External
Latent
Heat.
eO(N<NC<IC<(NC^(N<N(NC^C<lTHOil>'*(NOOOOTt<OcOC<IOOT}<
rt<Ti<rJ<TtfrJiT;t<xt<rtHT^rtH'^'^TtiCOCOCOCOCO(N(NCQ(Ni--iT-iOO
^J1 ^J1 ^^> ^^1 ^ijl Tjl tJi TJI ^sJ* ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^' ^sP ^T* ^^P ^^ ^^p ^yi
TJI ^^ ^m" ^4' ^^ ^^
Density
of Vapor,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
(^^a>lOT--loo*T-^ooTtll-loo>ocoT--lOl>'*cO'-^Oi^>.colOTJ^coco
i-HrHC<>e0C0rtli0^i:Dl>l>00aiOOT-i(MC0'^TtHi0C0r>0005O

Sp. Vol.
of Vapor,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
rtHt^i-HCOC^Ot^-^lMr-iOOOilr^^COiOcOOOOCOiOOOT-HiOOO
(NCOiOi-HOOOT-HOO>OC^OiCDC^05CO(rOOb-rtiC^05COeOT--(000

rhiC0C0C0Cq(M(MT-(>-iT-iOOO05C5050i0000001>.I>I>I>i:DC0
c<^c^c^^c^c^cs^(^^(^^(^^(^l(^^c^^(^^^T--^r-^I-lT-lT--lT--^T-l,-lT--l1--ll-l.--l
Density
of Liquid,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
i-l0000t>.i:O(NO00^C0OiC0C000(NOcO(Mt^C0a)rfiu0r-liOO
t>.iO'^CO(Mi-<0001>-cO-*CO(N00500cOiOCOC^OOil:^':0'^CO
OOOOOOOOi05a50i0505O3000000000000001:^t^l>>t^t^
CO(:OcOcOcDcOcD>OiO^^OiO'OiO>OiO0^0^i0^iO00
Sp. Vol.
of Liquid,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
(NTt^(MC0T^00^OC0C<100Tt<'^T:HrtHT}HTtiTt<00C^C0O'^00'*O
l>OeOc005(McOOCOI>-OTtiOOOacDO'^00(Ml:^i-icOrH00>0
-*iOiOOi0Oc0I:^l:^l>000000Ci0iOOOrHT-icq(NC0e0-<*iTt4
OcOOcOcOcOcDcOCOCDcOcOcOcOCDl>"l>l>"l>t^JS"t>l>t^l>l>
1 ti Ii-HtHi (i li ItHt It It It li It (rHrHTHr-lT (T-Hi <i-Hi
It li (i-H
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Total
Heat
Above
32 F.
0000OiC3O5O50000000000t^l>.t>.|>t>COiOiOTHC0C<lTH C500
OO^OiOSC^OCiOCiC^G^OiOiC^O^OiO^C^OOOOOiGiOCi
+3 .
43
3W

lOiO O OiO lOOO 100)0 10100>LOIOIO

COi-(t>.(M00C0OiCOC5'<^O5-^a5'^O5C0I>T-tcO C01>.T-iiOO5C0
T-Ii-Jo0050500G01>^t^Oi:DvOiO-^'^COCOC<JC<lT-iOOoioOOO
T-i,-ii-iT-iOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOasC50S
Heat of
Liquid
Above
32 F.
10 10 1000 lO lOtOiOiO
<N(Mi-iT-iOOOOiOiOOOOI>t>cOCDO^Tj<'<^COCOC<IC<lTHrH
7777777 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Gage.
COOSCOCOCOtHCOCOOOCOOOCOOOOCOCOCOCOCOCOOOCOCOOOCOOO
OiOT-Hl>.C0050i-il>-^01>TjHOt>'^T-HOOiO(NOil>."^i-HOOiO
cocorj^T+iio>ocoi>'i>oooiC50THT-i(MeocoTtiioiocr)b-oooooi
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Absolute.
CO oo^^^^^ loioio
iOo'cO(MOOCOOCO(N050(NOOiOC<JOiOC001>Tt<C3^cOCOO
MCOCOWWWMCOCOCO'tTJ^Tt^TJ^TJ^Tt^Ti^T;^lrl^T4^T}^rt^TJ^^IOlO
Scale,

Temp,
o -p
5t-a)Oi0^jc5W^;ocot>;0020rHg^eo^oor^oo^OjH
^ 0. .

52

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

<s>
to
O
O

o
o
o

!2^
o
pq
O
Q
P^
Eh
OQ
o

rji
H-l
H
PL(
O
P^
Pk

Entropy
of
Vapor.
N.THc<i"rt<ot>.OT-tcq(Neoc<ic<ic<iTHoot^u:)eocoi-iaiN.Tt<oco
00t>.OC0i-HO500C0'<#(MO00C0'*(M0it>.iOC0T-(0iC0Tt<(MOt^
O5O5O5C5O5000000000000l>l>t>t^COi:OCOCOCOiOiOiOiOtOTt<
Entropy
of
Liquid.
i>,iocooOt-hc^'>^ioo iooiThieoTHooa5t^ooococooOTj<eo
i-HC<>C0Tt<iOCDl>.Ci00iT--i(NC0TtiiO<:Dl>CT)O'-iC<l'<^iOi:000O5
<='SS2SS2SS:=It::!r:!!i:!:ij!=!:zl:=!Sac3<^c^c^c^c^c^
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Internal
Latent
Heat.
(:OrHOOOcOCOCCOTt<rt<OOCOCO'rt<rt<iOi-HOOOaOOCQiOCOi-i
l>(N^CS<NiO05(M^00i-lC0C0O5T-l(NrtHCDl>OT-iCCOC0l>.t>.

External
Latent
Heat.

050iOi00001>.i;OcD0'*cO(MT-i00500i>.COOrt<(MT-iC5001>iO
(^0(^^cococol^^co(^^cow(^:)cococo(^^(Nc<^(N(^^c^(N(^^l-^T-l,-^,-t
Density
of Vapor,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
C0(MI>Tt<e0C<l0SOOI>''^0irt<C0(MiO00O00C0(M00i-HOl>O
C^(Mi-i^(M(M(M^'*c00005(MiOaiC^COi-iiOOcO'-iOOiO-H05
T-^(^^cO'*iOco^>oooiO^H(^^"^^occ>ooo5r^(^^T}^lo^>ooo(^^co
<)<lO?OCO<riCOCO<COt^l>l>l>l>l>t^l>.0000000000CO5O5OS
Sp. Vol.
of Vapor,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
eot>.cooiTt<ocO(Mi-it^(MOt>."^rHooioeoi-ioooi>.coooio
COOOOiOeOi-iOOCO'^i-ia5t^'>*i(MOI:^OCOi-<05CDTti(MOOOCD
i;DC0i0i0i0>O'^->*rfiTt4C0C0C0e0C0C<l(N(NC<Ji-iTH,--i-(i--(OO
Density
of Liquid,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
r-l051>K5Tj<(MOOOcOTtH(N051>.0(NOOOOCOT-<OOiO(Mail>'*
^,cDcococoocOl0^u:)>o^rt^Tt^Tt^T^co(^:)coco(^l(^^(^^^--ll--(TH
Sp. Vol.
of Liquid,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
OiOCNOO-^Tfi'^OO'^OC^J'^cO'^cOOcOCOOOOOOcOCDCOOO

i>t^i>i:^i>i>i>.i>.t>ooooooooooooooooooooooooo50i05050
, ItHi ItHt It IrHi ii IrHrHT It (1 li li It li IrHi ItHi ii
(t (t-HtI
oooooooooooooooooooooooooo

Total
Heat
Above
32 F.

t^b-t^lr^l^l>COcOcOcOcDiOiOiOiOTtH-^THCOCOCOC<J(M(MT-<T-H

lOiOiOiOOO 0 lO lO OilOO OiOO

l>T-iTf. t^OCOCOOOi-<eOiOcOOOOTHi-t(N(NCO'^^iOiOiO'^CO
l:^l>.cOOiOTtHcO(M(Mr-iOOiOOOOt^CDOTiHCO(MT-i00500l:^CO
O5OiO5O5OiO5a5OiO5C5O500000000CX)0000000000001>.|>i>t^
Heat of
Liquid
Above
32 F.
0^0<0(Nt>COOO'<*00(MOO'>*OCO(NOOrt<OCO(M05iQ(NOO
THi-l(M(MCOCOrt<JLO"3<001>OOOOa30iOTHrHCq(NeOTji'.:^
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Gage.
iocoococococooococoooiocooooocooeocoeocooooocooo
CO>-i05l>.TfH(MOOOiOCOT-<OOcO"<*i(M00500cO'^<NOOOcO>0'^
Or-HT-l(NCOrtiiOtOC01:^OOOOClOr-lCq(MCO->*iOC01>l:^00050

Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Absolute.
(Ml>. t^(M iO(Mu:)iOt>- lOiOiO
Scale,
Temp.
F.
(NC0r)HOC01>.00OlOTH(MCC-^iOc0t^0005Oi-l(MC0rt<OC0b'

<NCO'rtHiOcOr:^00050T-<(NeO'^OcDl>-00050i-iC<>CO'<^iOOt>

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

53

tf

pL.

<

>

H- 1

l-H
^
Q
Qi

;3
^
s
O

^
PQ
s
Ph
o
o
<t1
1-H
Q
l-H
l-H
W
)^
H
X
<t1
P^

P
^

H
n
<;
<j
r/5
H

[i^

CO

H- 1

Ph

P^

Ph

Entropy
of
Vapor.
1-1 U^ ,-1 00 05 tH TjH
i-HiOO"^0005i-lCOTtHiO(:0"5rJ<C<JOOl>COOiiOa>CQCOO
rtHTjHTtiCOeOCO(M<MC^(Mi-ii-irH00005050i0000001:^

Entropy
of
Liquid.
iot^THi>cocooi>ooeot^coi> cjicoTtHoOr-ioooocO'^
OCOl>0-^00(McOi-ii:0'-iOOCOOcOTfiiOT-ioa)OiO'-i
i-H(MC0>OC0l>CiO(NC0>OCD00O'-(e0'^l>a5O(NiOI:^
COCOCOCOCOCOfOTt<-^-^Tt<Tt(TtiiO00OiO0(:OcbcOCO
ooooooooooooooooooooooo

Internal
Latent
Heat.

iOC0Oc0C0O5iOi-iCOT-l<)-ir^00

External
Latent
Heat.
oeoo5'*05TH<>i^oo
ooooooco(Mi>(Mt>.i-icoo(roeo(N
Oii>iocoi-ioocDeoi-ioococoot^
1 li li IrHOOOOO
a)0soi05o:>oooooooot>.i>i>t>.o
Density
of Vapor,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
ot^ocq(MT-io5oot^
l^TtirJ<Tj<iOi>OiC000
Tt^<^^oo(^^oolO(^^OioOl-^t^co
lO00r-lTt<t^OTt<t^T-(^00C01>(M
OSOSOiOOOOT-Hi-i
i-lr-l(M(N(MCOCOCO-*Tt<TtHiOiOO

Sp. Vol.
of Vapor,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
-^(MOOOCD^C^OOO
OOOOiOiCiCDOiOO
1-iT-ii-iOOOOOO
cocococococpcob-oooc^co-^co
CD'*(MOQOcOTjH(MOOiI>iOCO'-H
OOOOOOo01:^l>.t:^t^I>cOcOcOcDcO
oooooooooooooo

Density
of Liquid,
Pounds
per Cu.ft.
(MCOfNOr^t^OOCDt^
i-i00iOC^00iy3(M00O
OOiOiOOOOOOt^iOOOOOOOTlHI>
T-iOOTt<OOCOOO'<*iCiiLOO"^OiCO
T-I0000l0i050000
00t^l>t^COCO>OiO'*TjHTt<CO(N(M,
^^1 TJl ^7* ^sP ^^ ^^ ^5" ^T* ^4" ^^* ^^ ^^ ^sji TJ1
Sp. Vol.
of Liquid,
Cu.ft. per
Pound.
O(M(MOtJH0000O(M
looir^osoi-ica-^io
OiOiOiOJOOOOO

ooooooooo
-^COOOOOOOCNfMOOOO
oO'-ii-ii-iT-ii-icacatNCMcococo
oooooooooooooo
1
Total
Heat
Above
32 F.
lO lO lO lO lO o
COr-ICOi-ICDr-IIOO'^
to U3 lO IC lO '
CX)(NiOOOOCOCOOi(M'^cOOOOCO
oooiOioooor^r^cDioio-^eococ^i-iooosoob-t^co
43
43
<U 03
1-iOOOcOCO <>C005>i0i-IC0OTti00(Ni000O(MC0Tt<<>
>OTt<(Mi-lOOir>.COTti
CO<N005t^iOTj<(M005r^iOCOi-l
Heat of
Liquid
Above
32 F.
iOT-i00OC0i-iOit>.>OC0i-iO5t>.COiOrt<"^'^rt<rtiiOCOt^
>OcOi:Ol:^0005050i-i
rHr-l,-lr-li-l,-l,-l(M(M

(MC0C0-^OC0l>00C3OTH(NC0Tt^
(M<N(M(N(M(N(M(N<NCOCOC0C0CO
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Gage.
cooococoeococooooo
oooocooooococococooococoooco
Tj^COCOCOCOCOCOCO'rfH
r-(C^COTtHlOCOt^00C5
iOOc0cO^C01:^lr^l>l>000i0iO
O'-iC^C0^Oc01>00CiO'-H(MTfi
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOSOSOSOi
Pressure,
Pounds
per Sq.in.
Absolute.
05o6oOOOOOOOOOo6o50 0i-<i-ior-l<NC<l(NC^eOrJ4T}HiO
(NcoTfiiocot^ooosOfNco'^JOcob-ooaiO'-ic^coTfiio
Scale,
Temp.
F.
000>O'-H(Me0'*iOC01>000iOi-H(MC0rJHiOCOt:^0005O
i00<:0c0c0c0c0cC'C0c0Occ>l>t>.t>-l>l>l>l>l>t*t^00

000iOi-H(NC0Tt<Oc0r^00O5OT-i(MC0'^OcDt^000iO

54

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table
SOLUTIONS OF
RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE,
Upper figures are Starr values,

0^
0) C3
Q. *H
Pounds peb Square Inch Gage
PerC
NH3I
Weig]

5
10
15
20
25

30
35
40
45
50
55
1

206.3
223.6
234.9
247.4
256.2
263.8
270.4
277.1
282.8
288.1
292.9

297.5

204
219
232
242
251
260
267
274
280
286
291.5
297
1.84
11
.993
201.4

219.3
231.5
243.3
251.7
259.4
266.4
272.7
278.4
283.7
288.5
293.1
198.5
214
226
236.5
245.5
254
261.5
269.5

274.5
281
286.5
292
2

201.1
218.5
230.8
242.1
250.9
258.6
265.5
271.9
277.6
282.8
287.7
292.2

. . .
194
212.5
225
235.5
244.5
253
260.5
267.5
273.5
280
285.5
291
3

195.8
213.2
225.5
236.6

245.6
253.3
260.2
266.8
272.3
277.5
282.4
286.9

. . .
191
206
219
229
238
246.5
254
261.5
267

274.5
280
285
3.80
12
.986
191.5
208.8
221
232.3
241
248.7
255.7
262
267.7
272.9
277.8
282.4
186.5

200.5
214
224.5
233
241.5
249.5
256
262.5
269.5
274.5
280.5
4

190.5
207.7
220
231.2
240
247.6

254.7
260.9
266.7
271.8
276.1
281.4
.

185
200
213
223
232
240.5
248
255
261
268
273.5

279.5
5

185.2
202.4
214.6
225.8
234.6
242.2
249.3
255.6
261.4
266.5
271.4
276.1


180
195

207.5
217.5
226.5
235
242
249
255
262.5
268
273.5
5.30
13
.979
183.5
200.7
212.8
224.1
232.8
240.5

247.5
253.8
259.6
264.8
270.2
274.1
178
192.5
206
216
225
234
240.5
252.5
254
261
266
272
6

180
197.1
209.2
220.5
229.2
237
243.9
250.2
256.1
261.2
266.7
271.2
...
. . .
175
189.5
202

212.5
221
229.5
237
248.5
249.5
257
262.5
268
6.80
14
.972
175.8
193
205
216.2
224.9
232.6
239.6

246.0
251.8
257
262.1
266.7
171
185.5
198.5
208.5
217
225
232.5
239.5
245.5
252.5
258
263.5
7

170
192.1
204
215.3
223.9
231.7
238.6
245.1
250.8
256.1
261.1
265.8
. . .

170
184.5
197.5
207.5
216

224
231.5
238.5
244.5
251.5
257
262.5
8

168.8
187.2
199.1
210.3
218.9
226.9
233.7
240.1
245.9
251.2

266.2
260.8
. .
'
165.5
180
193
203
211.5
219.5
227
233.5
239.5
246
252
257.5
8.22
15
.966

165.4
164.5
185.8
179
197.8
191.5
209
202
217.7
210.5
225.4
218.5
232.4
226
238.6
232.5
244.2
239
249.3
245
254.1
250.5
258.7
256.5

160.8
182.5
194.5
205
214.3
222
229
235.2
240.8
245.9
2.50.7
255.3

. . .
161
175.5
188.5
198.5
207
215

222.5
229
235
241.5
247
252.5
10
16
.960
156
177.7
189.6
200.6
209.2
216.9
223.9
230.1
235.5
240.6

245.4
250
156.5
171.5
184.5
194.0
203
211
218
225
230.5
237
242.5
247.5
11

156.4
173.2

185.1
196.1
204.7
212.4
219.4
225.6
231
236.1
240.9
244.5

152.5
167.5
179.5
190
198.5
206.5
213.5
220

226
232.5
237.5
242.5
12

151.9
168.9
180.6
191.9
199.6
208.3
214.8
221
226.4
231.5
236.4
240.0

. . .
. . .
149
163
175.5
185.5
194.5
202.5
209.5
216
222
228
233
238
12.17
17
.953
151
168

179.9
191.0
199.6
207.3
213.6
219.6
225.0
230.3
234.4
239.0
147.5
162
174.5
184.5
192.5
201.5
208.5
215
221

227
232.5
237
13

147.5
164.4
176.4
187.4
196.1
203.7
210.1
216.1
221.4
226.8
230.8
235.5

144.5

159
171
181.5
190
198
205
211.5
217.5
223.5
228.5
233.5
13.88
18
.946
143.7
160.5
172.3
183.4
192

199.7
206
212.1
217.6
222.7
227.2
231.8
141
155
167.5
178
186.5
194.5
201.5
207.5
214
219.5
224.5
230.0

14

143.2
160
171.8
182.9
191.5
199.2
205.5
211.6
217.1
222.2
226.7
231.3
. . .
...
140.5
154.5

167
177.5
186
193.5
201
207
213.5
219
224
228.5
15

139
155.8
167.6
178.7
187.3
195.0
201.3

207.4
212.9
218.0
222.5
227.1

. . .
137
151
163
173.5
182
190
197
203
209.5
215
220.0
225

16

134.8
151.6
163.4
174.5
183.1
190.8
197.1
203.2
208.7
213.8
218.3
222.9
"
*,
132.5
147
159

169.5
178
186
192.5
199
205
211
215.5
220.5
16.22
19
.94
133.8
150.6
162.3
173.3
181.4
189.5
196

201.8
207.1
212.3
217.1
221.7
131.5
146
157.5
168.5
177
185
192
198
204.5
210
215.0
220.0
17

130.6
147.4
159.1
170.1
178.2
186.3
192.8
198.6
203.9
209.1
213.9
218.5
. . .
. . .
129
143
155
165.5

174
182
188
195
201
207
211.5
216.5
18.03
20
.935
126.2
142.9
154.6
165.6
174.2
181.9
188.9
195.1

200.7
205.7
209.5
214.1
125
139
151
161.5
170
177.5
184.5
191
197
202.5
207.5
212.5
19

122.3

138.9
150.7
161.6
170.3
177.9
185.0
191.1
196.8
201.7
205.6
210.1

121.5
135.5
147.5
157.5
166.5
173.5
180.5

187
193
198.5
203.0
208.5

XLIV
AMMONIA IN WATER
AND PER CENT NH3 IN SOLUTION
lower figures are new.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

55

Above One Standabd Atmosphere

0. "^
MS
V 83
Per Cent
NHjby
Weight.
60

65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
301.9
306.3
310.4
314.4
318.2
321.8
325.2
328.5

331.7
334.8
337.8
340.7

301.5
306
310
315
318.5
322
325.5
329
307.5
335.5
339
341.6

1
297.5
301.8
306
310
313.8
317.4
320.8
324.1
327.3
330.4
333.4
336.3

296.5
301
305.5
310

313.5
317.5
321
324.5
330.5
331
334
337
.993
11
1.84
296.7
300.9
305.2
309.2
312.9
316.6
320
323.2

326.5
329.6
332.6
335.4

295.5
300
304.5
309
312.5
316
320
323.5
327
330
333
336

2
291.4
295.6
300
303.9
307.6
311.3
314.7
317.9
321.2
324.3
327.3
330.1

289.5
294.5
299
303

307
311
314.5
317.5
320.5
324
327.5
330

3
286.8
291.1
295.3
299.3
303.1
306.7
310.1
313.4

316.6
319.7
322.7
325.6
.986

284.5
290
294
298.5
302
306.5
310
313
316
320
323
325.6
12

3.80
285.7
290.1
294.2
298.3
302.1
305.6
309.1
312.4
315.5
318.7
321.6
324.5

4
284
289
293
297.5

301
305.5
309
312
315
318.5
326.5
324.5

280.4
284.8
288.9
293
296.3
300.3
303.8
307.1
310.2

313.4
316.3
319.2

5
278.5
283
287.5
292
295.5
299.5
303
306
310
313
316.5
319

279.2

283.5
287.1
291.7
295.5
299.1
302.5
305*. 8
309
312.1
315.1
318
.979
13
5.30
276.5
281.5
285.5
290
294

298
801
304.5
307.5
311
315
317.5
275.6
280
284.1
288.2
291.9
295.5
299
302.2
305.5
308.5
311.6
314.4

6
273
277.5
281.5
286
290
294
302
300.5
304
307
310.5
313.5
'

271.1
275.4
279.6

283.6
287.4
291
294.4
297.1
300.9
304
307
309,9
.972
14
6.80
269
278.5
277.5
281.5
285.5
289.5
303

296
300.5
303
306.5
309
270.1
274.5
278.6
282.7
286.4
290.1
293.5
296.7
300
303
306.1
308.9

7
267.5
277.5
276.5
281
284.5
288.5
302
295
299.5
302
305
308
. . .

265.2
269.6
273.7
281.7
281.5

285.2
288.6
291.7
295.1
298.1
301.2
303.9

8
262
267
271.5
275.5
279.5
283.5
287
290
293

296.5
300
303
*

263.1
267.4
271.6
275.6
279.4
283
286.4
289.7
292.4
296
299
301.9
.966
15
8.22

261
266
270
274.5
278
282.5
286
289
292
295.5
296.5
301.5
259.7
264
268.2
272.2
276
279.6
283

286.3
289.6
292.6
295.6
308.6

9
257
262
266.5
270.5
274.5
278
282
285
282
291.5
294.6

297.6
. . .
. . .
254.4
258.7
262.9
266.9
270.7
274.3
277.7
281
264.2
287.3
230.3
293.2
.960
16
10
252.5

257.5
261.5
265.5
269.5
274
277
280
277
287
290
293
249.9
254.2
258.4
262.4
266.2
268.8
273.2
276.5

279.7
282.8
285.8
288.7

11
247.5
252.5
256.5
260.5
264.5
268.5
272.5
275
272
282
285
288

. . .
245.4
249.8
253.9
257.9
261.7
264.3
268.7
272
275.2
278.3
281.3
289.2

12
242.5
247.6
251.5
256

259.5
264
267.5
270
267
277
280
283
. . .
. . .
243.4
247.7
251.9
255.4
259,7
263.3
266.7
270
273.2

276.3
279.3
282.2
.963
17
12.17
242
246.5
251
255
253.5
263
266.5
269
266.5
276
279
282
239.9

244.2
248.4
251.8
256.2
259.8
263.1
266.5
269.6
272.8
275.7
278.6

13
238
243
247
251
255
258

263
266
262.5
272.5
275.6
278.5

*
236.2
240.5
244
248.7
252.5
256.1
259.8
262.8
266
269.1
272.1

276
.946
18
13.88
234.5
239
243.5
247
250.5
255
259.0
261.5
258
268.5
271.5
274.6
235.7
240
243.5

248.2
252
255.6
259
262.3
265.5
268.6
271.6
274.6

14
234
238.5
242.5
246.5
250
254.5
258.5
261

257.5
268
271
274

231.5
235.8
239.4
244
247.8
251.4
254.8
258.1
261.3
264.4
267.4
270.3

15
229.5
234
238.6
242.5
246
250
254
256.5
260
263.5
266.5
270
*
"
227.3
231.6
235.1
239.8

243.6
247.2
250.6
253.7
257.1
260.2
263.2
266.1

16
225
230
234
237.5
241.5
246
249.5
252

255.5
259
262
265


226.1
230.4
234.6
238.6
242.4
246
249.4
252.7
255.9
259
262
264.9
.94

19
16.22
224.5
229
233.5
237
241
245
248.5
251.5
254.5
258
261
264
222.9
227.2
231.4
235.4
239.2

242.8
246.2
249.5
252.7
255.8
258.8
261.7

17
221
225.5
230
233
237.5
241.5
245
248
251
254.5

257.6
260.5


218.5
222.8
227
231
234.8
238.4
241.8
245.1
248.3
251.4
254.4
257.3
.935
20
18.03

217
221.5
225.5
229.5
233
237.5
241
243.5
247
250
263
256.6
214.6
218.8
223.1
227
230.9
234.4
237.9

241.1
244.4
247.4
250.5
253.4

19
213
217.5
221.5
225
229
233
237
239.5
243
246
249
262

56

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table
SOLUTIONS OF
RELATION BETWEEN PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE,

Cent
I by
ght.
Qpq

Pounds peb Square Inch Gaqh

5
10
15
20
25
30
35

40
45
50
55
19.87
21
.928
119.4
135.9
147.6
158.6
167.2
174.4
181.5
187.2
192.5
197.5
202.3
206.9

118
132
144
154
163
170.5
177
184
189.5
195.5
200.5
205
20

118.9
135.5
147.1
158,2

166.7
174.4
181.1
186.7
192.1
197
201.9
206.4
'

117.5
131.5
143.5
153.5
162.5
170
176.5
183.5
189

195
200
204.5
21

115.2
131.8
143.4
154.5
163.0
170.7
177.4
183.0
188.4
193.3
198.2
202.7

*

114
128
140
150
158.5
166
173
179.5
185
191
195.5
200
21.75
22
.921
112.9
129.4
141
151.9

160.5
168.2
174.6
180.1
185.3
190.3
195.1
199.7
111.5
125.5
137.5
147
155.5
163.5
170
176.5
182.5
188
193.0

197.5
22

112
128.5
140.1
151.0
159.6
167.3
173.7
179.2
184.4
189.4
194.2
198.8

" * *
110.5
124

136.5
146
154.5
162.5
169
175.5
181.5
187
191.5
196
23.03
23
.915
108
124.5
136.1
147
155.6
163.3

170.0
175.4
180.2
185.2
190.0
194.6
107
120.5
132.5
142.5
150.5
158.5
165
171.5
177.5
183
187.5
192.5
24

114.8
121.3
132.9
143.8
152.4
160.1
166.8
172.2
177.0
182
186.8
191.4
* * *
"
103.5
117
129

138
147
154.5
161.5
168
174
179
184
188.3
24.99
24
.909
101.5
117.8
129.3
140.1
148.6
156.3
163

168.4
173.6
178.6
183.2
187.8
99
113.5
125.5
135
143.5
151
158
164.5
170
175.5
180
185
26

98.3
114.6
126.2
136.9
145.5
153.1
159.8
165.3
170.4
175.5
179.9
184.7
*

95.5
110.0
122.0
131.5
140

147
154
160.5
166.5
171.5
176.5
181
27

95.1
111.4
123.1
133.7
142.3
150.0
156.6
162.1
167.2
172.4

176.7
181.3

'
92.5
106.5
118.5
128
136.5
143.5
150.5
157
162.5
168
172
177.5
27.66
25
.904

93.0
109.4
121.0
131.7
140.1
147.9
154.5
159.9
165.1
170.3
174.4
178.9
90.0
104.0
116.5
126
134
141.5
148.5

154.5
160.5
165.5
171
175
28

92. C
108.3
120.0
130.6
139.1
146.8
153.4
158.9
164.0
169.3
173.3

177.9

...
89.0
103
115
124.5
132.5
140
147
153.5
159
163
169.5
173.5
29

88.9
105.2

117.0
127.5
136
143.8
150.3
155.8
161
166.2
170.2
174.8

...
86.0
99.5
111.5
121
129
136.5
143

149.5
155
160.5
165
170
29.60
26
.898
87
103.3
114.7
125.4
133.9
141.6
148.2
153.8
159
164.3
168.1

172.7
83.5
97.5
109.5
119
127
134.5
141
147
152.5
158
163.5
167.5
30

85.8
102.1
113.5
124.2

132.7
140.4
147
152.6
157.8
163.1
166.9
171.6

. . .
82.5
96.5
108
117.5
125.5
133
139.5
146
152

157
162
166
31.05
27
.891
82.6
98.8
110.2
120.9
129.4
137.1
143.5
149.2
154.5
159.8
163.6
168.3
79.0

93.0
104.5
114
122
129.5
136
142
148
153
158.5
162.5
32

80.1
96.2
107.6
118.3
126.8

134.5
140.9
146.6
151.9
157.2
161.0
165.7
'

76.0
89.5
101
110.5
118.5
126
132.5
138.5
144.5
149.5

154.5
159
33

77.4
93.5
104.9
115.6
124.1
131.8
138.7
143.9
149.2
154.5
158.3
163.0
"

73.0

86.5
98
107
115.0
122.0
129
135
140.5
146
151.5
155.5
33.25
28
.886
76.5
92.6
103.9
114.6
123.1

130.8
137.8
143
148.3
153.6
157.4
162.1
72.0
85.5
97
106.5
114.5
121.5
128
134
140
145
150.0
154.3

34

74.6
90.7
102
112.7
121.2
128.9
135.9
141.1
146.4
151.7
155.5
160.2


69.5
83.0
94.5

104.0
111.5
119
125.5
131.5
137.5
142.5
147.5
152
35

72
88.1
99.4
110.1
118.6
126.3
133.3

138.5
143.8
149.1
152.9
157.6

. . .
67.5
80.0
91.5
100.5
108.5
115.5
122
128
134.0
139
144
148.5

35.60
29
.881
70.4
86.5
97.8
108.5
117
124.7
131.7
137.9
142.2
147.5
151.3
156.0
64.5
78.0
89
98.5

106
113.5
120
126
132
136.5
142
146
36

60.5
85.6
96.9
107.5
116.1
123.8
130.8
137.0
141.7

147.2
151.0
155.7
...

63.5
77
88
97
105
112.5
118.5
124.5
130
135
140
145
37

67.2
83.3
94.6
105.2
113.8
121.5
128.5
134.7
140.7
146.8
150.2
154.9
...

60.5
73.3
85.0
94
101.5

108.5
115.0
121.5
127
132
137
141
38

. 65.0
81.0
92.3
104.9
111.5
119.2
126.2
132.5
138.4

143.9
149.4
154.0
. .

57.5
70.5
81.5
90.5
98.5
105.5
112
117.5
123.5
138.5
133.5
137.5
38.20
30

.875
64.5
80.5
91.8
102.5
111.0
118.7
125.7
132
138.1
143.6
149.3
153,9
66.5
70.0
81.0
90
97.5
105

111.5
117.0
123.0
127.5
133
137.0

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

XLIV Continued
AMMONIA IN WATER
AND PER CENT NH3 IN SOLUTION

57

Above
One Standard Atmosphere

>>
0.2
00 .

00:3
Per Cent
NHjby
Weight.
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1
110
115
211.3
209.5
215.6
214
219.8

218
223.8
221.5
227.6
225
231.2
229.5
234.6
233
237.9
236
241.1
239
244.2
242
247.2
245.5
250.1
248
.928
21
19.87
210,8
215.2
219.3

223,4
227.1
230.7
234.1
237.4
240.7
243.8
246.7
249.6

209
213.5
217.5
221
224.5
229
232,5
235.5

238.5
241,5
245
247.5

20
207.1
211.5
215.6
219.7
223.3
227
230,4
233.7
237
240,1
243
245.9

21
205
209.5
213.5
217.5
221
224.5
227.5
231
234.5
237.5
240.5
243.5

204.1
208.4
212.6
216.6

220.4
224
227.4
230.7
233.9
237
240
242.9

202
206.5
210.5
214
218
221.5
225.5
228.5
232

234.5
237.5
240.5
.921
22
21.73
203.2
207.5
211.7
215.7
219.5
223.1
226.5
229.8
233
236.1
239.1
242

22
201
205.5
209.5
213
215
220.5
224.5
227
230.5
233
236.5
239.5

199
203.3
207.5
211.5
215.3

218.9
222.3
225.6
228.8
231.9
234.9
237.8
.915
23
23.03
196.5
201.5
205
209
211
216.5
220
223
226,5

229
232.5
235
195.8
200.1
204.2
208.3
212.1
215.7
219.1
222.4
225.6
228.7
231.7
234.6

24
193

197.5
201.5
205
207
212.5
216
219
222.5
225
228.5
231

. . .
192.2
196.5
200.7
204.7
208.5
212,1
215.5

218.8
222
225.1
228.1
231
.909
24
24.99
188.5
193
197.5
201.5
205
208,5
212
215.0
218.5
221.5
224.5

227
189.1
193.3
197.5
201.6
205.3
208.9
212.2
215.6
218.9
221.9
225
237.8

26
185.5
190
194

197.5
201.5
205
208
211.5
214.5
271.5
220.5
223.5
. . .
. . .
185.9
190.2
194.3
198.4
202.2
205.7
209
212.5

215.8
218.7
221.8
234.7

27
181.5
186
190
194
197.5
201
204.5
207.5
210.5
213.5
216.5
219.5

183.3
187.6
191.8
195.8
199.6
203.2
206.6
209.9
213.1
216.2
219.2
222.1
.904
25
27.66
179
183.5
187.5
191.5

195
198.5
202
205.5
208.5
211
214.5
217
183.2
186.6
190.7
194.8
198.5
202.2
205.6
208.8
212.1
215.1
218.2

221.0

28
177.5
182
186.5
190
193.5
197.5
200.5
204
207
210
212.5
215.5

180.2
183.5

187.6
191.8
195.4
199.1
202.6
205.7
209.0
212.1
215.1
217.9

29
174
178
182.5
186
190
193.5

196.5
200
203
206
209
211.5
...

178.1
181.4
185.6
189.6
193.4
197.0
200.4
203.7
206.9
210
213.0

215.9
.898
26
29.60
171.5
176
180
184
187.5
191
194.5
198
201
203.5
207
209.5
176.9
180.2
184.4

188.4
192.2
195.8
199.2
202.5
205.7
208,8
211.8
214.7

30
170
174.5
179
182.5
186
189.5
192.5
196.5

199,5
202.0
205
208
. . .
. . .
173.5
177.0
181.2
185.2
189.0
192.6
196
199.3
202.5
206.6
209.6
212,5
.891

27
31.05
166.5
171
174.5
178.5
182,5
185.5
189
192.5
195.0
198.0
201
204.5
170.9
174.4
178.6
182.6
186.4

190
193.4
196.7
199.9
204
207
209,9

32
163
167
167.5
175
178.5
182
185.5
188.5
192
194.5

197,5
200,5


168.2
171.7
175.9
179.9
183.7
187.3
190.7
194.0
197.2
201.3
204.3
207.2

33

159.5
163.5
163.5
171.5
175
178.5
181.5
185
188
191.0
194
196.5

157.3
170.8
175
179
182.8
186.4

189.8
193.1
196.3
200.4
203.4
206.3
.886
28
33.25
169.0
163
162.5
170.5
174.5
177.5
180.5
184
187.5
190

193
196.0
165.4
168.9
173.1
177.1
180.9
184.5
187.9
191.2
195.4
198.5
201.5
204.4

34
156
160

160
168
171.5
175.5
178
181.5
184.5
187.5
190
193.0
"
' *
162.8
166.3
170.5
174.5
178.3
181.9
185.3

188.6
192.8
195.9
198.9
201.8

35
152.5
156.5
156.5
164
168
171.0
174
177.5
180.5
183.5
187
189.5

"
>
161.2
164.7
168.9
172.9
176.7
180.3
183.7
187.0
191.2
194.3
197.3
200.2
.881
29
35.60
150.5
154.5

154.5
163
165.5
169
172
175.5
178.5
181.0
184.5
187
160.8
164.5
168.7
172.7
176.5
180.1
183,5
186.8
191

193.9
196,9
199.8

36
149.0
153
153.0
160.5
160.5
167.5
170,5
174
177.0
179.5
182.5
185.5
...

159.7
163.7
167.9
171.9
175.8
179.3
182,7
186.0
190.2
192.8
195.8
198.7

37
145.5
149.5
149.5
157

153
164.0
167
170.5
173
176.0
179.5
182.0
.

158.6
162.9
167.1
171.1
175
178.5
181.9
185,2
189.4

191.7
194.7
197.6

33
142
146
146
153.5
150
160.5
163,5
166,5
170
172.5
175.5
178.5
...

158.3
162.6
167
171.0
174,8
178.4
181,8
185.1
188,3
191.4
194.4
197.3
.875
30
38.20
141.5
145.5
145.5
153

149,5
160
163
166
169.5
172
175
178

58 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table XLV
AMMONIA WATER SOLUTIONS
VALUES OF PARTIAL PRESSURES OF AMMONIA AND WATER VAPOR FOR
VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PER CENTS OF AMMONIA IN SOLUTION

per cent

NHa
2.

5.0

7.5

0) o
o
CO 2
a
a
2 53
-t
S 3
o
a

OQ
a
2 a
3

a
CQ
0>
a
2 .
o
^ a
" 2

fa 03
o Co

DO O
DQ Q,
Si
S3
u 03

m O
Si
S.2

1
o

.2 S
Ah

-sew

iHa
i;a
If =5

_ o
!?a

Press. Inc
bes Hg

Press. Inches Hg
Press. Inches Hg
32.
.236
.177

.413

.512
.158
.670

.788
.158
.946

35.6
.256
.197
.453

.571
.197
.768

.867

.197
1.064

39.2
.276
.236
.512
,

.591
.236
.827

.945
.216
1.161

42.8
.295
.276

.571
.

.650
.276
.926

1.041
.256
1.297

46.4
.315
.315
.630
.

.709
.315
1.024

1.16
.295
1.455

50.0
.354
.355
.709
.

.788
.355
1.343

1.28
.335
1.615
1.6
53.6
.394

.413
.807
.

.866
.394
1.260

1.415
.374
1.789
1.8
57.2
.434
.472
.906
.

.965
.452

1.417

1.575
.433
2.008
2.
60.8
.492
.532
1.024

1.062
.511
1.573
'i'.i
) 1.75
.473
2.223
2.1

64.4
.552
.590
1.142

1.18
.590
1.770
lA
) 1.925
.552
2.477
2.5
68.
.611
.670
1.281
1.3

1.319
.649
1.958
2.
2.125
.611
2.736
2.9
71.6
.670
.748
1.318
1.5
1.455
.728
2.183
2.^
} 2.34
.689

3.029
3.1
75.2
.729
.847
1.576
1.6
1.592
.826
2.418
2.e
) 2.58
.788
3.368
3.6
78.8
.807
.945
1.752

1.8
1.75
.925
2.675
2.5
\ 2.835
.866
3.701
3.9
82.4
.885
1.06
1.945
2.
1.925
1.043
2.968
3.
3.09

.985
4.075
4.1
86
.985
1.2
2.185
2.1
2.125
1.180
3.305
3.S
3.49
1.122
4.612
4.8
89.6
1.085
1.36

2.445
2.5
2.30
1.34
3.64
3.8
3.70
1.28
4.98
5.2
93.2
1.18
1.515
2.695
2.8
2.52
1.495
4.015
4.1

4.06
1.435
5.495
5.8
96.8
1.28
1.69
2.97
3
2.725
1.672
4.397
4.5
4.42
1.615
6.035
6
100.4
1.38

1.89
3.27
3.4
3.01
1.870
4.880
5
4.82
1.81
6.63
6.7
104.0
1.455
2.125
3.580
3.8
3.29
2.085
5.375

5.2
5.27
2.03
7.30
7.3
107.6
1.655
2.36
4.015
4
3.58
2.30
5.88
6
5.72
2.245
7.965
8
111.2

1.811
2.62
4.431
4.6
3.90
2.56
6.46
6.5
6.18
2.50
8.68
8.8
114.8
1.970
2.95
4.920
5
4.23
2.815

7.045
7
6.78
2.76
9.54
9.4
118.4
2.15
3.21
5.36
5.2
4.58
3.11
7.69
7.8
7.33
3.05
10.38
10.2

122.0
2.320
3.54
5.860
5.9
4.96
3.44
8.40
8.5
7.89
3.37
11.26
11.3
125.6
2.520
3.88
6.400
6.4
5.35

3.80
9.15
9
8.55
3.70
12.25
12.
129.2
2.740
4.29
7.030
7
5.80
4.22
10.02
10.
9.25
4.07
13.32

13.2
132.8
2.955
4.73
7.685
7.8
6.25
4.65
10.90
11
9.89
4.5
14.39
14.4
136.4
3.15
5.21
8.36
8.2

6.72
5.12
11.84
12
10.06
4.98
15.04
15.8
140
3.37
5.77
9.14
9
7.2
5.63
12.83
12.9
11.45
5.49

16.94 16.9

10
12.5
15
32
1.21
.158
1.368
1
1.58
.138
1.718
1.5
2.11
.138
2.248
2
35.6

1.24
.177
1.417
1.5
1.72
.157
1.877
1.8
2.3
.157
2.457
2.5
39.2
1.36
.197
1.557
1.5
1.89
.177

2.067
2.1
2.54
.177
2.717
2.8
42.8
1.495
.236
1.731
1.7
2.09
.217
2.307
2.5
2.79
.217
3.007
3

46.4
1.67
.276
1.946
1.9
2.31
.256
2.566
2.8
3.07
.256
3.326
3.2
50
1.87
.315
2.185
2
2.56

.295
2.855
3
3.41
.295
3.705
3.8
63.6
2.05
.355
2.405
2.4
2.82
.335
3.155
3.3
3.76
.335
4.095

4.1
67.2
2.28
.413
2.693
2.9
3.12
.394
3.514
3.7
4.14
.374
4.514
4.7
60.8
2.52
.472
2.992
3

3.45
.453
3.903
4
4.55
.433
4.983
5
64.4
2.79
.532
3.322
3.4
3.82
.512
4.332
4.5
6.02
.492

6.512
6.5

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table XLV Continued

59

Per cent

NHi

10

12
.5

15

.
a
a
<o 9
u .
a
3
a

o
a
3
m
a
o .
Ih 00

3 sa

3 b

S
3 aj
3 ^

a> iH
a a
3 fcV
a> y*

00>
2 2

S>

U 09

And
si*

00 cJ
g5
s

Si
S.2
2"^
5

Ah>
Si
2'^
5
1
a

as.

_ O
3a
^a
a3<J
5 as
1^

OZ
t^a
e8<J
Pi

]
Press. Inc
thes Ilg

Press. Inches Ilg

Press. Inches Hg
68
3.09

.590
3.680
3.8
4.22
.571
4.791
5
5.55
.552
6.102
6
71.6
3.4
.670
4.070
4
4.61
.65
5.26

5.4
6.1
.631
6.731
7.7
75.2
3.74
.767
4.507
4.6
5.04
.729
5.769
6
6.7
.71
7.41
7.6
78.8

4.09
.847
4.937
5
5.55
.827
6.377
6.6
7.33
.81
8.14
8
82.4
4.49
.965
5.455
5.4
6.08
.926

7.006
7
7.98
.906
8.886
8.9
86
4.9
1.1
6.0
6.1
6.66
1.04
7.70
7.8
8.66
1.005
9.665
9.9

89.6
5.35
1.24
6.59
6.8
7.26
1.18
8.44
8.5
9.5
1.12
10.62
10.7
93.2
5.86
1.4
7.26
7.4
7.92

1.32
9.24
9.3
10.35
1.26
11.61
11.9
96.8
6.37
1.555
7.925
7.9
8.63
1.47
10.10
10
11.28
1.42
12.70

12.8
100.4
6.94
1.75
8.69
8.8
9.38
1.67
11.05
11
12.25
1.59
13.84
13.9
104.0
7.5
1.95
9.45
9.5

10.18
1.87
12.05
12
13.22
1.77
14.99
15
107.6
8.19
2.165
10.355
10.4
11.02
2.07
13.09
13
14.30
1.98

16.28
16.3
111.2
8.88
2.42
11.30
11.4
11.9
2.32
14.22
14.4
15.45
2.2
17.65
17.8
114.8
9.6
2.68
12.28

12.2
12.88
2.56
15.44
15.7
16.62
2.44
19.06
19
118.4
10.38
2.97
13.35
13.3
13.85
2.83
16.68
17
17.9

2.69
20.59
20.6
122.0
11.22
3.25
14.47
14.5
14.95
3.13
18.08
18
19.3
2.97
22.27
22.2
125.6
12.05
3.58

15.63
15.5

129.2
12.95
3.96
16.91
17

132.8

13.95
4.37
18.32
18.2

136.4
15.0
4.81
19.81
20

140
16.5
5.29
21.79
21.2

17.5
20
22.5
32
2.72
.138
2.858

2.8
3.46
.118
3.578
3.5
4.37
.118
4.488
4.6
35.6
3.0
.157
3.157
3.1
3.84
.138
3.978
4
4.85

.138
4.988
5
39.2
3.29
.177
3.467
3.5
4.22
.158
4.378
4.3
5.33
.158
5.488
5.9
42.8
3.62
.217

3.837
3.9
4.65
.177
4.827
4.9
5.86
.177
6.037
7
46.4
4.02
.256
4.276
4.2
5.12
.217
5.337
5.1

6.43
.197
6.627
6.7
50
4.41
.295
4.705
4.8
5.63
.256
5.886
5.9
7.07
.236
7.306
7.3
53.6
4.87

.335
5.205
5.2
6.2
.295
6.495
6.4
7.74
.275
8.015
8
57.2
5.36
.374
5.734
5.9
6.8
.335
7.135

7.1
8.48
.315
8.795
9
60.8
5.92
.433
6.353
6.5
7.49
.394
7.884
7.8
9.3
.354
9.654
9.7
64.4

6.5
.492
6.992
7
8.2
.453
8.653
8.6
10.18
.394
10.574
10.8
68
7.13
.552
7.682
7.8
9.0
.512

9.512
9.5
11.12
.453
11.573
12
71.6
7.8
.631
8.431
8.5
9.85
.571
10.421
10.3
12.15
.512
12.662
12.9

75.2
8.55
.71
9.26
9.3
10.75
.65
11.40
11.5
13.25
.571
13.821
14
78.8
9.33
.788
17.118
10.3
11.75

.73
12.48
12.4
14.45
.65
15.10
15.2
82.4
10.2
.866
11.066
11.4
12.75
.85
13.60
13.6
15.85
.729
16.579

17
86
11.1
.966
12.066
12
13.9
.905
14.805
15
17.40
.807
18.207
18
89.6
12.1
1.08
13.18
13.3

15.05
1.14
16.19
16.1

93.2
13.2
1.22
14.24
14.5
16.30
1.26
17.56
17.9

96.8

14.35
1.36
15.71
15.8
17.75
1.4
19.15
18.9

100.4
15.6
1.5
17.1
17
19.35
1.55
20.90

20.6

104.0
16.95
1.67
18.62
18.6
21.05
1.71
22.76
22.3

107.6
18.45
1.85
20.30

19.9

60

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table XL VI
ABSORPTION OF GASES BY LIQUIDS
Selected from Smithsonian Physical Tables,
Values of a; = volume of gases referred to 32 F. and 29.92 ins. Hg which
one volume of
water can absorb at atmospheric pressure and temperature of first column.

Temperature.
COi.
CO.
H.
N.
0.

Air.
NHs.
H2S.
Methane.
Ethy"C.
O jp
lene.

32
1.797
.0354
.02110
.02399
.04925
.02471
1174.6
4.371

.04573
.2563
5
41
1.450
.0315
.02022
.02134
.04335
.02179
971.5
3.965
.04889
.2153
10
50
1.185
.0282
.01944

.01918
.03852
.01953
840.2
3.586
.04367
.1837
15
59
1.002
.0254
.01875
.01742
.03456
01795
756.0
3.233
.03903
.1615

20
68
.901
.0232
.01809
.01599
.03137
.01704
683.1
2.905
.03499
.1488
25
77
.772
.0214
.01745
.01481
.02874

610.8
2.604
.02542

30
86
....
.0200
.01690
.01370
.02646

40
104
.506
.0177

.01644
.01195
.02316

60
122
....
.0161
.01608
.01074
.02080

100

212
.244
.0141
.01600
.01011
.01690

Table XL VII
ABSORPTION OF AIR IN WATER (Winkler, 1904)
Air free of COi and NH3 measured at 29.92 ins. and 32 F.

Temperature.
C.
Cu.ft.
Oxygen at
29.92 ins.
Hg per 1000
cu.ft. water.
Cu.ft.
Nitrogen
per 1000

cu.ft. water.
Sum of
Oxygen
and
Nitrogen.
Temperature.
C.
Cu.ft.
Oxygen at
29.92 ina.
Hg per 1000
cu.ft. water.
Cu.ft.
Nitrogen
per 1000
cu.ft. water.
Sum of
Oxygen
and
Nitrogen.

10.19
18.99
29.18
16

6.89
13.25
20.14
1
9.91
18.51
28.42
17
6.75
13.00
19.75
2
9.64
18.05
27.69
18
6.61
12.77
19.38

3
9.39
17.60
26.99
19
6.48
12.54
19.02
4
9.14
17.18
26.32
20
6.36
12.32
18.68
6
8.91
16.77

25.68
21
6.23
12.11
18.34
6
8.68
16.38
25.06
22
6.11
11.90
18.01
7
8.47
16.00
24.47
23
6.00

11.69
17.69
8
8.26
15.64
23.90
24
5.89
11.49
17.38
9
8.06
15.30
23.36
25
5.78
11.30
17.08
10

7.87
14.97
22.84
26
5.67
11.12
16.79
11
7.68
14.65
22.33
27
5.56
10.94
16.50
12
7.52
14.35
21.87

28
5.46
10.75
16.21
13
7.35
14.06
21.41
29
5.36
10.56
15.92
14
7.19
13.78
20.97
30
5.26
10.38

15.64
15
7.04
13.51
20.55

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

61

Table XL VIII
AIR REQUIRED FOR COMBUSTION FOR VARIOUS SUBSTANCES
(Combustion complete in every case except for C burning to CO)

Substance

Carbon, C to CO2
Carbon, C to CO .
Hydrogen, H2
Carbon monoxide, CO
Sulphur, S
Methane, CH4. . . .
Ethane, CzHe. . . .

Ethylene, C2H4
Acetylene, C2H2. . . .
Propane, CsHg. . .
Propylene, CsHe. . . .
Allylene, C3H4. . . .
Butane, C4H10. . .
Butylene, C4H8. . .
Pentylene, CeHio . . .
Hexane, CeHu . . .
Benzole, CeHe. . . .
Heptane, C7H16 . . .
Methyl alcohol, CH3OH.
Ethyl alcohol, C2H6OH .

1 Lb. of Substance
Requires Air

Lbs.

11.55
5.77
34.64
2.47
4.32
17.32
16.16
14.85
13.32
15.75
14.85

13.86
15.53
14.85
14.85
15.22
13.32
15.24
6.49
9.04

Cu.Ft.
Standard

143.10
71.55
429.19
30.6
53.52
214.59
200.22
183.99
165.07
195.14
183.99
172.73
192.42
183.99
183.99
188.58
165.07
188.85
80.47
111.96

1 Cu. Ft. of Substance

(Standard)
Requires Air

Lbs.

.193
.193
.774
1.354
1.157
.964
1.929
1.736

543
508
315
890
66
89
4.243
.58
1.17

Cu.Ft.
Standard.

2.39
2.39
9.59
16.73
14.34
11.95
23.90
21.51
19.12
31.07
28.68
35.85
45.45
35.84
52.58

7.17
14.34

Table XLIX
RADIATION COEFFICIENTS

Porous carbon (black body)

Glass
Ice
Polished cast iron
Wrought iron poUshed
Steel polished
Brass polished
Copper hammered
Silver polished

Radiating and Absorbing Powers.

1.00
.90
.85
.25
.23
.19
.07
.07
.03

Reflecting Power.

0.00
.10
.15
.75
.77

.81
.93
.93
.97

62

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table L
COEFFICIENTS OF HEAT TRANSFER
Average Practice

Thermal Action in Substances.

B.T.U. per Hour per
Square Foot per
Degree.
Apparatus.
Giving Up Heat.
Receiving Heat.

Liquid warming
50-75
Liquid heat exchangers, aqua
ammonia water and beer
coolers, ammonia absorber
cooling coils
Liquid cooling
Gas warming

2-6
Hot-water radiators and cooling tower surfaces, depending
on air velocity and character
of water surface

Liquid boiling
100
10-20
30-50
Shell brine coolers with circulator; tank brine coolers
without circulator; double
pipe brine coolers depending
on velocity and hot hquid
evaporators

Liquid warming
2-5
Brine coolers in cold storage
rooms depending on air circulation. Air coolers with
water or brine coils; economizers

Gas warming
2-4
Steam superheaters
'

Liquid boiling
2-5
Direct expansion ammonia coils
in cold storage rooms depending on air circulation.
Steam boilers
Vapor condensing ....
Liquid warming
150-350
1000
Feed-water heaters and steam
condensers depending on water velocity and removal of
air on steam side. Experimental feed-water heater
high velocity
Gas warming
Jr*
Steam radiators and pipes

Liquid boiling
400-600
Vacuum evaporators with condaising exiiaust steam depending on viscosity of solution

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

63

1 1
o
b
<
H
1 (
^
S

H
^
W
o
u
tf
f^
o
Q

rt
f^
w
H
w
O
H
B
02
H
fe
Oi
w

}
S

!<
w
P

H
O

fi^
Q
^
^
O
^
u
wj
hJ
W
<r|
H-J
r")
w
ii
<1

^
H
o
1 1

!z;
Q
o
^
02
<
H
rn
(1
H
^
^
02
W
^

P
S
<:
H
(^

w
H-1
ptH
W
^
P
o
Fz4
w

Ph
;z4
Pi^
(J

>^
O

HH
^
H
;^
f/i
KH
P
w

H
o
oj
O
Pm
PQ
O

-<

1 p=:

T.U. per

t. at 32
id 29.92
na. Hg.

^ 53^
1-1 00

CD
CD U9

CO WW
CO ec
CO

O OS
pq'S ''"'

aj

>

u->

C
>>

,bfi
X

o
O

a
.a
<

1
1

o
u^i^

CO
o

S 05 bJi

05

05

O
OS
8

CO
03-73 2

1>
(N

'
<N

11
tH

(N
y^

^
s a
i i
1 g s 1

2 52 ?2
03
a

ii

^ fc
^ ^
1 1
uu

.2 1-1
cS JB
M H
i^H H cc
M

.-ft

Sop
M 02 O O O C

i^is
o
.^ O (V o
a '*-!
M
02 4) CO
WJ O) e_ tij
.iS
> tH tn > tn

C O oj o
1 g
2 >

a-^ a
s^ . .

"+3
3
'O
o "S o
o t^^i^
<3
o3 <U CJ c3 O
c3 O c3
-a C c3 c3 03 03
-C 03
c
.3 <L> rfl
^ (U c3 03

p^pqpqp^pq
P^pqO
b^<f^OOf^
H^<
HP:5H

HWOO
'1
"1* b- (M CO CO
rH O lH
O TfH 1:^ 5 (N t^
O i
CO
00 t^ o
i-H b- 0 CO
^ Tin (M CO TjH
O OC lO
O lO J> ei OS 1-1
O IN
t^
OS 05 T t
Tt< T-H -^
O (N O T^^ Tt^ CO
(M GO -^ 00 I:^

CO ffO
CO
CD 00 00
00 O O "sH

^^ "^ ^^
tH O 1 1 O r-l T 1
T^ r*<
"^
CO CO o
CO -^ CO iH
P^ ft
tH iH tH tH r-

o <;o ;i ;e kO LQ

(N (N (N ei

p^

o (M (M

tJ< Tj< ,-( T-H

CO CO (M (N

<

TS
"O fe!

-H o
rfi

pc^ [Jh P-<

TO '3

=5. ^ a
3
o - - - O^ -.
rH HH Hn o q o
o o C^ (M (N
0-.

faD ;r5

-3
O
u
o- Tfl O Tfl T-H T 1 1 1
CO 05 CO (N (N <M
u"*
d^ d
o
fin

:2 g
a- 03 ^

ai- m
w
T3 ^ ^ ^
C - - c3
e
o
o

qT

08

-d


02

c
c
c
?
m

, .

^^oTaT^

CZ2
oT

o o -5 ^ 5
o
O

^
.g

a
^

tn f-l c3 eS K
M
tw
a

(U

o:
i o:
c
c
p

3
02
1^

64

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

i
o

02

02

B.P.U. per
Cu.ft. at 32 F.
and 29.92
ins. Hg.
C5 ec
O !>
o o
31 Hi
-* OS
OS i>.
8 CO
OS o
> OS
OS 00
1720
1570
a
>
o
'm
O
<
c3
hC
O
>
<

Cu.ft. per
Lb. at32F.
and 29.92
ins. Hg.
00
o

CO
CO
CO
r-4
r-t
CO
H
o
<1
;2 f^ f^'
s g s
03 U U

c3 ^ o3
a a
mm
d a a
mOU
^^
o o o
^ . .
" rS r2
fflOO
d 1=1
03 03
a a
I 1 I 1
SB
m m
P3 a a
^ c5 d
to 02
a a
o o
CQ ^ 43 C
o -^45
rd S 03 03
H WOO
03 to

a a
o o
sSss
a '^
o -S^^
rC3 o o3 03
HPQOO

Tjl 0 00
JO. iH
CO (N
O O OS
(M (yi th
o O i
Tt< iH 05
J:^ 0 r-l
O O OS
(N (N tH
tH 5 ifl
C5 i>. O
O OS 00
00 !> I>T-l tH iH
1-1 o o
Tt^ ^ CO
1> D (N
O OS
(M (N tH
O CO CO CO
to 05 O T-H
(N lO (N rH
O CS O OS
r-t tH

lO GO 50 O
<N Tj^ X* O
CO t>. <N rH
CO (N 00 1
1-1 r-l fH tH
to
o
d
O
M
*
^ (N (M
^ '-' '-I
< (M (M
3 2
q
^ tH 1 I
CO <N (N
Tt< 1 1 1 1
CO (N (N
rfH rH T-l
CO (N (M
rt< rJH T-i tH
CO CO (M (M
CTv. o3
tJH * rH t-l
CO CO (N <N
fl V. V.

^
*^ "** '^
> s*

^
o
o

o
a
02
o
o
1
Ph
03
W
o
o
"o

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to
O
q
o
1
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q
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1

tlO

.2
3

CT3
. <o
U ID
ft
2
O bO
0) ^
eS M
^ eS
O -H
CI o
-p
^

a
0) ft
^ ft

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

65

03
(U

o
c3

o
02
>>
d
*3
o

a
CO
o3

id
o
o

02

o
d
C3

-fc3

a
^

<D

02
d
;d

c3
'0

t4

w
02
O

n3
d
S
+5
<3
a
a B
pd si
02 m !tl
S
?

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o o -e
d
p o
o
(S

d <u o3 -t^ d
^ P^ H cc <^ W h-^
g .t5 .t^ ) S) ^
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N N o3 03 ja
d d 43 ^ 3
N N N ^
d d d rd
fe fe

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<o <o <o zi
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^1

<u
1 1
1 1

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(U
11 ^"^^
^^"^ 1 1 1 1 1
, ,

^'^ /""^ 1,

N, ^_,^ C^ , ,,

C^ s ^-^ , ^-^
f 1 ''"^

(N C^ /-N

(N ^-^ CO ^-^ ^--s

CO C^ (M .'-s (M ,-^
^-s <N

CO CO (M

Q
CO (M 1 (N (M
1 CO CO (M CO (N
(M CO

1 1 CO

1 CO ' CO CO
1 1 1 CO 1 CO
CO 1

1 1 1

i 1 ^ 1 1
NO '"^ -lO "^O
w ' 1 ' 1
1 i

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cy.S
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O O O O O O
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a o

i' r r i' i' s ?^

+ + + r r r
+ +

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T-H tH 11 i-H rH -U -U
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00
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05 1-1 00
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ft
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fed
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CO
3
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00 i> CO
-* CO (M
1-1 CO
CO CO (N (N
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cd
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1-1 1-H 00 (N 00 (M
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a
1 1 CQ 1 H 11 r-( tH T 1
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Ill's

b
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66

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

i
o

1^

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*< pp
r* *^
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a
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68

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table LIII
RELATIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
Conductivities Carbon Dioxide )
AND [ = 1 at 32 F.
Resistances Silver J

Substance.

Conductivity Carbon
Dioxide =1.

Resistance =

Conductivity
Silver =1.

Iron
Iron (Wiederman and Franz) . ,
Copper
Copper (Wiederman and Franz)
Steel
Steel (Wiederman and Franz) . .
Aluminum
Lead
Lead (Wiederman and Franz) . .
Tin
Tin (Wiederman and Franz) . . .
Zinc
Zinc (Wiederman and Franz) . .
Silver
Slate
Granite and sandstone
Marble, limestone, etc
Portland cement
Plaster of Paris
Son
Sand, white dry
Chalk

Firebrick
Carbon
Glass
Diatomic earth
ParaflGine
Ice
Sawdust
Snow, packed
Woods
Strawboard
Pasteboard
Asbestos paper
Blotting paper
Felt
Cotton wool

5700
4165
23000
25760
3600
4165
11000
2700
2975
6000
5320
5000
9835
35000

5.23
8.60
1.52

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3.18
12.95
11.75
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6.58
7
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300
176
199
153-182
228-192
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22.8
1531
10.7 dry; 52.2 wet
3270 dry; 6700 wet
30.4
1150

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3840
13.2
2650
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978 to 467
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9.8
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2380
14.0
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4.9
7150
2.84
12300
1.4
25000

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

69

Table LIII Continued

RELATIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

Substance.

Conductivity Carbon
Dioxide =1.

Resistance =

Conductivity
Silver =1.

Cotton wool, pressed

Flannel
Haircloth
Cork
Leather, cowhide
Water
Methyl alcohol
Methyl alcohol (De Heen)
Ethyl alcohol
Ethyl alcohol (Henneberg)
Ethyl alcohol 90% (Henneberg)
Ethyl alcohol (Henneberg) .
Benzole
Benzole (Weber)
Petroleum
Air
Ammonia
Ammonia (Plank)

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Ethylene
Hydrogen
Hydrogen (Stefan)
Hydrogen (Kindt and Warberg)
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Oxygen (Stefan)
Methane
Methane (Stefan)
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (Kindt and Warberg)
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (Stefan)
Carbon dioxide (Kindt and Warberg) . .
Illuminating gas (Plank)

1.08
3.92
1.37
2.34
13.7

32400
8930
25600
1495
2560

39.09
16.12
10.70
13.78
12.07
12.53
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11.56

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2170
3270
2540
2900
2990
1650
3240
3100
3030

1.85
1.27
1.7
1.28
1.37
10.65
12.97
13.14
1.71
1.83
1.89
2.30
2.57
1.62

81
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09
94

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20600
27400
2960
3280
2960
7100
20450
19100
25500
15200
18500
21600
19300
35000
30400
32100
13600

Table LIV
COMPARISON OF CELLULOSE AND AVERAGE WOOD (Dry and Ash Free)

Constituent.

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Oxygen and nitrogen ,

Cellulose.

44.44%
6.17%
49.39%,

Wood, Average of
Maple, Oak, Pine,
Willow.

49.2%
6.1%
"44!7%o

Spores of Club Moss.

63.0%
8.6%
28.4%

70

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

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rk XJ
-O CI
3 03
irtly melts, residu
mainly powder, res
soft.
S P
a

^-<

Jehavior of Powdere
iample on Heating i:
Crucible.
Desnot melt, resid
powder, same
coal.
elts, residue coi
pact and hard b
not puffed.
o
o
72,
pact and ha
somewhat puffed
elts thoroughly, r*
idue very hard a
very much puffed
.\ tHVJ

IQ

1 (S

1 s

;^

1 s 1

88

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table LVIII
PARAFFINES (CH2+2) FROM PENNSYLVANIA PETROLEUM

Boiling-point.

MolecComposition
by Weight.

Formula.

Specific Gravity
at 32 F.

ular
Weight

Name.

C.
-p

Approx.
%c.
%H.

Methane
CH4

16
30

75
80.12
25
Gas
Ethane
.446
19.98
Propane

-25
-13
.536
44
81.84
18.16

Butane
C4H10
C6Hi2

38

32
100.4
.60
.627 at 57
58
72
82.76
83.33
17.24

. Pentane normal . .
16.67

.628

Pentane iso
C5H12
30

, 86
.658 at 68
72
83.33
16.67

Hexane normal . . .
CeHi*
69
156.2
.664
86
83.76
16.24
'
Hexane iso
CeHu
61
141.8
.683 at 68

86
83.76
16.24

Heptane normal . .
C7H16
97.5
207.5
.699
100
84.00
16.00

Heptane iso
C7H16
91
195.8
.702 at 68
100

84.00
16.00

Octane normal. . . .
CgHis
125
257
.703
114
84.21
15.79

Octane iso
CgHis
118
224.4
.718 at 68
114
84.21
15.79

Nonane
C9H20
C10H22
136
173
276.8
343.4
.741
.73 at 68
.757
128
142
84.38
84.51
15.62
1
Decane
15.49

Endecane
C11H24

182
359.6
.774 at -15
156
84.62
15.38
Liquid

.765

Dodecane
C12H26
198
388.4
.773 at -10
.776

170
84.71
15.29

Tridecane
C13H28
216
420.8
.792
184
84.78
15.22

Tetradecane
C14H30
238
460.4
.775 at 39
198
84.85

15.15

Pentadecane
Hexadecane
C15H32
C16H34
258
280
496.4
536.

212
226
84.92
84.96
15.08

.775 at 64
15.04

Octodecane
Eicosane
CisHss
C20H42
023H48

205
234
401.
453.

254
282
324
85.02
85.10
85.18
14.98

.778 at 99
.779 at 118
14.90

Tricosane
14.82

C25H62
C^27li66

352
380
85.23
85.26
14.77
r Paraffine (myricle)
Solid < Paraffine (c.er^/\) . .

14.74
C30H62
370
698

422
85.31
14.69

ETHYLENES (CH2) AND NAPHTHALENES (CH2_6+H6) FROM RUSSIAN

PETROLEUM

Ethylenes
Ethylene. . .
Propylene. .
Butylene. . .
Amylene. . .
Hexylene. . .
Heptylene .
Octylene.

Naphthalenes ,

Oct. Naphthalene

Nonylene .
Diamylene

Dodeca Naphthalene

Triatoylene . .
Tetraamylene

C2H4
gas

CsHs
gas

C4H8
1
33.8

C5H10
36
96.8
C6H12
70
158
C7H14
84
183.2
CgHie
119
246.2
CsHio+He
136
276.5
C9H18
....

C10H20

161
321.8
C11H22
180
356
C12H24

C12H18+H6
196
384.8
C14H28
240
464.
CifiHso
248
478.4
C20H40
over

over

390
734

.635
,76
,714
,733
,771
,777

,803

28
85.7
42
85.7
56
85.7
70
85.7
84
85.7

98
85.7
112
85.7
106+6
85.7
126
85.7
140
85.7
154
85.7
168
85.7
162+6
85.7
196
85.7
210

85.7
280
85.7

14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3
14.3

14,
14
14,
14.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table LIX

89

CALORIFIC POWER OF MINERAL OILS BY CALORIMETER AND

CALCULATION BY DENSITY FORMULA OF SHERMAN AND KROPFF

Class of Oil.

Sp.gr.
at
15 C.

Degree B6.

B.T.U. per Pound.

Calorimeter.

Calcul.
S.&K.Form.

Error.
%

Gasolene
Gasolene
Gasolene
Gasolene
Kerosene
California, refined. . .
West Virginia, crude
Kerosene

Ohio, crude
Pennsylvania, crude.
California, refined . . .
Kansas, refined
West Virginia, crude ,
California, refined . . .
West Virginia, crude .

Pennsylvania, crude,
Ohio

Indian Territory. . .

Indian Territory . .
California, refined,
Kansas, crude. . . .

Kansas, crude,
Illinois, crude.

California, refined . . . ,
Pennsylvania, fuel oil ,

Pennsylvania, fuel oil ,

Indian Territory ....

Kansas, crude ,
Pennsylvania, fuel oil .
Kansas, crude

.71
.7175
.72
.7709
.7830
.7850
.7945
.795
.7964
.8048
.8059
.8080
.8103

.8237
.8248
.8261
.8321
.8324
.8418
.8421
.8436
.8466
.8500
.8510
.8514
.8534
.8580
.8597
.8616
.8640
.8648
.8660
.8670
.8690
.8708
.8712
.8745
.8773
.8800
.8807
.8810

67.2
65.1
64.4
51.6
48.8
48.35
46.2
46.1
45.8
44.0
43.7
43.2
42.8
40.0
39.7
39.5
38.2
38.2
36.3
36.25
36.0
35.4
34.7
34.5
34.45
34.05
33.20
32.8

32.5
32.05
31.9
31.65
31.5
31.1
30.8
30.7
30.1
29.6
29.0
29.0
28.9

21120
20389
20527
20038
20018
20014
20030
20135
20236
20068
20057
19802
19963
19766

19827
20021
19757
19782
19710
19795
19924
19685
19715
19724
19701
19784
19389
19379
19741
19555
19656
19555
19530
19534
19654
19614
19354
19428
19447
19435
19435

20938

20854
20726
20314
20206
20194
20098
20094
20082
20010
19998
19979
19962
19850
19838
19830
19778
19778
19702
19698
19690
19666
19638
19630
19630
19610
19578
19562
19550

19530
19526
19516
19510
19494
19482
19478
19454
19434
19410
19410
19406

- .91
+2.33
+ .99
+1.38
+ .92
+ .89
+ .33
- .20
- .76
- .29
+

+
+

.29
.88
.00
.42
.05

- .05
+ .11
- .02
- .04
- .48
-1.17

- .09
- .38
- .47
- .35
- .86
+ .95
+ .95
- .95
- .12
- .65
- .19
- .10
- .20
- .86
- .68
+ .50
+ .03
- .18
- .47
- .15

90

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table LIX Continued

CALORIFIC POWER OF HYDROCARBON OILS BY CALORIMETER AND
CALCULATION BY DENSITY FORMULA OF SHERMAN AND KROPFF

No.

42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64

Class of Oil.

Kansas, crude. . ,
Indian Territory,

Indian Territory,
Texas, crude. . . .

Kansas, crude,

Kansas, crude. . .
Texas, crude. . . .
Texas, crude. . . .
Texas, crude. . . .
California, crude.
Fuel oil
California, crude.
California, crude.
Texas, crude. . . .
California, crude,

Sp.gr.
at
15 C.

.8820
.8828
.8833
.8860
.8862
.8900
.8914
.8970
.9007
.9050
.9065
.9066
.9087
.9114
.9137
.9153
.9155
.9158
.9170
.9179
.9182
.9336
.9644

Degrees B6.

28.75
28.7
28.5
28.0
28.0
27.3
27.1
26.1
25.4

24.7
24.45
24.4
24.1
23.6
23.2
22.95
22.9
22.9
22.7
22.5
22.5
20.0
15.2

B.T.U. per Pound.

Calorimeter.

19643
19249
19474
19454
19372
19418
19242
19355
19359
19228
19352
19089
19282
19303
19028
19246
19008

18572
19103
18779
18985
19080
18589

Calcul.
S.&K. Form

19400
19396
19390
19370
19370
19342
19332
19294
19267
19238
19228
19226
19213
19194
19178
19168
19166
19166
19157
19150
19149
19048
18858

Error,
%

-1.22
+ .73
- .42
- .42
- .01
- .39
+ .45

- .31
- .47
+ .05
- .63
+ .69
- .35
- .55
+ .76
- .39
+ .80
+2.58
+ .28
+ 1.94
+ .83
- .16
+ 1.42

Table LX
PROPERTIES OF OIL GAS

Description.
Volumetric Analysis.
At 32 F. and 29.92" Hg Pressure. '
No.
CH*
H2
6
CO.

CO2.
O2
N2
Lbs.
Cu.Ft.
Cu.Ft.
per Lb.
B.T.U.>per
Cu. Ft.
B.T.U. per
Lb.

High.
Low.
High.
Low.
1
2
3
4
Thwaite oil gas. . . .
Pintsch American oil
Pintsch American oil
Oil gas
63.19
63.1
61.2
58.3

58.0
54.9
53.7
52.5
48.
35.4
19.
31.61
5.6
6.4
24.3
24.3
5.6
4.8
18.5
32.
6.6
16.85
27'a
28.3
17.4
17.
28.9
41.2
23.5
16.5
49.4
44.83
.4
.4
.2

8.9
.2
1.0
1.5
.63
'.9
.9
.5
1.4
'.8
.7
.5
5.0
.3
.24
5.06
.1
3.5
3.0
1.15
.03427
.05142
.05109
.04313
.04081
.0591
.05726
.04777
.04318
.05972
.04670

29.18
19.45
19.6
23.2
24.5
16.92
17.46
17.32
23.16
16.750
21.41
893.5
1173.
1260.7
995,9
990.2
1126.8
1294.8
1157.5
901.3
1390.7
1043.1
818.0
1074.
1064.
803.9
898.
1034.8
1192.0
966.5
716.
1107.
966.0

26072
22815
24710
23096
24260
19065
22607
20060
20874
23282
22333
23869
20889
20854
18650
6
6
7
Pintsch gas from
petroleum residue
Pintsch gas from
paraflSne oil
American petroleum
oil gas
22000
17509
20812
8
Pintsch gas, Moorehead
16940

q
General
16583
10
Crude oil Retort gas,
England
18542
11
English shale oil gas,
Young and Bell. . .
20682

The hydrocarbon analyses in this table for oil gas are quite imcertain, but
less so than the hydrocarbons equivalent to kerosene and gasolene.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table LXI
COMPOSITION OF NATURAL GASES

91

Source.

West Virginia
Kansas
Caucasus

Caucasus
Kokomo, Ind
Kokomo, Ind
St. Mary's, Ohio . .
Marion, Ind
Marion, Ind
Findlay, Ohio
Findlay, Ohio
English
Russian
Caucasus
Anderson, Ind. . . .
Anderson, Ind. . . .
Ohio
Fostoria, Ohio. . . .
Muncie, Ind
Muncie, Ind
Findlay, Ohio
Caucasus
Caucasus
Leechburg, Pa. . . .
Penna. & W. Va. . .
West Virginia
Butler County, Pa
Butler County, Pa
U. S
Pittsburgh, Pa. . . .
Penna
Pittsburgh, Pa
U. S

U. S
U. S
U. S

Authority

Report Gas Eng.

Com. N.E. L.A...
Report Gas Eng.
Com. N.E. L.A...
Bunsen
Bunsen
Levin.
Eng. & M. J
Levin
Lucke
Eng. & M. J
Levin
Eng. & M. J
Levin
Lewes
Lewes
Bunsen
Eng. & M.J
Levin
Lewes
Eng. & M. J
Levin
Eng. & ]\I. J

GiU
Lucke
Bunsen
Bunsen
Hoyle
Allen & Burrell
Report Gas Eng.
Com. N.E. L.A...
Hoyle
Hoyle
Ford
Levin
Jiiptner
Hoyle
Ford
Ford
Ford
Ford

Volumetric Analysis.

O2

.25

.3
.3
.35
.35

.55
.55
.39
.39

CH4. C2H6.

.42
.42
.35
.35
.35
.35
.3
.34

.15

1.1
.8

.78
2.1

99,
98,
97,
95
94,
94,
93,
93,

93,
93.
93.
93.
93.
93.
93.
93.
93.
92,
92.
92,
92.
92.
92.
92.
92.
89.
83.
81.
80.
75.
72,
72.
67,
67,
65,
60,
57,
49,

5
e
3
57
56
16
16
85
85
57
57
35

35
16
1
09
07
07
84
84
67
67
6
6
49
24
65

5
11
44
18
18

75
7
85
58

35

H2. CO. C2H4. N2. CO

.7
.42
.74
.14
.2
.4
.64
.84
.98
.98
.86
.01
.89
.89
.5
.35
.3
.18
.94

4.79

.2
13.5
6.1
20.6
20.
22.

22.
26.12
29.03
9.64
35.92

.25
2.69
4.4
.55
.55
.44
.44
.6
.6
.41
.41
1.0

.73
.73
.55
.4
.45
.5
.5
.93
3.50
26

1.
1.
.6
.6
.8
.58
1.0
.4

.3
.3
.2

.2
.15
.15
.35
.35

.47
.47
.20
.25
.25
,3
.31

4.39

5.72
18.12
3.0
1.0
5.0

12.3

1.2

8
8
98
98

42
42
41
41
9
9
49
02
02
82
82
53
53
5
61
13

.29
.29

.3
.3
.25

2.18
2.18
.26
.26
.75
.20
.25
.3
2.6

.35

.6

.55

3.0
3.0

23.41

.66
.34
.8
.8
.6
.6
.6

92

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

93

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96

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98

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table LXIV
COMPOSITION OF UNITED STATES COKE
(Mainly from U. S. Geological Survey Reports)

Origin.

From Connelsville bituminous coal, 72 hours roasting

From Connelsville bituminous coal, 48 hours roasting
Foundry Ganley Mountain, U.S. Geological Survey. . .
Foundry Milwaukee Solvay, U.S.G.S
From Connelsville, U.S.G.S
From Alabama coal, U.S.G.S. No. 1
From Arkansas coal, U.S.G.S. No. 6
From lUinois coal, U.S.G.S. No. 2
From Illinois coal, U.S.G.S. No. 3 . .
From Indiana coal, U.S.G.S. No. 1
From Indian Territory, U.S.G.S. No. 2

From Iowa, U.S.G.S. No. 1

From Iowa, U.S.G.S. No. 3
From Kentucky, U.S.G.S. No. 1
From Kentucky, U.S.G.S. No. 4
From Missouri, U.S.G.S. No. 2
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 1
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 2
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 3
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 4
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 5
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 6
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 10
From West Virginia, U.S.G.S. No. 12
Connelsville average of 3, J. B. Proctor
Chattanooga, Tenn., average of 4, J. B. Proctor
Birmingham, Ala., average of 4, J. B. Proctor
Pocahontas, Va., average of 3, J. B. Proctor
New River, W. Va., average of 8, J. B. Proctor
Big Stone Gap, Ky., average of 7, J. B. Proctor
Alabama, run-of-mine, foundry, Moldenke
Alabama washed slack, foundry, Moldenke
Colorado washed slack, foundry, Moldenke
Illinois washed slack, foundry, Moldenke
Pennsylvania washed slack, foundry, Moldenke
Pennsylvania washed slack, foundry, Moldenke
Tennessee, foundry, Moldenke
Tennessee, foundry, Moldenke
Virginia, foundry, Moldenke

Virginia, foundry, Moldenke

West Virginia, foundry, Moldenke
West Virginia, foundry, Moldneke
Proposed standard foundry coke specification

Moisture.

.23
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.75
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.33
1.30
1.57
.96
1.16
2.60
2.11
1.80
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1.52
.67
.60
.5

Volatile.

1.32
.51
.35
.48
.32
.72

2.85
2.83
.44
1.24
1.85
1.79
1.95
.84
.73
1.82
1.95

1.31
.87
1.15
.43
1.85
.55
.75

1.03
.75
1.31
.74
.29
2.26
.11
1.6
.80
1.67
.46
2.35
.75

Fixed 1
Carbon.

88.18
89.6
86.38
89.63
88.75
82.63
78.84
75.42

87.08
84.81
80.25
77.01
78.64
93.25
86.40
81.34
87.47
86.70
84.48
85.42
84.34
89.60
90.34
90.37
88.96
80.51
87.29
92.53
92.38
93.23
83.35
86.00
82.18
83.35
92.53
80.84

92.44
76.87
93.24
88.52
95.47
84.09
89.75

Ash.

10.27
9.7
12.52
9.62
10.75
16.32
17.01
20.18
11.52
13.19
15.30
19.09
17.61
5.40
12.35
14.66
.18
11.40
14.27
13.23
14.81
7.55
8.51
7.88
9.74
16.34
10.54
5.74
7.21
5.69
14.28
11.50
16.07
13.13
6.95
15.99
7.23

19.86
5.80
8.29
4.00
12.96
9.0

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

99

Table LXV
PRODUCTS OF BITUMINOUS GAS COAL DISTILLATION (Juptner;
(Variation with coal composition)

Coal from
Pas De Calais.
England.
Commentry
Blanzy.

' Moisture
Ash
2.17 2.70
9.04 7.06
3.31
7.21
4.34
8.80

6.17
10.73

Coal composition,
O2
5.56 6.66
5.06 5.36
88.38 86.97
1 1
7.71
5.40
85.89
1
10.10
5.53
83.37
1
11.70
per cent by weight
H2
5.64

C
81.66

I N2
1

r Gas
13.70 15.08
3.90 4.65
4.59 5.57
71.48 57.63
6.33 7.07
15.81
5.08
6.80
64.90
7.41
16.95
5.48
8.61
60.88
8.08
17.00

Tar
5.59

Products of distilla-,
tion, per cent byAmmonia water
Coke
9.86
58.00
weight
. Coal dust
9.36
Ga^ produced per ^^j^ ^^^.^ ^^^^^
kg coal
30.13 31.01
30.64
29.73
27.44

fCOo
1.47 1.58
6.68 7.17
54.21 52.79
34.37 34.43
.79 .99
2.48 3.02
1.72
8.81

50.10
35.03
.96
3.98
2.79
9.86
4.5.45
36.42
1.04
4.44
3.13

CO
11.93

H2
42.26
4
Volumetric analysis
CH4
37.14

.88
of gas

4.76

Table LXVI
AVERAGE DISTILLATION PRODUCTS OF CRUDE MINERAL OILS (Robinson)

ClasB.
Name of Product.
Average
Per Cent
Yield.
Specific Gr.
60 F.
B6.
BoilingPoint, F.

f Cjrmogene
small
.1
1 -1.5
10
2 - 2.5
2- 2.5

12 -20
40 -55
.590
.625-. 631
.635-.658
.680-. 700
.717-.
.742-.
.780-.
.800-.
.85

72
745
785
810

.885-. 920
.980
107
94-92
91-83
76-70
65
58
49
44
35
28-22
13
32
64
86-158
140-212
175-250
212-265
300-^75
300-700

Petroleum ether. . . .
Rhigolene

, Gasolene

Petroleum spirit. . . .
' C naphtha (benzene) . .
B naphtha
^

I A naphtha (benzene) .
r Water white

Lamp kerosene
Intermediate
\ Ordinary kerosene. . . .
Gas oil
1
Heavy oils
r Lubricating oil
\ Paraffine
17.5
2
5 -10

I Residue and loss

Petrol
Gasolene or benzene . .
Kerosene
5 -16
30 -40
10 -12
12 -15
25 -40
3 -5
10 -15
.725-.
.817-.
.840-.
.870-.
.908-.
.915-.

765
828
860
897
912
920

.900-. 950
63-53
41-39
37-33
31-26
24
23-22
25-17

Lamp oils

Intermediate
Solar oil

C Spindle oil

Lubricating oils ....

j Engine oil
a

, Cylinder oil
at
m
Fuel oil
Residue, astatki or
gondron
rt

100

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table LXVII

FRACTIONATION TESTS OF KEROSENES AND PETROLEUMS

Clasa and Density of Original.

Volumetric
Per Cent
Distilled.
Temperature of
Distillation.
Specific
Gravity of
Distillate,
60 F.
Density,
Baum6.
No.
Deg. F. at
Beginning.
Deg. F. at
End.
1

American kerosene
Robinson
Sp.gr. .797
BL 45.67
23
11
8
9
10
16
7
3
Left as res.
13
257
302
347
392
437
482
527
572
680
302
347
392
437
482
527
572
680
.748
.767
.783
.794
.807
.821
.831
.836
.843

57.21
52.5
49.0
46.5
43.5
40.8
38.8
37.5
36.5
2
Russian kerosene
Robinson
Sp.gr. .825
B4. 39.9
9
18
20
13
18
12
6
1
Left as res.
3
239
284
329
374
419
464
509
554
680
284
329

374
419
464
509
554
680
.786
.799
.816
.829
.831
.845
.857
.864
.877
48.2
45.4
41.6
38.9
38.5
36.8
33.5
32.2
29.8
3
American kerosene
Robinson
Sp.gr.
25
23
28
13
7
3
293
338
383

428
473
518
338
383
428
473
518
572

4
Alsatian petrolemn
Engler & Schestopal
Sp.gr. .801
Be. 44.8
.08
30.35
44.7
20.2
3.8
302
392
482
572
302
392
482
572
608

"Kaiser " oil

Engler & Schestopal
Sp.gr. .795
Be. 46.1
29.7
32.3
26.3
11.7
302
392
482
572
392
482
572
608

6
Pennsylvania kerosene
Maschinenfabrik, Augsburg
Sp.gr. .800
Be. 45
15.8
22
19.25
16.8
26.15
302
392
482
572
302

392
482
572
608

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table LXVII Continued
FRACTIONATION TESTS OF KEROSENES AND PETROLEUMS

101

Class and Density of Original.

Volumetric
Per Cent
Distilled.
Temperature of
Distillation.
Specific
Gravity of
Distillate,
60 F.
Density,
Baum6.
No.
Deg. F. at
Beginning.
Deg. F. at
End.

7
German, benzol
Maschinenfabrik, Augsburg
Sp.gr. .873 Be. 30.5
68
28.7
212
302
212
302

8
Beaumont, Texas
Richardson & Wallace
Sp.gr. .912
Be. 23.5
2.5
40.0
20.0
25.0
230
302
572
752
302
572
752
.8749
.9089
.9182

30.1
24.2
23.6
9
Ohio
Mabey & Noble
Sp.gr. .829
Be. 38.9
23.0
21.0
21.0
27.0
185
302
572
752
302
572
752
.7297
.8014
.8404
.8643
62.3
45.1
36.8
32.2
10
Pennsylvania
Sp.gr. .914
Be. 23.2
21.0
41.0

14.0
23.0
176
302
572
752
302
572
752
.7188
.7984
.8334
Paraffine
65.2
45.8
38.3
11
Virginia, petroleum, heavy
B. Redwood
Sp.gr. at 32 F. .873, Be. 30.5
1.0
1.3
12.0
212
284
212
284
356

13
Virginia, petroleum, light
B. Redwood
Sp.gr. 32 F. .8412
Be. 36.6
1.3
4.3
11.0
17.7
25.2
28.5
212
248
284
320
356
212
248
284
320
356
392

13
Pennsylvania, hght
B. Redwood
Sp.gr. at 32 F. .816
Be. 41.6
4.3
10.7
16.0
23.7
28.7
31.0
212
248
284

320
356
212
248
284
320
356
392

14
Penn., heavy, B. Redwood
Sp.gr. at 32 F. .886. Be.
12.0
500
500
536

15
Java, petroleum
B. Redwood
Sp.gr. at 32 F. .923
Be. 21.8
1.0
1.0
15.0
22.3
24.3
212
248

320
356
392
428
212
248
320
356
392
428
464

102

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table LXVIII
FRACTIONATION TESTS OF GASOLENES

Class and Density of Original.

Volumetric
Per Cent
Distilled.
Temp, of Distillation.
Density of
Distillate,
60 F.
Density,
Baum^.
No.

Deg. F. at
Beginning.
Deg. F. at
End.
1
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .739
Be. 59.5
39
49
7.5
3.5
158
212
248
271
212
248
271
.722
.748
.757
.767
63.9
57.2
55.0
52.6
2
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .736
Be. 60.2
48
37

11.5
2.5
158
212
248
271
212
248
271
.727
.747
.762
.767
62.5
57.5
53.9
52.6
3
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .717
B^. 65.3
65.5
26.5
4.5
2.5
149
212
248
271
212
248
271
.708

.742
.754
.769
67.9
58.8
55.8
52.2
4
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .716
Be. 65.5
69.0
22.0
4.5
3
149
212
248
271
212
248
271
.707
.743
.751
.770
68
58.5
56.5
51.9
5
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .716
B6. 65.5

65.0
26.0
5.0
2.5
145
212
248
271
212
248
271
.704
.742
.753
.772
68.9
58.9
56
51.5
6
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .717
Be. 65.3
70.0
24.0
3.0
1.5
149
212
248
271

212
248
271
.71
.744
.753
.769
67.2
58.2
55.9
52
7
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .719
B^. 64.7
67.0
21.0
6.0
4.5
140
212
248
271
212
248
271
.706
.742
.750
.770
68.2
58.9

56.8
51.9
8
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .711
B6. 66.9
66
24
6.5
2.5
140
212
248
271 '
212
248
271
.700
.731
.741
.762
70
61.6
58.9
53.8
9
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .715
B^. 65.8
59
28.5
7.0

4.0
145
212
248
271
212
248
271
.701
.736
.750
.765
69.8
60.2
56.6
53.0
10
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .712
Be. 66.7
62.0
25.0
7.0
5.0
145
212
248
271
212
248
271
.699
.730

.742
.758
70.1
61.8
58.8
54.8
11
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .710
Be. 67.2
68
22.5
6.5
2.0
136
212
248
271
212
248
271
.699
.736
.750
.736
70.1
60.2
56.6
60.2

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table LXVIII Continued
FRACTIONATION TESTS OF GASOLENES

103

Class and Density of Original.

Volumetric
Per Cent
Distilled.
Temp, of Distillation.
Density of
Distillate,
60 F.
Density,
Bauml.
No.
Deg. F. at
Beginning.
Deg. F. at
End.
12
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .700
Be. 70
86.5
11.5
-
133
212
248
271

212
248
271
.692
.739
72.3
59.5
13
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .718
Be. 65
59
29
8
3
145
212
248
271
212
248
271
704
.742
.755
.768
69
58.8
55.5
52.5
14

Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .717
Be. 65.3
64
26
6.5
2.5
149
212
248
271
212
248
271
.705
.740
.754
.770
68.8
59.4
55.8
51.7
15
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .717
Be. 65.3
68
23
5.5
2.5
149
212
248
271

212
248
271
.705
.743
.755
.773
68.8
58.6
55.5
51.2
16
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .717
B6. 65.3
67.5
22
5.5
3.5
143
212
248
271
212
248
271
.706
.742
.758
.770
68
58.8
54.9
51.8

17
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .715
Be. 65.8
58
24
9.5
6.5
136
212
248
271
212
248
271
.700
.733
.749
.770
70
61
57
51.8
18
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .705
Be. 68.6
73
17.5
5
3
131
212

248
271
212
248
271
.697
.736
.751
.768
71
60.2
56.5
52.5
19
Gasolene [Blount]
Sp.gr. .705
Be. 68.6
74
15.5
5.0
4.0
140
212
248
271
212
248
271
.696
.736
.745
.764
71.1
60.3
57.9

53.2
20
Gasolene [Chambers]
Sp.gr. .71
B6. 67.18
6.67
6.66
6.67
6.67
6.66
6.67
6.67
6.66
6.67
6.67
6.66
6.67
7.67
5.66
4.37
148.8
149.2
167.0
176
176
186.8
197.6
206.6
212.0
219.2
226.4
233.6
248.0
258.8
284.0

149.2
167.0
176.0
176
186.8
197.6
206.6
212.0
219.2
226.4
233.6
248.0
258.8
284.0
311

104

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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106 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table LXX
RATE OF FORMATION OF CO FROM CO2 AND CARBON

Temp.
Deg. F.
Time.
Seconds.
Volumetric Analysis.

Form of Carbon.
CO2
CO
CO
CO2
CO
Authority.

CO +CO2

Fine, amorphous
Charcoal, 2-5 mm
Charcoal, hazel nut . . .
Coke, 2-5 mm
Coke, hazel nut

Gas carbon, 2-5 mm . .

Gas coke, hazel nut, . .
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
480
480
480
480
480
480
480
13.6
39.9
17.1
79.1
83.6
80.1
86.7
86.4
60.1
82.9
20.9
16.4
19.9
13.3
6.43
1.51
4.88
.26
.20
.25
.15
.864
.601
.829
.209
.164
.199
.133

Boudouard
1. Charcoal, 5 mm ....
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
1472
189
116
57
46
24
16
12
2.7
1.6
49.7
49.6
48.2
47.8
62.5
71.7
75.5
93.7
96.1
50.3
50.4
51.8
52.2
37.5
28.3
24.5
6.3

3.9
1.01
1.01
1.07
1.09
.60
.40
.32
.067
.041
.503
.504
.518
.522
.375
.283
.245
.063
.039
Clement
2. Charcoal, 5 mm. . . .
1562
1562
1562
1562
1562
1562
1562
1562
123
54
24
13
9.3

4.6
3.7
3.3
25.7
29.8
42.8
47.4
70.3
70.3
77.6
77.5
74.3
70.2
57.2
52.6
29.7
29.7
22.4
22.5
2.88
2.36
1.34
1.11
.42
.42
.29
.29
.743
.702
.572
.526
.297
.297
.224
.225
Clement
3. Charcoal, 5 mm. . . .

1652
1652
1652
1652
1652
1652
64
44
10
4.3
2.8
2.2
12.7
13.3
29.2
50.2
68.9
65.6
87.3
86.7
70.8
49.8
31.1
34.4
6.87
6.52
2.42
.99
.45
.52
.873
.867
.708
.498
.311
.344
Clement

4. Charcoal, 5 mm. . . .
1697
1697
1697
1697
1697
1697
119
81
12
5.8
4.3
2.3
5.3
6.7
15.2
28.2
35.8
62.5
94.7
93.3
84.8
71.8
64.2
37.5
17.9
13.9
5.57
2.54
1.79
.60
.947
.933
.848
.718
.642
.375

Clement
5. Charcoal, 5 mm. . . .
1832
1832
1832
1832
1832
70
18.6
8.2
3.7
2.3
5.1
5.7
9.7
20.3
20.5
94.9
94.3
90.3
79.7
79.5
18.6
16.5
9.3
3.92
3.88
.949
.943
.903
.797
.795
Clement

Charcoal, 5 mm
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
36.5
10.4
4.97
3.6
1.9
1.3
1.7
1.9
2.7
5.4
98.7
98.3
98.1
97.3
94.6
75.9
57.8
51.6
36.0
17.5
.987
.983
.981
.973
.946
Clement
6. Coke

1652
1652
1652
1652
142
80
44
25
72.4
86.9
90.6
94.3
27.6
13.1
9.4
5.7
.382
.151
.104
.061
.276
.131
.094
.057
Clement

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table LXX Continued
RATE OF FORMATION OF CO FROM CO2 AND CARBON

107

Temp.
Deg. F.
Time,
Seconds.
Volumetric Analysis.

Form of Carbon.
CO2
CO
CO
C02
CO
Authority.

CO +CO2

6. Coke
1652
1652
1652

16
9.6
3.7
95.1
97.4
99.2
4.9
2.6
.8
.051
.027
.008
.049
.026
.008
Clement
7. Coke
1832
1832
1832
1832
1832
1832
1832
1832
123
80
33
19
6.4
4.1
3.1
2.0
21.6
35.6

47.1
68.0
86.1
88.5
90.8
93.7
78.4
64.4
52.9
32.0
13.9
11.5
9.2
6.3
3.62
1.81
1.12
.47
.16
.13
.101
.067
.784
.644
.529
.320
.139
.115
.092
.063
Clement
8. Coke
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
90

30
13
6.7
3.2
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
.96
2.9
14.6
33.9
44.4
68.3
69.6
76.0
77.9
78.6
86.7
97.1
85.4
66.1
55.6
31.7
30.4
24.0
22.1
21.4
13.3
33.6
5.85
1.95
1.25
.46
.437
.316
.284
.272
.154
.971
.854
.661
.556
.317
.304
.240
.221

.214
.133
Clement

9. Coke
2192
2192
2192
2192
2192
2192
19
13
8.3
2.4
1.6
1.1
1.1
2.2
4.7
31.5
56.1
66.5
98.9
97.8
95.3
68.5
43.9
33.5
89.7
44.4
20.2

2.18
.78
.504
.989
.978
.953
.685
.439
.335
Clement

Coke
2372
2372
2372
2372
8.9
4.1
2.1
1.1
.1
2.1
6.8
16.6
99.9
97.9
93.2
83.4
999
46.5
13.7
5.02
.999
.979
.932

.834
Clement

10. Anthracite
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
34
9.4
5.4
3.3
2.4
12.2
39.9
52.3
69.8
73.5
87.8
60.1
47.7
30.2
26.5
7.2
1.5
.91
.43
.36
.878
.601
.477
.302
.265

Clement
11. Anthracite
2192
2192
2192
2192
2192
47
10
5.1
2.8
1.6
.3
14.4
28.5
57.7
69.0
99.7
85.6
71.5
42.3
31.0
332.3
5.95
2.5
.73
.45
.997
.856
.715
.423
.310
Clement
12. Anthracite

2372
2372
2372
2372
2372
2372
12.4
6.0
3.6
3.0
1.91
1.07
.1
3.5
17.6
19.1
33.7
49.7
99.9
96.5
. 82.4
80.9
66.3
50.3
999
27.6
4.68
4.23
1.97
1.01
.999
.965
.824
.809
.663
.503
Clement

108

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

111

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112

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table LXXII
COMPOSITION OF WATER GAS

113

No.

8
9
10
11
12
13

14
15
16
17
18
19

Description.

Essen water gas, coke, Sexton

Dellurck process water gas, Lewes
No. 3
Strong water gas, Moore
Dellurck Process water gas, Lewes
No. 1
Average water gas, Lewes
From anthracite before carburetting
for illumination, O'Connor
Dellurck Process water gas, Lewes
No. 2
Blue water gas, Morehead
Water gas. Allen
Uncarbm*etted water gas
Uncarburetted water gas
Essen water gas, coke, Thorpe
Water gas before carburetting,
Lowell
Average water gas, Lewes
Water gas before carburetting,

average
Water gas before carburetting,
average
Lowe water gas, anthracite, Thorpe.
Water gas, anthracite, Loomis Pettibone
Water gas, bituminous coke, Loomis
Pettibone

Volumetric Analysis.

H2.

54.52

52
52
52
51

.76
,76
,43
,89

51.8

50.
50,
49,
49,
49,
49,
48,

48,

09

65
55
50
17
6
31

47.97

45.
44.
44,
42,

57
50
3
1

CO.

31.86
37.50
35.88
38.30
40.08
43.4

39.95
43.25
42.89
45.89
35.93
43.75
43.2
35.93
42.75
44.85
42.10
42.4
32.6

CH4.

1.62

4.11

.10

.5
.75
1.05
.31
2.0
1.05
4.23
4.41
2.7
2.9

CO2.

12.
4.08
2.05
4.73
4.80
3.5
5.38
3.0
2.97
3.87
4.25
2.71
3.0
4.25
2.80
4.45
3.60
3.5
5.3

O2.

00

46
74
22

N2

5.2
4.33
3.80
3.13
1.3
3.36
3.25
3.74
.71
8.75
4.00
2.8
9.95
2.2
.77
9.80
6.9
16.8

Ratios.

CO
CO2

9.2
17.5
8.1
8.35
12.4
7.4
14.4

14.4
11.8
8.45
16.1
14.4
8.45
15.3
10.1
11.7
12.1
6.15

CO

CO +COj

,90
.95
.89
.89
.93

.935
.935
.92
.89
.94
.93
.89
.94
.91
.92

.92
,86

Table LXXIII
COMPOSITION OF OIL PRODUCER GAS

Name.
Volumetric Analysis, Per Cent.
Ratio.
B.T.U. per
Cubic Foot.
CO
H2
CH4
Cn^hn
O2
CO2
N2
CO
CO2
CO
High.
Low.

CO +CO2
Process of International Amet. Co .
Do
Do
8.0
8.6
7.8
7.3
8.35
6.0
12.0
10.0
9.8
47.4
53.65
46.0
16.2
7.0
6.0
28.6
22.50
26.0
2.0
4.2
4.0
10.0
5.4
10.30
.2
.3
.4

.2
.4
.3
4.2
5.4
6.5
2.0
2.25
3.0
57.4
64.4
65.5
4.5
7.45
8.4
1.9
1.6
1.2
3.7
3.7
2.0
.66
.61
.55
.78
.79
.67
275
209
192
661
543
630

249
192
176
Lowe process
(I It
605
487
566

114

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

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115

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O
CO
00

o
CO
CD
O
00

CO
CO

o
00
rH
o
rH
O
Oi
O
T 1
Oi
O
1-H
o
11

O
tH
o
rH
r-i
rH
CD
00
CO
tH
CD
00
o
O
CD
CD
1>
CD

O
rH

CO
CO
CD
l>
lO
'd^
CO
CO
CO
1>
CD
1>
CD
CO
CO

11
00
00
05

CO

rH
CO
CO
Oi
O

O
CD
CO
CO
05
o
(N

Oi
Oi
O
Oi
o

71
Oi
Oi
O
tH
1>

CO
CO
CO
1 (
o
o
1>

o
CO
Oi
CO
CO
1-1

rH
rH

1-H
CO
1 1
1-H
1 1
rH
rH
rH
tH
T-i
o
1-1

CO rjl
CD CO

00
CD

O
CD

CO Oi 00
lO 00. 00

CO

Oi

CD

Oi TjH
1> l>

o
00
CO

CO

(N

O O
CO CO
1> Oi

o o
lO CO
1-1 1>

o t^

00 CO

o
o
CO
Oi

CD
00

o
o
o

o o o
O rH 00
Oi O 00

00
00
CD
lO
t-

o
o
Oi
CO
1 I
00
CO
(M
-*
<N
Oi
(M
co
00
(N
00
(N
(N
lO

lO
00
to

CO
00
o
lO
r^
Ttt
CM
TjH
lO
Oi
00
rH
tH

iH

CO
rH
1-^
rH
o
1-H
CO
r-l
CO
T-i
TtH
r-i
rH
rH
rH
o
CD
Tt<
o
00
CO
1^

o
Oi
lO
CO
CO
rJH
Oi
CO
r-l
Tj<
o
l>
CO
l>
Oi
Oi
1>
1>
00

CD
O
11
CO
CD
o
11
iO
CD
o
00
r-i
rH
lO
Oi
11
CO
o
o
Oi
t^

1 1
iO
Oi
CO
CO
o
lO
00
00
00
Tt^
tH
CO
CO
rH
1-H
1-1
TtH
o

Oi
(N
Oi
CO
lO
CO
(N
C3i
Oi
1 1
lO
(N
Oi
r-i
00
lO
CN
lO
t^

'^
lO
CO
CO
^
to
lO
T}H
CO
lO
rji
lO
CO
'^
o
Oi
(N
1>
1>

00
o
00
o
CO
00
Oi
o
o
T-i
TJH
K3
Oi
lO
CO
(N

CO

CO

CO

00

CO
CO

CO

(N CO

00
CO

CO

CO
CO

CO

CO rH

CO
CO

Oi
Oi

03
CD

00

lO
CO

CO
CO

<M (N CO

TtH (M

Oi
_co_
l>
00

lO
CO

o
CO

Oi
6
a
*3b

>
I

.a : o
13 _; ^
o
- 6 -a
fl >: .9
bD "^ bC
i-j ^ tj
'^ m -H

03
rH n^

<A ^ .^

.3
bfl
>

bO
fl
i-{
,^
o3
o
I
o

fl o

Oi
6
of
1-H
g
'bb

o
i-H
a
bC
>
xa

O*
o3"
O

Pi

be
CI

lO

"^ CO
^ A .
a 1^ ^

CD >^ oT
.^5

K^ .ti -^ f^ kT .-t; .~ "^ ."^ t^

. c3
2
00 ^
^ bC
.s ii
bC o
.+0 fl d
to . hjr

pq

116

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table LXXV
COMPOSITION OF POWDERED COAL, PRODUCER GAS

Volumetric Analysis, Per Cent.

Ratio.
B.T.U. per
Cubic Foot.
Sample.
CO
H2
CH4
CH27l
O2
CO2
N2
CO
CO2
CO
High.

CO +CO2
Low.
1
2
3

4
5
15.85
13.52
12.20
18.2
13.8
6.17
11.51
10.50
12.20
10.4
4.09
5.17
3.20
2.1
2.5
.1
.5
1.4
.3
.0
.1
9.2
8.1
7.6
4.9
8.0
63.29
61.40
66.50
62.40
64.80
1.7

1.7
1.6
3.7
1.7
.63
.63
.62
.79
.63
119
140
112
128
118
Ill
129
103
119
109

Table LXXVI
COMPOSITION OF BOILER FLUE GASES (Volumetbic)

Stat. Boiler, Illinois Coal.U. S. Geological Survey.

Locomotive Boiler, U. S. Geological Survey.
Average
of.
Analysis.
CO
CO2
CO

Analysis.
CO
CO2
CO

CO2
O2
CO
CO +CO2
CO2
O2
CO
CO +CO2
4
3.4
17.5

10.16
8.49
.13
.0128
.0126
3
3.7
17.2

11.10
7.84
.23
.0207
.0203
5
4.4
16.3

11.15
7.52
.20
.0179
.0176
5
5.0
15.0

11.45
6.92
.00

5
5.3
14.7
.1
.0189
.0185
11.46
7.49
.10
.00875
.00865
5
5.9
14.4
.04
.0068
.00674
11.50
7.08

.17
.0148
.0147
6
6.2
14.1
.03
.00485
.00482
11.96
7.00
.23
.0193
.0189
9
6.4
13.7
.07
.0109

.0108
11.96
7.07
.14
.0117
.0155
16
6.6
13.0
.10
.0152
.0149
12.05
6.93
.15
.0125
.0123
9
6.8

12.6
.01
.00147
.0147
12.20
6.94
.05
.0041
.0407
14
7.0
12.8
.06
.0086
.0085
12.45
5.87
.22
.0177

.0174
20
7.2
12.6
.08
.0111
.011
13.57
4.49
.20
.0147
.0145
18
7.4
12.4
.00

13.87

4.75
.25
.018
.0177
20
7.6
12.9
.05
.0066
.00655

14
7.8
12.1
.03
.00385
.00375

30
8.0
11.7
.04
.005
.00498

31
8.2
11.6
.10
.0122
.012

27
8.4
11.3
.10
.0119
.01175

16
8.6
11.1
.10
.0116
.0115

17
8.8
10.8
.20
.0228
.0222

19
9.0
10.7
.10
.0111
.011

14
9.2
10.4
.10
.0109
.01075

16
9.4
10.1
.20
.0213
.0208

10
9.6
9.9
.20
.0208
.0204

8
9.8
9.4
.20
.0204
.02

8
10.0
9.2
.20
.020
.0196

6
10.2
9.9
.20
.0196
.0192

8
10.4
8.9
.5
.048
.046

4
10.8
8.6
.02
.00185
.00185

3
11.0
8.8
.36
.0327
.0317

2
11.1
8.6
.30
.027
.0253

1
11.4
7.9
.40
.035
.034

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

117

iH Ni 00 CO O rt4 cq
00 05 t> 05 CC !> CO

CO o a
io CO o

OCOOeOCD(NOi-iCO
O0005O05OC0500

O CO
05 05

^ Oi ao
03 lO CXI

1>
CO

lO 00 i>
1 H 05 CO

CO CO 00
<N 00 O (N CO

Oi r^ CO
lo CO CO

05 O CO t^ tH
CO O O O 05

PL.

Tj< i> CO -i 1-1 1> lo

CO

OOOiCOi iC005Tt<t-(0S
iOC0I>C005t-ItJ1t-iO

CO o
11 05
11 T I

CO C5

CO lo 00
05 CO t^
(N t^ (M

CO
CO
00

CO (N
O lO 00
00 lO r-l
CO 00 05

rti 00 lO t^ rH
Oi (N CO 05 CO
O O CO lO 00
05 <N (N (N 1-H

t-1
o

^00 (N

P^

PQ (N
CO
C "=^
H^
I (
H
P^
Ph
O
P^
Ph
O
-(
o
<

p^

<3

PU

.J "i^ n

CO a 3
3 "

^ 3

0]
o

CO

(N

00 lO

CO CO
CO lo 1 1

CO lO 00
"<* ""^ i>

CO 05 r^ t^ 1-1

i-(<N05iOcOiO(Mt^(N 05C0 0(M1> rt< <Z> r-i '^ 05t*h,-<|>0

Ttio5ioo5rH05Tt^t^oo i>ai ooi> CO 1 ico"^ lotocoi-tio
CO(NOS01>-l>-iOCOTt< lOi-t COi-<C^ tH 1 ii 1i t i-<01>COOi
1 I T I CO tH 1 I LQ 05

t>. G5 ^ 00 Gi -^ a
05<NCOCOi-<iOC<I(No6 Tj<CO 00COTt< 00 t>^0J(N
COOiCO0000(MiOiO 00Tt< 00t-Tj< C^ C5^0i
COOOTjHO'^COOTt^TtH CO^ 00(NCO O CO00(N
rlHT-(rH001:^t^O(N Tt<05 (Ni-lCO 1 I 1 lT-l(N
iO<M(M(Mi ii ii ii I 1 ii I 1 i

05 TJH t^
CO O 05 lO 1 I
t^ O 1-t >o o
(N 1-t O (M CO
(M (N O O i-<
1-1 (M (N (M

Tt< CO rt<
05 00 O lO O CO !>>
TjHt^cocot^cqco OiO
COiOOi^COOOOO 00(M

00
00
(M
lO

05
CO
(N
^^

t>CO
o:>
00

00
CO

CO o

O
CO
00

lO (N CO
CD 00 00 O (M
(N 1> lO 1-1 Tt*

(M 1-1

ri< th cq lO
CO (N (M

(N 1-1

00 (N (N
l-H T-l (N

Tt<

(N Tt< lO

Tt< I> CO (N (M

i-< (M lO CO 1 I Oi
t^<M 1-I05 t^(NO T-ICO 1^0500 CO (MiOCO
OC01>.^1:^C000001> COiO OS'^CO 0 OOi-i
oo>o-^05cooiT-(cooo Oi-i cooco oj Oiiico
t^O^t^OOr-tCO'^CO Tj^cO lOOO-^ CO l>.t^CO
00000(N000 oo ooo o ooo

o o
1-1 00 CO 00 CO
O (N C3i ^ TjH
t^ 1-1 t^ t^ "^
O O (N Tt< O

O "^l^iOrt^COCOO
t^fM-^iOi-iOiOOOO
TfiCO(MOi-<i-iCOI>CO

(M CO
OO Oi

0
05
CO
C5

05
O Tt<
CO CO
t^ 05

CD
00

C5 C^ CO
lO CO Oi
O rH Ttl

CO

CO 05 Tj<
O CO -^ t^ o
lO O (N O O

(NTt<t^"<:J^COC0(Mi-iOi
CO 1 I 1 t 1 I T-< -I I 1 I

o ^

00

CO

1 itHih i-)o:)>OiOi>.

rtl t^ 1-ICD -rtlOSOO <35 Tt< 1-1

OOi-lOS OCO l>00iO 00 l>COi-l
OlOSCOrtHCOiOOOOiO coos t^(MTt< 05 COfMt^
C0C0iOC01>00OC0Tti TfiCO 05l>i-l 05 OOi-l

CO 05
lO T}< CO
O (M '^ tH Oi
CO * i>. i> CO

C<l(NOSrt<COiOiOCOTt<
11 1-1 CO

lO

(N

tH Tt^ (N 00 O)
l-H lO 00

lO CO rt<
CO lO '^

1>
(M lO <M

05

CJ5
CO lO o

(N 05 05

CO lO (M
CO lO -^

0 tH
tH (N CO

oo O (N

CO O Tt<

o
lO (N O

Oi
CO

O 00 Tt<

00

CO
O CO CO

lO

Tt<

CO

tH 05 (M

(N

O 00

O
O

O
O

1-1 C5 CO
1-1 (M 1-1

O 1> 05
<N i-I (N

(N

o
o

CO "<^

CO lO

(M

CO
IQ O O

00

(N

i-< O 1>
CO -"^ (N

CO o

o
CO

lO (M W

00

o
o

to -^ (^

(N !>. CO
0 CO TiH

(N 00
Ttl 1-t

00 O lO

iH CO 05

CO

00 o

(N Tt< 05
i-t (M

CO
CO

rt<

o
o

CO 1-1 (N
00 l> CO

O O
CO 11

CO

CO o

00 I> lO
(M (M CO

TJH O (N
1 I (M 1-1

O
05

V,
'x
o
a
o ;
S cu
' ^ -!f.

. c3
OJ O
g Q^ a ^

13 "ts (U o o
WWpqp^UO

> >
9 ?

bO
P

o3

O t3
^' 0)
o '*' n: c^

tn
bC

ft

TO OD tn

t/^ Q^ o3 ;3 uj
^ .-S bC o bD
bC o t^ g

o
O

o3 __

bC c3

^ s a
>^ G "^ ."S "^

5r! O

O o
. G

. o S <u
O O.bC bC^ ^ ^

o3
bO

i-^ j^ t-i " '"-I "" *-' *^ . zr p-^ 03 y^ ^

as

118 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table LXXVIII
LIMITS OF PROPORTION FOR EXPLOSIVE AIR-GAS MIXTURES

Per Cent of Gi
IS in the Mixture by Volume.
Authority.
Gas.
Combining
Proportion.
When Air is in
Excess.
When Gas is in
Excess.

r^Q-rVfcrkn TYinnnvinp
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.6
16.5
16.5
13.0
9.45
9.45
7.69
5.00
12.4

12.4
9.0
3.8
8.33
7.9
7.9
5.3
6.0
6.7
6.25
6.67
6.25
6.67
3.35
3.35
1.54
2.96
3.0
4.1
4.1
6.1
6.1
5.0
2.75
2.75
2.65
2.65
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.5
1.54
1.54
1.31
3.95
3.95
4.0
5.0
4.0
74.95
58.4
75
66.4
54.4
33.3
72.0
66.75
54.3
55.0
16.7
33.3
19

11.2
16.7
29
20
14.28
25.0
12.5
20.0
52.3
49.0
47.6
66.7
82.0
14.6
10.5
12.8
9.7 .,
13.0
7.7
5.0
6.5
3.9
4.9
2.5
4.9
2.4
4.76
4.76
4.76
13.65
9.7
8.0
13.0
22.0
Eitner
< " ....
Bunte
<< '' ....
Clowes
TTxrrlrriO'PTi
Eitner

11
Bunte
tt
M.I.T.
Cl
Clowes
"W^o+pr 0Pn<5 t,Vl POfPtical
Eitner
<< " ....
Bunte

Clowes
<< "

M.I.T.
t( it

M.I.T.
C!nnl Cfift
14.9

14.9
14.9
14.9
Eitner
( (
Bunte
It
Clerk
((
Clowes
<< ...
Clerk
( (

Grover
Boston illuminating gas
ti a
IC 11
An^fvlpTiP
""7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
6.5
6.5
9.5

9.5
9.5
3.4
3.4
2.7
M.I.T.
M.I.T.
M.I.T.
Eitner
<(
Bunte
*' . . . .
M.I.T.
ct

a . . . .
Clowes
Tr.+lTirlp-np
Eitner
n . .
Bunte
A/Ipt.ViaTiP
Eitner
a . . . .

Bunte
i(
Clowes
Ethpr
Eitner
(<
Bunte
Tlpni/PTiP
Eitner
<' . . .
Bunte
11

Eitner

2.6
2.6
Bunte
< <
Eitner

Bunte
11 QfiO Re

M.I.T.
ti 71 o -a A

M.I.T.
(t Aco TiA

M.I.T.
AlprkViol
6.5
6.5
Eitner
'.< . . . .
Bunte

Hallock
jjiau oil go/fa
9.0
Lucke

TT+Vinnp
Clowes

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

119

X
X
X

b
H

2
o
^

H
^

t-H
H
r/7
r/)

^
W
o
^
M
o
o
o
u
o

w
f=^
O

C/J
g
t^
<J

Ph

c8

Is
a
<
o
O

Xi

f^

O
O

ooooocoooio^ooofNoioooooovooooomo
CO'<^<OOCOCOOi>-iOOiOcOC<J000500iOOO-^O^OiOiO
^0(Tt^cOTt^TJ^I>(r)COcOOOO^*^>C5o6oOOOcOOOo6o6
THi-Hi-HtHTH,-HT--Hi-HTH,-H,-HTHC<lC^T-HiMTH,-H(Nc5T-Hi-HT-HT-^t^

(^^l>rt^OTJ^Ol-H0005^-^(^^OOcOCO'rf^cOTt^0051-l^>.ocOTt^
l>05005X>J>COCOT:t<'*'^CiOa5CO(NOOr-iCOI>COOT--liOTtHO
ooOl-Hcocx)lO^05005^-^^>^(Nl-^05(^o(^i1-l(^^ooir-IT--I1-^
(^lT-^(^^^-^rH1-^r^T-^c^T-^(^^r-^<^^(^J(^^rH(N(^^(^^(^lc^l--l(^l(^l(^^

OOOOOOCOOOOOOiOt^iOOiOOOOOiOOiOtOiOCOi-i
()TfiCOC0O5OT-liOOTH00THi:OO5(MOiO00iO00OI>(MTj<Tti
(^^l-^(^^rH,-^TH^-^c^c^(NC^(^^(^l<^^<^^<^^<^^<^l(^^(^^(^l(^^(^^<^l(^^

"^ O 0 (M tH O O
QOoo^'C<^lOlOoo(^^05oocooOlO^--^Or-lco"^coco(^^(^^GO'--l
1 li ItHt-It li li It lCq> ICqCOi-Hr-lCqi-lC^CQT li li li (tHi
IC^

lO CO CO 05 o o
COC005COiO>Ot^OO>OCOCOO(MOOOC<J05'^OOi-iOCOa50i
CO'^COCOCOCOCO'*COTlHOcO'^'^iOiOiOCOiO'<^iOCOCO'<ti>0

(Mi-l'*T}HO<MeOlOrH

OI:^05C0iOc0OC0-^C0^0iI>C00i
iOCOi-<OiOTj4cOOOC^100'^01>>C005

C0C0C0e0O00<MC500OT-liOK:iOi-lTHi-i-rJHcDI>(N(M0iO(N

C<>COiOCOiOiOO"<*'rtiOOOOOT-lcqiOCiCO(NCOTHOOT-HOOCO
i005COCOCOcDC01>005CDO(MI>l>iOcOcO(M'*-^COfO^CO
(MOOOcOb-COOfNC^l-rHCOOiOOi lOOT-HCOOlCOOOcDOt^iO

iOL0"<^':oi:01>cOt^cot>.l>C0C0'*-*-*"^c0'*^Tt<-^OTtirrt

o
o

OOi-i-i ic005'^iOcDTt<iOi it:^05tX)'^TH03i^'!^cOT-(0'f

0iC0(M00'^OC0OO000it^r-(-<:t''^C0t^rHO05(NC0Ttl

'-He0C<J00THCO(MCOl>.-^(NiOcOl>'i-HC0(NC<i00>O00C0cOl>-iO
COCOCOr-l(MT-IC^i-lrHTHr-lCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO

^coooo5a50ooo5cooo(Mi>coTfiiOTt<iOT-ij>iOt-icoi>i>c<|
<M(M'Tt<H tHTjHTH(NCO(NOi05 00CO(MeOTHC005t>CO'*0

0)

X5

1=1
J2

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fcJO

rH,-l(NTHr-l(M<NC0C0Tj<O,-|

o
a
03

o o

o
tn
a

oooooooo
iz; ^ !z; ^ ^ ^ ;zi izi
o
c3
------- o

1-1 (N CO TiH rtl CO

(M

rH (M CO '^
6 6 6 6
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120

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

121

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THCJ<l>t^(NO'-lOOOOTj<t>.rt^05Ttit^Ca<)OOCOi:OiOC005COCX)
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t>.<t>.eOOi-Hl>.cOOCOC0051>-G005rJ<OiC^THl>t^i (,-iCOCOCOiO
i--<OCOOC<lt^OC005000000CT)OOCOI>N.(X)(t*o6o6l>l>(NcD
(NC^(N(N(NrHi-lTHi--li--Hi-lT-lTHi--trHT--lr-lT-<r-lr-lr-lT-lr-l,--lTH(N(N
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122

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC
Table LXXX
DIAGRAM FACTORS FOR OTTO CYCLE GAS ENGINES

Size in
Inches.
Test
Authority.
Compression.
Efficiencies
, Per Cent.
DiaEngine.
Bore.
Stroke.
Vol. before
Press, after
Press.before
Actual.
Air Card
Standard.
gram
Factor.

Vol. after

Four cycle. ......

7.8
11.8
Meyer

3.73-6.45
t( tc
(t (t
25
24.4
21.4
18.8
44
42
37
33
.58
.58
.58
.57
Four cycle
6
12

Burstall

3.03-8.13
18.9
33
.57

6
12

3.03-8.13
21.2
36
.59

6
12

3.03-8.13

21.9
43
.51

6
12

3.03-8.13
23.1
47
.49

6
12

3:03-8.13
16.6
33
.50

6
12

3.03-8.13
18.7
36
.52

6
12

3.03-8.13
17.2
43
.40

6
12

3.03-8.13
18.1
47
.38
40 H.P. four cycle
....
....
Hopkinson
6.37

33.5-37.0
52
.64-.71

depending
upon load

Cockerill
51.18
55.07
Hubert

9.18
22.9
46.9
.49
( <
33.465
39.37
a

10.35
25.0
48.7
.514

Delamarre
22.64
37.4
Witz

5.8
19.75
39.7
.498
CockeriU
23.622
31.5
Frangois

7.28
24.3
43.4
.56
Letombe
23.622

31.5
Witz

8.03
27.3
45.0
.606
Winterthur
20.47
29.92
Allaire

11.2
25.6
49.9
.514
Cie. Berlin Anhalt
16.92
27.56
Witz

8.17
26.9
45.2
.595
Benz
16.73
15.75
14.173
14.5
13.78
13.78
13
22
22.83
22.87
22
22
21.26
22.83
Mathot
<<
n

13.06
7.35
11.55
4.83
9.12
9.12
9.4
23.8
31.3
30.4
30.6
18.0
24.2
38.8
52.0
43.6
50.3
36.2
46.9
46.9
47.3
.457
Soest
.718
Deutz
.605
Taneve
.845
Fetu
.384
Schmitz

.515
Otto-Deutz
.82
Niel
13.78
12.2
19
17.7
Witz
Mathot

11.58
7.75
31.8
31.6
50.4
44.5
.63
Winterthur
.71
Schmitz
11.85
11.8
18

17.7
It

11.3
10.32
31.3
25.2
50.1
48.7
.625
Winterthur
.518
Benier
11.8
11
11
17.3
20
18.6
Witz
Mathot

4.39
10.64

4.83
13.75
29.8
29.2
34.3
49.2
36.4
.4
Tangve
.605
Dudbridge
.802
Tangye
10
19
11

5.81
27.4
39.7
.69
((

10
10
19
18
Witz
Mathot

6.8
5.88
30.1
21.2
42.4
39.9
.71
National
.53
Giildner
9.85
9.85
15.75
15.75
Schrotter

10.6
10.6

39.0
33.9
49.1
49.1
.795
<(
.69
Catteau
9
7
18
16
Witz
Hirsch

12.59
10.2
37.2
25.8
51.5
48.6
.723
Tangye
.53

Four cycle
6
12
Burstall
4

21.0
42.8
.49
<(
6
12
( <
2.44

' 18.0
29.6
.608
(<
6

12
< (
4

18.0
42.8
.42
((
6
12
((
2.78

17.6
33.3
.529
11
6
12

((
2.7

16.4
32.7
.502

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

123

Table LXXX Continued

DIAGRAM FACTORS FOR OTTO CYCLE ENGINES

Size in
Inches.
Test
Authority.
Compression.
Efficiencies,
Per Cent.
DiaEngine.

Bore.
Stroke.
Vol. before Press, after
Actual.
Air Card
Standard.
gram
Factor.

Vol. after
Press.before

Fourcycle
6
12
< <
2.04

16.2
34.6
.468

6
12
<(
2.17

15.6
26.2
.595

6
12
( (
4.0

13.6
42.8
.318

6
12

( (
4.0

13.4
42.8
.313

6
12
( (
1.75

12.6
19.5
.646

6
12
( (
2.7

11.7
32.7
.358

6
12
n
2.22

19.4
26.9
.721

6
12
11
2.94

20.0
35.0

.572

6
12
( i
4.0

22.7
42.8
.53

8^
13
Meyer
3.75

32.7
41.2
.794

8^

13
< (
3.6

26.8
40.3
.665

81
13
I i
2.84

20.2
35.2
.574

Compression pressure ratio has been calculated assuming an initial pressure

of 14.7 lbs.
per square inch.
Table LXXXI
HEAT BALANCES OF GAS AND OIL ENGINES (Per Cent of Gas or Oil Heat)

Engine and Authority.

I.II.P.

B.H.P.

Friction.

Exhaust.

Jacket.

Radiation
and Unaccounted
for.

Donkin
Beck engine, Kennedy
Griffin engine, Kennedy
Atkinson engine, Kennedy
Otto Crossley engine, Kennedy. , . .
Comp. Ratio. R.P.M. a/g (Air-gas)
2.67 187 7.11, Slaby
2.67 247 7.35, Slaby
4.32 187 7.43, Slaby
4.32 247 7.40, Slaby
General, Mathot
Westinghouse, Bibbins
300 H.P. engine at 197 H.P., Eberly
'' '' 294 H.P., Eberly

'' " 335 H.P. , Eberly

6 H.P. engine, I.C.E
24 H.P. engine, I.C.E
Deutz 2 H.P., WimpUnger
Giildner 20 H.P., Schroter
Wabath 75 H.P., Geer and Yanelain
300 H.P., Goldsmith and Hart
wig
Hornsby, Robinson
De la Vergne F. H., Towl
Pierce- Arrow, Chase

22.32
19.4
21.1
25.5
22.1
18.0
18.1
24.4
23.7
33.0
29.48
43.5
45.8
41.5
31.8
33.3

21.5
42.7
27.1
24.4
21
40.14

28.0
24.9
33.5
32.2
30.9
26.7
28.3
16.1

21.3
17.1
18
27.52
18

5.0
4.58
10.0]
13.6
10.6
5.1
5
5.4

5.8
7.3
3
12.62

43.29
42.9
39.8
37.9
35.5
30.8
36.3
21.8
26.8
31.0*
36.3
24.1
23.9
24.8
41.1
37.1
25
24.1
23.4
50.6
29
20.03

32.96
33.0
35.2
27.0
43.2

51.2
45.6
53.8
49.5
36.0
34.22
34.3
31.8
33.8
27.1]
29. 6j
50.4
33.2

1.43
4.7
3.9
9.6
8 excess

\x

1.9 excess
1.5 '*
.1 ''

3.1

49.5
25.0

50
26.50
29.4

13.33

* Including radiation, t Including pumps. % Including external radiation.

124

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Table LXXXII
MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE FACTORS FOR OTTO CYCLE ENGINES
(m.e.p') = 5.4 F^ [l " O "t^J Eq. (933)

Px
Pa
Atmos
^Px^
[-*]
^A^-im
Px
Pa
Atmos
^Px^
[-(f:)*]

^A^-{m

1
.0000
.000

.2150
.4592
2.481
1.0
1.000

8.6
9.332501-10
9 . 662040-10
. 394658

.878
.0508
.274

.2115
.4628
2.500
1.2
9.43442-10
8.705522-10
9.438140-10
8.8
9.325369-10
9.665384-10
, 398002

.786
.0917
.495

.2082
.4662
2.519

1.4
9.895623-10
8.962180-10
9.694798-10
9
9.318398-10
9.668591-10
0.401209

.715
.1256
.679

.1931
.4821
2.604
1.6
9.854271-10
9.098990-10
9.831608-10

10
9.285714-10
9.683092-10
.415710

.656
.1546
.835

.1804
.4960
2.680
1.8
9.817662-10
9.189181-10
9.921799-10
11
9.256148-10
9.695456-10

.428074

.610
.1797
.971

.1695
.5083
2.746
2.0
9.784979-10
9.254451-10
9.987069-10
12
9.229156-10
9.706154-10
,438172

.569
.2017

1.090

.1601
.5195
2.807
2.2
9.755412-10
9.304706-10
.037324
13
9.204328-10
9.715552-10
.448170

.535
.2213
1.196

.1518
.5295

2.861
2.4
9.728421-10
9.344981-10
.077599
14
9.181337-10
9.723891-10
.456509

.505
.2389
1.291

.1445
.5378
2.911
2.6
9.703591-10
9.378234-10

.110842
15
9.159935-10
9.731355-10
.463973

.479
.2549
1.377

.1380
.5471
2.956
2.8
9.680601-10
9.406300-10
. 138918
16
9.139914-10
9.738099-10

.470717

.456
.2694
1.456

.1322
.5549
2.998
3.0
9.659199-10
9.430398-10
.163016
17
9.121108-10
9.744231-10
.476849

.436
.2827

1.528

.1269
.5621
3.037
3.2
9.639179-10
9.451403-10
. 184021
18
9.103376-10
9 . 749837-10
.482455

.417
.2951
1.594

.1221
.5688

3.073
3.4
9.620372-10
9.469925-10
.202543
19
9.086604-10
9.754990-10
.487608

.401
.3065
1.656

.1177
.5751
3.107
3.6
9.602641-10

9 . 486402-10
.219020
20
9.070693-10
9.799751-10
.492369

.385
.3171
1.713

.1136
.5810
3.139
3.8
9.585869-10
9.501223-10
.233841
21
9.055556-10

9.764169-10
.496787

.372
.3271
1.767

.1099
.5865
3.169
4.0
9.569957-10
9.514615-10
. 247233
22
9.041126-10
9.768283-10
.500901

.359

.3364
1.817

.1065
.5915
3.197
4.2
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9.526804-10
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23
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9.772131-10
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1.865

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3.224
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9.537983-10
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9.775741-10
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1.909

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3.249
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9.779127-10
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1.952

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3.273
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9.557760-10
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1.991

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3.296
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9.566579-10
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9.785344-10
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3.318
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9.574794-10
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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

Table LXXXIII
VALUES OF C FOR AIR FLOW (Weisbach)
Orifice of diameter = .394 ins.
Rp ... 1.05 1.09 1.43 1.65 1.89 2.15
C 555 .589 .692 .724 .754 .788
Orifice of diameter = .843 ins.
Rp .. 1.05 1.09 1.36 1.67 2.01
C 558 .573 .634 .678 .723
Short tube, diameter = .394 ins.and length = 1.181 ins.

Rp.... 1.05 1.10 1.30

C 730 .771 .830
Short tube, diameter = .557 and length = 1.673 ins.
Rp 1.41 1.69
C 813 .822
Short tube, diameter = .394 ins. and length = .630 ins. rounded entrance
Rp.... 1.24 1.38 1.59 1.85 2.14
C...... .979 .986 .965 .971 .978
C= coefficient of friction in formula v = C\/2gh
Rp = ratio of pressures.
The coefficient of effiux, Ce, Weisbach gives as follows:
For conoidal mouthpiece with pressures from 0.23 to 1.1 atm. Ce=.97 to .99
Circular orifices in thin plates, = .56 to .79
Short cylindrical mouthpieces, = .81 to .84
The same rounded at inner end, = .92 to .93
Conical converging, = .90 to .99

125

Table LXXXIV
FLOW CHANGE RESISTANCE FACTORS Fj^ (Reitschel)

Condition.

Resistance Factor r

Sharp 90 elbow
" 135 elbow

Long bend : r = width of duct

r =2 to 4 duct widths
" r = 5 to 6 duct widths
Long bend 135
Long double offset
Outlet register with valves | free area and 2 X flue area
" " face at | free area
* ' wire screens 1.5 Xflue area
Entrance for square corners
" rounded corners
' * flue extending into header as short pipe . .
Enlargement of area from Ai to A2, sharp corners
Reduction of area from A2 to Ai, sharp corners
Free discharge into room when velocity becomes zero .

1.1
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.25
.15
.07
.15
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.6
.4
0.0
1.0
.5 to .2
1.5

(43

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HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

131

Table LXXXVII

THEORETICAL DRAFT PRESSURE IN INCHES OF WATER* IN A CHIMNEY

100 FT. HIGH
(For other heights the draft varies directly as the height)

Temperature in
Chimney
Temperature of External Air (Barometer 30 Ins.)

Fahr.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
200
0.453

0.419
0.384
0.353
0.321
0.292
0.263
0.234
0.209
0.182
0.157
220
0.488
0.453
0.419
0.388
0.355
0.326
0.298
0.269

0.244
0.217
0.192
240
0.520
0.488
0.451
0.421
0.388
0.359
0.330
0.301
0.276
0.250
0.225
260
0.555
0.528
0.484

0.453
0.420
0.392
0.363
0.334
0.309
0.282
0.257
280
0.584
0.549
0.515
0.482
0.451
0.422
0.394
0.365
0.340
0.313

0.288
300
0.611
0.576
0.541
0.511
0.478
0.449
0.420
0.392
0.367
0.340
0.315
320
0.637
0.603
0.568
0.538
0.505

0.476
0.447
0.419
0.394
0.367
0.342
340
0.662
0.638
0.593
0.563
0.530
0.501
0.472
0.443
0.419
0.392
0.367
360

0.687
0.653
0.618
0.588
0.555
0.526
0.497
0.468
0.444
0.417
0.392
380
0.710
0.676
0.641
0.611
0.578
0.549
0.520

0.492
0.467
0.440
0.415
400
0.732
0.697
0.662
0.632
0.598
0.570
0.541
0.513
0.488
0.461
0.436
420
0.753
0.718

0.684
0.653
0.620
0.591
0.563
0.584
0.509
0.482
0.457
440
0.774
0.739
0.705
0.674
0.641
0.612
0.584
0.555
0.530

0.503
0.478
460
0.793
0.758
0.724
0.694
0.660
0.632
0.603
0.574
0.549
0.522
0.497
480
0.810
0.776
0.741
0.710

0.678
0.649
0.620
0.591
0.566
0.540
0.515
500
0.829
0.791
0.760
0.730
0.697
0.669
0.639
0.610
0.586
0.559
0.534

* The available draft will be the tabular values less the amount consumed by
friction in the
stack. In stacks whose diameter is determined by Eq. 1005 the net draft will
be 80 per cent
of the tabular values. Hence to obtain from the table the height of stack
necessary to produce a net draft of say 0.6 in., the theoretical draft will be 0.6 X 1.25 =
0.75 in., which can
be obtained with a stack 100 ft. high with flue-gas temperature of 420 F.,
and air temperature
of 0 F.; or a stack 125 ft. high when the air temperature is 60 F. and the
flue temperature
460.

132 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Logarithms to the Base 10
1234 5 6789 10

1.00
0.0000
0004
0009
0013
0017
0022
0026
0030
0035
0039

0043
1.01
0043
0048
0052
0056
0060
0065
0069
0073
0077
0082
0086
1.02
0086
0090
0095
0099
0103

0107
0111
0116
0120
0124
0128
1.03
0128
0133
0137
0141
0145
0149
0154
0158
0162
0166
0170
1.04

0170
0175
0179
0183
0187
0191
0195
0199
0204
0208
0212
1.05
0212
0216
0220
0224
0228
0233
0237

0241
0245
0249
0253
1.06
0253
0257
0261
0265
0269
0273
0278
0282
0286
0290
0294
1.07
0294
0298

0302
0306
0310
0314
0318
0322
0326
0330
0334
1.08
0334
0338
0342
0346
0350
0354
0358
0362
0366

0370
0374
1.09
0374
0378
0382
0386
0390
0394
0398
0402
0406
0410
0414
1.10
0.0414
0418
0422
0426

0430
0434
0438
0441
0445
0449
0453
1.11
0453
0457
0461
0465
0469
0473
0477
0481
0484
0488
0492

1.12
0492
0496
0500
0504
0508
0512
0515
0519
0523
0527
0531
1.13
0531
0535
0538
0542
0546
0550

0554
0558
0561
0565
0569
1.14
0569
0573
0577
0580
0584
0588
0592
0596
0599
0603
0607
1.15
0607

0611
0615
0618
0622
0626
0630
0633
0637
0641
0645
1.16
0645
0648
0652
0656
0660
0663
0667
0671

0674
0678
0682
1.17
0682
0686
0689
0693
0697
0700
0704
0708
0711
0715
0719
1.18
0719
0722
0726

0730
0734
0737
0741
0745
0748
0752
0755
1.19
0755
0759
0763
0766
0770
0774
0777
0781
0785
0788

0792
1.30
0.0792
0795
0799
0803
0806
0810
0813
0817
0821
0824
0828
1.21
0828
0831
0835
0839
0842

0846
0849
0853
0856
0860
0864
1.22
0864
0867
0871
0874
0878
0881
0885
0888
0892
0896
0899
1.23

0899
0903
0906
0910
0913
0917
0920
0924
0927
0931
0934
1.24
0934
0938
0941
0945
0948
0952
0955

0959
0962
0966
0969
1.25
0969
0973
0976
0980
0983
0986
0990
0993
0997
1000
1004
1.26
1004
1007

1011
1014
1017
1021
1024
1028
1031
1035
1038
1.27
1038
1041
1045
1048
1052
1055
1059
1062
1065

1069
1072
1.28
1072
1075
1079
1082
1086
1089
1092
1096
1099
1103
1106
1.29
1106
1109
1113
1116

1119
1123
1126
1129
1133
1136
1139
1.30
0.1139
1143
1146
1149
1153
1156
1159
1163
1166
1169
1173

1.31
1173
1176
1179
1183
1186
1189
1193
1196
1199
1202
1206
1.32
1206
1209
1212
1216
1219
1222

1225
1229
1232
1235
1239
1.33
1239
1242
1245
1248
1252
1255
1258
1261
1265
1268
1271
1.34
1271

1274
1278
1281
1284
1287
1290
1294
1297
1300
1303
1.35
1303
1307
1310
1313
1316
1319
1323
1326

1329
1332
1335
1.36
1335
1339
1342
1345
1348
1351
1355
1358
1361
1364
1367
1.37
1367
1370
1374

1377
1380
1383
1386
1389
1392
1396
1399
1.38
1399
1402
1405
1408
1411
1414
1418
1421
1424
1427

1430
1.39
1430
1433
1436
1440
1443
1446
1449
1452
1455
1458
1461
1.40
0.1461
1464
1467
1471
1474

1477
1480
1483
1486
1489
1492
1.41
1492
1495
1498
1501
1504
1508
1511
1514
1517
1520
1523
1.42

1523
1526
1529
1532
1535
1538
1541
1544
1547
1550
1553
1.43
1553
1556
1559
1562
1565
1569
1572

1575
1578
1581
1584
1.44
1584
1587
1590
1593
1596
1599
1602
1605
1608
1611
1614
1.45
1614
1617

1620
1623
1626
1629
1632
1635
1638
1641
1644
1.46
1644
1647
1649
1652
1655
1658
1661
1664
1667

1670
1673
1.47
1673
1676
1679
1682
168S
1688
1691
1694
1697
1700
1703
1.48
1703
1706
1708
1711

1714
1717
1720
1723
1726
1729
1732
1.49
1732
1735
1738
1741
1744
1746
1749
1752
1755
1758
1761

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 133

Logarithms to the Base 10
1:^34 5 6789 10

160
0.1761
1764
1767
1770
1772
1775
1778
1781
1784
1787
1790
1.51
1790
1793
1796

1798
1801
1804
1807
1810
1813
1816
1818
1.52
1818
1821
1824
1827
1830
1833
1836
1838
1841
1844

1847
1.53
1847
1850
1853
1855
1858
1861
1864
1867
1870
1872
1875
1.54
1875
1878
1881
1884
1886

1889
1892
1895
1898
1901
1903
1.55
1903
1906
1909
1912
1915
1917
1920
1923
1926
1928
1931
1.56

1931
1934
1937
1940
1942
1945
1948
1951
1953
1956
1959
1.57
1959
1962
1965
1967
1970
1973
1976

1978
1981
1984
1987
1.58
1987
1989
1992
1995
1998
2000
2003
2006
2009
2011
2014
L59
2014
2017

2019
2022
2025
2028
2030
2033
2036
2038
2041
1.60
0.2041
2044
2047
2049
2052
2055
2057
2060
2063

2066
2068
1.61
2068
2071
2074
2076
2079
2082
2084
2087
2090
2092
2095
1.62
2095
2098
2101
2103

2106
2109
2111
2114
2117
2119
2122
1.63
2122
2125
2127
2130
2133
2135
2138
2140
2143
2146
2148

1.64
2148
2151
2154
2156
2159
2162
2164
2167
2170
2172
2175
1.65
2175
2177
2180
2183
2185
2188

2191
2193
2196
2198
2201
1.66
2201
2204
2206
2209
2212
2214
2217
2219
2222
2225
2227
1.67
2227

2230
2232
2235
2238
2240
2243
2245
2248
2251
2253
1.68
2253
2256
2258
2261
2263
2266
2269
2271

2274
2276
2279
1.69
2279
2281
2284
2287
2289
2292
2294
2297
2299
2302
2304
1.70
0.2304
2307
2310

2312
2315
2317
2320
2322
2325
2327
2330
L71
2330
2333
2335
2338
2340
2343
2345
2348
2350
2353

2355
1.72
2355
2358
2360
2363
2365
2368
2370
2373
2375
2378
2380
1.73
2380
2383
2385
2388
2390

2393
2395
2398
2400
2403
2405
1.74
2405
2408
2410
2413
2415
2418
2420
2423
2425
2428
2430
1.75

2430
2433
2435
2438
2440
2443
2445
2448
2450
2453
2455
1.76
2455
2458
2460
2463
2465
2467
2470

2472
2475
2477
2480
1.77
2480
2482
2485
2487
2490
2492
2494
2497
2499
2502
2504
1.78
2504
2507

2509
2512
2514
2516
2519
2521
2524
2526
2529
1.79
2529
2531
2533
2536
2538
2541
2543
2545
2548

2550
2553
1.80
0.2553
2555
2558
2560
2562
2565
2567
2570
2572
2574
2577
L81
2577
2579
2582
2584

2586
2589
2591
2594
2596
2598
2601
1.82
2601
2603
2605
2608
2610
2613
2615
2617
2620
2622
2625

L83
2625
2627
2629
2632
2634
2636
2639
2641
2643
2646
2648
1.84
2648
2651
2653
2655
2658
2660

2662
2665
2667
2669
2672
1.85
2672
2674
2676
2679
2681
2683
2686
2688
2690
2693
2695
1.86
2695

2697
2700
2702
2704
2707
2709
2711
2714
2716
2718
1.87
2718
2721
2723
2725
2728
2730
2732
2735

2737
2739
2742
1.88
2742
2744
2746
2749
2751
2753
2755
2758
2760
2762
2765
1.89
2765
2767
2769

2772
2774
2776
2778
2781
2783
2785
2788
1.90
0.2788
2790
2792
2794
2797
2799
2801
2804
2806
2803

2810
1.91
2810
2813
2815
2817
2819
2822
2824
2826
2828
2831
2833
1.92
2833
2835
2838
2840
2842

2844
2847
2849
2851
2853
2856
1.93
2856
2858
2860
2862
2865
2867
2869
2871
2874
2876
2878
1.94

2878
2880
2882
2885
2887
2889
2891
2894
2896
2898
2900
1.95
2900
2903
2905
2907
2909
2911
2914

2916
2918
2920
2923
1.96
2923
2925
2927
2929
2931
2934
2936
2938
2940
2942
2945
1.97
2945
2947

2949
2951
2953
2956
2958
2960
2962
2964
2967
1.98
2967
2969
2971
2973
2975
2978
2980
2982
2984

2986
2989
1.99
2989
2991
2993
2995
2997
2999
3002
3004
3006
3008
3010

134 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Logarithms to the Base 10
These two pages give the common logarithms of numbers between 1 and 10,
correct to four
places. Moving the decimal point n places to the right (or left) in the
number is equivalent to
adding n (or w) to the logarithm. Thus, log 0.017453=0.2419 2 [=2.2419].
To facilitate interpolation, the tenths of the tabular differences are given
at the end of each

line, so that the differences themselves need not be considered. In using

these aids, first find the
nearest tabular entry, and then add (to move to the right) or subtract (to
move to the left), as the
case may require.
Pages 132-137 are reprinted by permission from Huntingtons "Four Place
Tables."
Tenths of the
Tabular Difference
1334 5 6789 10 12346
1.0 0.0000 0043 0086 0128 0170 0212 0253 0294 0334 0374 0414
1.1 0414 0453 0492 0531 0569 0607 0645 0682 0719 0755 0792

1.2
0792
0828
0864
0899
0934
0969
1004
1038
1072
1106
1139

1.3
1139
1173
1206
1239
1271
1303
1335
1367
1399
1430
1461
To avoid Interpo1.4
1461
1492
1523

1553
1584
1614
1644
1673
1703
1732
1761
lation In the first
1.5
1761
1790
1818
1847
1875
1903
1931
1959
1987

2014
2041
ten lines,
use the
. .- 41. .
1.6
2041
2068
2095
2122
2148
2175
2201
2227
2253
2279
2304
special tabiu uii um
preceding page.
1.7

2304
2330
2355
2380
2405
2430
2455
2480
2504
2529
2553
1.8
2553
2577
2601
2625
2648
2672
2695

2718
2742
2765
2788

1.9
2788
2810
2833
2856
2878
2900
2923
2945
2967
2989
3010

3.0
0.3010
3032
3054
3075
3096
3118
3139
3160
3181
3201
3222
2
4
6
811
2.1

3222
3243
3263
3284
3304
3324
3345
3365
3385
3404
3424
2
4
6
810
2.2
3424
3444
3464

3483
3502
3522
3541
3560
3579
3598
3617
2
4
6
8 10
2.3
3617
3636
3655
3674
3692
3711

3729
3747
3766
3784
3802
2
4
5
7 9
2.4
3802
3820
3838
3856
3874
3892
3909
3927
3945

3962
3979
2
4
5
7 9
2.5
3979
3997
4014
4031
4048
4065
4082
4099
4116
4133
4150
2

3
5
7 9
2.6
4150
4166
4183
4200
4216
4232
4249
4265
4281
4298
4314
2
3
5
7 8

2.7
4314
4330
4346
4362
4378
4393
4409
4425
4440
4456
4472
2
3
5
6 8
2.8
4472
4487

4502
4518
4533
4548
4564
4579
4594
4609
4624
2
3
5
6 8
2.9
4624
4639
4654
4669
4683

4698
4713
4728
4742
4757
4771
1
3
4
6 7
3.0
0.4771
4786
4800
4814
4829
4843
4857
4871

4886
4900
4914

3
4
6 7
3.1
4914
4928
4942
4955
4969
4983
4997
5011
5024
5038
5051

3
4
6 7
3.2
5051
5065
5079
5092
5105
5119
5132
5145
5159
5172
5185

3
4
5 7

3.3
5185
5198
5211
5224
5237
5250
5263
5276
5289
5302
5315

3
4
5 6
3.4
5315
5328

5340
5353
5366
5378
5391
5403
5416
5428
5441

3
4
5 6
3.5
5441
5453
5465
5478
5490
5502

5514
5527
5539
5551
5563

2
4
5 6
3.6
5563
5575
5587
5599
5611
5623
5635
5647
5658

5670
5682

2
4
5 6
3.7
5682
5694
5705
5717
5729
5740
5752
5763
5775
5786
5798

3
5 6
3.8
5798
5809
5821
5832
5843
5855
5866
5877
5888
5899
5911

2
3
5 6
3.9

5911
5922
5933
5944
5955
5966
5977
5988
5999
6010
6021

2
3
4 6
4.0
0.6021
6031
6042

6053
6064
6075
6085
6096
6107
6117
6128

2
3
4 5
4.1
6128
6138
6149
6160
6170
6180
6191

6201
6212
6222
6232

2
3
4 5
4.2
6232
6243
6253
6263
6274
6284
6294
6304
6314
6325

6335

2
3
4 5
4.3
6335
6345
6355
6365
6375
6385
6395
6405
6415
6425
6435

2
3

4 5
4.4
6435
6444
6454
6464
6474
6484
6493
6503
6513
6522
6532

2
3
4 5
4.5
6532

6542
6551
6561
6571
6580
6590
6599
6609
6618
6628

2
3
4 5
4.6
6628
6637
6646
6656

6665
6675
6684
6693
6702
6712
6721

2
3
4 5
4.7
6721
6730
6739
6749
6758
6767
6776
6785

6794
6803
6812

2
3
4 5
4.8
6812
6821
6830
6839
6848
6857
6866
6875
6884
6893
6902

2
3
4 4
4.9
6902
6911
6920
6928
6937
6946
6955
6964
6972
6981
6990

2
3
4 4

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

135

Logarithms to the Base 10

5.0
0.6990
5.1
7076
5.2
7160
5.3
7243
5.4
7324
5.5
7404
5.6

7482
5.7
7559
5.8
7634
5.9
7709
6.0
0.7782
6.1
7853
6.2
7924
6.3
7993
6.4
8062
6.5
8129

6.6
8195
6.7
8261
6.8
8325
6.9
8388
7.0
0.8451
7.1
8513
7.2
8573
7.3
8633
7.4
8692
7.5

8751
7.6
8808
7.7
8865
7.^
8921
7.9
8976
8.0
0.9031
8.1
9085
8.2
9138
8.3
9191
8.4
9243

8.5
9294
8.6
9345
8.7
9395
8.8
9445
8.9
9494
9.0
0.9542
9.1
9590
9.2
9638
9.3
9685
9.4

9731
9.5
9777
9.6
9823
9.7
9868
9.8
9912
9.9
'9956

6998 7007 7016 7024 7033

7084 7093 7101 7110 7118
7168 7177 7185 7193 7202
7251 7259 7267 7275 7284
7332 7340 7348 7356 7364
7412 7419 7427 7435 7443
7490 7497 7505 7513 7520
7566 7574 7582 7589 7597
7642 7649 7657 7664 7672
7716 7723 7731 7738 7745
7789 7796 7803 7810 7818

7860 7868 7875 7882 7889

7931 7938 7945 7952 7959
8000 8007 8014 8021 8028
8069 8075 8082 8089 8096
8136 8142 8149 8156 8162
8202 8209 8215 8222 8228
8267 8274 8280 8287 8293
8331 8338 8344 8351 8357
8395 8401 8407 8414 8420
8457 8463 8470 8476 8482
8519 8525 8531 8537 8543
8579 8585 8591 8597 8603
8639 8645 8651 8657 8663
8698 8704 8710 8716 8722
8756 8762 8768 8774 8779
8814 8820 8825 8831 8837
8871 8876 8882 8887 8893
8927 8932 8938 8943 8949
8982 8987 8993 8998 9004
9036 9042 9047 9053 9058
9090 9096 9101 9106 9112
9143 9149 9154 9159 9165
9196 9201 9206 9212 9217
9248 9253 9258 9263 9269
9299 9304 9309 9315 9320
9350 9355 9360 9365 9370
9400 9405 9410 9415 . 9420
9450 9455 9460 9465 9469
9499 9504 9509 9513 9518

9547 9552 9557 9562 9566

9595 9600 9605 9609 9614
9643 9647 9652 9657 9661
9689 9694 9699 9703 9708
9736 9741 9745 9750 9754
9782 9786 9791 9795 9800
9827 9832 9836 9841 9845
9872 9877 9881 9886 9890
9917 9921 9926 9930 9934
9961 9965 9969 9974 9978

Tenths of the

Tabular DifferencB
6
7
8

9
10
1 2
3 4 5
7042
7050
7059
7067
7076
1 2
3 3 4
7126
7135
7143
7152
7160
1 2
3 3 4
7210

7218
7226
7235
7243
1 2
2 3 4
7292
7300
7308
7316
7324
1 2
2 3 4
7372
7380
7388
7396
7404
1 2

2 3 4
7451
7459
7466
7474
7482
1 2
2 3 4
7528
7536
7543
7551
7559
1 2
2 3 4
7604
7612
7619
7627

7634
1 2
2 3 4
7679
7686
7694
7701
7709

2 3 4
7752
7760
7767
7774
7782

2 3 4
7825
7832
7839

7846
7853

2 3 4
7896
7903
7910
7917
7924

2 3 4
7966
7973
7980
7987
7993

2 3 3
8035
8041

8048
8055
8062

2 3 3
8102
8109
8116
8122
8129

2 3 3
8169
8176
8182
8189
8195

2 3 3
8235

8241
8248
8254
8261

2 3 3
8299
8306
8312
8319
8325

2 3 3
8363
8370
8376
8382
8388

2 3 3

8426
8432
8439
8445
8451

2 3 3
8488
8494
8500
8506
8513

2 2 3
8549
8555
8561
8567
8573

2 2 3
8609
8615
8621
8627
8633

2 2 3
8669
8675
8681
8686
8692

2 2 3
8727
8733
8739
8745

8751

2 2 3
8785
8791
8797
8802
8808

2 2 3
8842
8848
8854
8859
8865

2 2 3
8899
8904
8910

8915
8921

2 2 3
8954
8960
8965
8971
8976

2 2 3
9009
9015
9020
9025
9031

2 2 3
9063
9069

9074
9079
9085

2 2 3
9117
9122
9128
9133
9138

2 2 3
9170
9175
9180
9186
9191

2 2 3
9222

9227
9232
9238
9243

2 2 3
9274
9279
9284
9289
9294

2 2 3
9325
9330
9335
9340
9345

2 2 3

9375
9380
9385
9390
9395

2 2 3
9425
9430
9435
9440
9445
1
12 2
9474
9479
9484
9489
9494
1

12 2
9523
9528
9533
9538
9542
3 1
1 2 2
9571
9576
9581
9586
9590
3 1
12 2,
9619
9624
9628
9633

9638
3 1
12 2
9666
9671
9675
9680
9685 (
D 1
12 2
9713
9717
9722
9727
9731 (
} 1
12 2
9759
9763

9768
9773
9777 (
3 1
12 2

9805 9809 9814 9818

9850 9854 9859 9863
9894 9899 9903 9908
9939 9943 9948 9952
9983 9987 9991 9996

9823 112 2
9868 112 2
9912 112 2
9956 112 2
112 2

136 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

LOGABITHMS TO THE BaSE G

]
1
1

1
These two pages give the natural (hy- 2
perholic, or Napierian) logarithms of 3
Qumbers between 1 and 10, correct to 4
four places. Moving the decimal point 5
n places to the right (or left) in the num- 6
ber is equivalent to adding n times 2.3026 7
[or n times S.6974) to the logarithm. 8
9
2.3026
4.6052
6.9078
9.2103
11.5129
13.8155
16.1181
18.4207
20.7233
1 0.6974-3
2 0.3948-5
3 0.0922-7
4 0.7897-10
5 0.4871-12
6 0.1845-14
7 0.8819-17
8 0.5793-19
9 0.2767-21

Log, (Base e
= 2.71828 +)

Tenths of the
Tabular Differencfl

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2 3 4 5
1.0

0.0000
0100
0198
0296
0392
0488
0583
0677
0770
0862
0.0953
10
19 29 38 48
1.1
0953
1044
1133
1222
1310

1398
1484
1570
1655
1740
1823
9
17 26 35 44
1.2
1823
1906
1989
2070
2151
2231
2311
2390
2469
2546

2624
8
16 24 32 40
1.3
2624
2700
2776
2852
2927
3001
3075
3148
3221
3293
3365
7
15 22 30 37
1.4
3365

3436
3507
3577
3646
3716
3784
3853
3920
3988
4055
7 14 21 28 34
1.5
4055
4121
4187
4253
4318
4383
4447

4511
4574
4637
4700
6 13 19 26 32
1.6
4700
4762
4824
4886
4947
5008
5068
5128
5188
5247
5306
6 12 18 24 30
1.7

5306
5365
5423
5481
5539
5596
5653
5710
5766
5822
5878
6 11 17 23 29
1.8
5878
5933
5988
6043
6098
6152

6206
6259
6313
6366
6419
5 11 16 22 27
1.9
6419
6471
6523
6575
6627
6678
6729
6780
6831
6881
0.6931
5 10 15 21 26

3.0
0.6931
6981
7031
7080
7129
7178
7227
7275
7324
7372
7419
5 10 IS 20 24
2.1
7419
7467
7514
7561
7608

7655
7701
7747
7793
7839
7885
5
9 14 19 23
2.2
7885
7930
7975
8020
8065
8109
8154
8198
8242
8286

8329
4
9 13 18 22
2.3
- 8329
8372
8416
8459
8502
8544
8587
8629
8671
8713
8755
4
9 13 17 21
2.4
8755

8796
8838
8879
8920
8961
9002
9042
9083
9123
9163
4
8 12 16 20
2.5
9163
9203
9243
9282
9322
9361

9400
9439
9478
9517
9555
4
8 12 16 20
2.6
9555
9594
9632
9670
9708
9746
9783
9821
9858
9895
0.9933

4
8 11 15 19
2.7
0.9933
9969.
[0006
0043
0080
0116
0152
0188
0225
0260
1.0296
4
7 11 15 18
2.8
1.0296
0332

0367
0403
0438
0473
0508
0543
0578
0613
0647
4
7 11 14 18
2.9
0647
0682
0716
0750
0784
0818
0852

0886
0919
0953
1.0986
3
7 10 14 17
3.0
1.0986
1019
1053
1086
1119
1151
1184
1217
1249
1282
1314
3

7 10 13 16
3.1
1314
1346
1378
1410
1442
1474
1506
1537
1569
1600
1632
3
6 10 13 16
3.2
1632
1663
1694

1725
1756
1787
1817
1848
1878
1909
1939
3
6 9 12 15
3.3
1939
1969
2000
2030
2060
2090
2119
2149

2179
2208
2238
3
6 912 15
3.4
1^238
2267
2296
2326
2355
2384
2413
2442
2470
2499
2528
3
6 91214

3.5
2528
2556
2585
2613
2641
2669
2698
2726
2754
2782
2809
3
6 81114
3.6
2809
2837
2865
2892

2920
2947
2975
3002
3029
3056
3083
3
5 8 1114
3.7
3083
3110
3137
3164
3191
3218
3244
3271
3297

3324
3350
3
5 8 1113
3.8
3350
3376
3403
3429
3455
3481
3507
3533
3558
3584
3610
3
5 8 1013
3.9

3610
3635
3661
3686
3712
3737
3762
3788
3813
3838
1.3863
3
5 81013
4.0
1.3863
3888
3913
3938
3962

3987
4012
4036
4061
4085
4110
2
5 71012
4.1
4110
4134
4159
4183
4207
4231
4255
4279
4303
4327

4351
2
5 71012
4.2
4351
4375
4398
4422
4446
4469
4493
4516
4540
4563
4586
2
5 7 912
4.3
4586

4609
4633
4656
4679
4702
4725
4748
4770
4793
4816
2
5 7 911
4.4
4816
4839
4861
4884
4907
4929

4951
4974
4996
5019
5041
2
4 7 911
4.5
5041
5063
5085
5107
5129
5151
5173
5195
5217
5239
5261

2
4 7 911
4.6
5261
5282
5304
5326
5347
5369
5390
5412
5433
5454
5476
2
4 6 911
4.7
5476
5497

5518
5539
5560
5581
5602
5623
5644
5665
5686
2
4 6 811
4.8
5686
5707
5728
5748
5769
5790
5810

5831
5851
5872
5892
2
4 6 810
4.9
5892
5913
5933
5953
5974
5994
6014
6034
6054
6074
1.6094
2

4 6 810

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 137

Logarithms to the Base e

Ten'
thsi
DfthB

Tabular Difference

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1
2

3
4 5
5.0
1.6094
6114
6134
6154
6174
6194
6214
6233
6253
6273
6292
2
4
6
8 10
5.1

6292
6312
6332
6351
6371
6390
6409
6429
6448
6467
6487
2
4
6
8 10
5.2
6487
6506
6525

6544
6563
6582
6601
6620
6639
6658
6677
2
4
6
8 10
5.3
6677
6696
6715
6734
6752
6771

6790
6808
6827
6845
6864
2
4
6
7 9
5.4
6864
6882
6901
6919
6938
6956
6974
6993
7011

7029
7047
2
4
6
7 9
5.5
7047
7066
7084
7102
7120
7138
7156
7174
7192
7210
7228
2

4
5
7 9
5.6
7228
7246
7263
7281
7299
7317
7334
7352
7370
7387
7405
2
4
5
7 9

5.7
7405
7422
7440
7457
7475
7492
7509
7527
7544
7561
7579
2
3
5
7 9
5.8
7579
7596

7613
7630
7647
7664
7681
7699
7716
7733
7750
2
3
5
7 9
5.9
7750
7766
7783
7800
7817

7834
7851
7867
7884
7901
1.7918
2
3
5
7 8
6.0
1.7918
7934
7951
7967
7984
8001
8017
8034

8050
8066
8083
2
3
5
7 8
6.1
8083
8099
8116
8132
8148
8165
8181
8197
8213
8229
8245

2
3
5
7 8
6.2
8245
8262
8278
8294
8310
8326
8342
8358
8374
8390
8405
2
3
5

6 8
6.3
8405
8421
8437
8453
8469
8485
8500
8516
8532
8547
8563
2
3
5
6 8
6.4
8563

8579
8594
8610
8625
8641
8656
8672
8687
8703
8718
2
3
5
6 8
6.5
8718
8733
8749
8764

8779
8795
8810
8825
8840
8856
8871
2
3
5
6 8
6.6
8871
8886
8901
8916
8931
8946
8961

8976
8991
9006
9021
2
3
5
6 8
6.7
9021
9036
9051
9066
9081
9095
9110
9125
9140
9155

9169

3
4
6 7
6.8
9169
9184
9199
9213
9228
9242
9257
9272
9286
9301
9315

3
4

6 7
6.9
9315
9330
9344
9359
9373
9387
9402
9416
9430
9445
1.9459

3
4
6 7
7.0
1.9459

9473
9488
9502
9516
9530
9544
9559
9573
9587
9601

3
4
6 7
7.1
9601
9615
9629
9643

9657
9671
9685
9699
9713
9727
9741

3
4
6 7
7.2
9741
9755
9769
9782
9796
9810
9824
9838

9851
9865
1.9879

3
4
6 7
7.3
1.9879
9892
9906
9920
9933
9947
9961
9974
9988j0001
2.0015

3
4
5 7
7.4
2.0015
0028
0042
0055
0069
0082
0096
0109
0122
0136
0149

3
4
5 7
7.5

0149
0162
0176
0189
0202
0215
0229
0242
0255
0268
0281

3
4
5 7
7.6
0281
0295
0308

0321
0334
0347
0360
0373
0386
0399
0412

3
4
5 7
7.7
0412
0425
0438
0451
0464
0477

0490
0503
0516
0528
0541

3
4
5 6
7.8
0541
0554
0567
0580
0592
0605
0618
0631
0643
0656

0669

3
4
5 6
7.9
0669
0681
0694
0707
0719
0732
0744
0757
0769
0782
2.0794

4
5 6
8.0
2.0794
0807
0819
0832
0844
0857
0869
0882
0894
0906
0919

2
4
5 6
8.1
0919

0931
0943
0956
0968
0980
0992
1005
1017
1029
1041

2
4
5 6
8.2
1041
1054
1066
1078

1090
1102
1114
1126
1138
1150
1163

2
4
5 6
8.3
1163
1.175
1187
1199
1211
1223
1235

1247
1258
1270
1282

2
4
5 6
8.4
1282
1294
1306
1318
1330
1342
1353
1365
1377
1389
1401

2
4
5 6
8.5
1401
1412
1424
1436
1448
1459
1471
1483
1494
1506
1518

2
4

5 6
8.6
1518
1529
1541
1552
1564
1576
1587
1599
1610
1622
1633

2
3
5 6
8.7
1633
1645

1656
1668
1679
1691
1702
1713
1725
1736
1748

2
3
5 6
8.8
1748
1759
1770
1782
1793

1804
1815
1827
1838
1849
1861

2
3
5 6
8.9
1861
1872
1883
1894
1905
1917
1928
1939

1950
1961
2.1972

2
3
4 6
9.0
2.1972
1983
1994
2006
2017
2028
2039
2050
2061
2072
2083

2
3
4 6
9.1
2083
2094
2105
2116
2127
2138
2148
2159
2170
2181
2192

2
3
4 5

9.2
2192
2203
2214
2225
2235
2246
2257
2268
2279
2289
2300

2
3
4 5
9.3
2300
2311
2322

2332
2343
2354
2364
2375
2386
2396
2407

2
3
4 5
9.4
2407
2418
2428
2439
2450
2460

2471
2481
2492
2502
2513

2
3
4 5
9.5
2513
2523
2534
2544
2555
2565
2576
2586
2597

2607
2618

2
3
4 5
9.6
2618
2628
2638
2649
2659
2670
2680
2690
2701
2711
2721

3
4 5
9.7
2721
2732
2742
2752
2762
2773
2783
2793
2803
2814
2824

2
3
4 5
9.8

2824
2834
2844
2854
2865
2875
2885
2895
2905
2915
2925

2
3
4 5
9.9
2925
2935
2946
2956

2966
2976
2986
2996
3006
3016
2.3026

2
3
4 5

PART II
CHARTS
CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF DIAGRAMS
Chart 1. This chart gives the work required to compress and deliver
a cubic foot of (sup.pr.) air, or the horse-power to compress and deUver 1000
cu.
ft. of (sup.pr.) air per minute, if the ratio of pressure (del.pr.)-^
(sup.pr.), the
value of s and the (sup.pr.) are known, and compression occurs in one stage.
The work or H.P. for any number of cubic feet is directly proportional to
number of feet. The curves are dependent upon the formulas, Eq. (31) , for the
case
when s = l, and Eq. (49) for the case when 5 is not equal to 1. They were
drawn as follows :
On a horizontal base various values of Rp are laid off, starting with the
value
2 at the origin. The values for work were then found for a number of values

of Rp with a constant value of (sup.pr.) and s. A vertical work scale was

then
laid off from origin of Rp and a curve drawn through the points found by
the intersection of horizontal lines through values of work, with vertical
lines through corresponding values of Rp. The process was then repeated for
other values of 5 and curves similar to the first, drawn for the other values
of s.
From the construction so far completed it is possible to find the work per
cubic
foot for any pressure ratio and any value of s for one (sup.pr.) by
projecting
up from the proper value of Rp to the curve of value of s and then
horizontally
to the scale of work. It will be noted from these formulas, however, that
the work may be laid off on the horizontal base and a group of lines drawn so
that the slope of the line equals ratio of work for any supply pressure to
that
for the (sup.pr.) originally used. For convenience, in order that the group
of
s curves and the latter group may be as distinct as possible, the origin of
the
latter group is taken at the opposite end of the base line. If from the point
for
work originally found, a projection is made horizontally to the proper
(sup.pr.)
curve, the value for work with this (sup.pr.) will be found directly below.
It will be noted that from point of intersection of the vertical from the Rp
value with the s curve, it is only necessary to project horizontally far
enough to
intersect the desired (sup.pr.) curve, and since no information of value will
be found by continuing to the work scale for the original (sup.pr.) this is
omitted
from the diagram.
In brief, then, the use of this chart consists in projecting upward from the
proper value of Rp to the proper s curve, then passing horizontally to the
value
of (sup.pr.) and finally downward to the work scale. As an example of the use
of the curve: Find the work to compress 1000 cu. ft. of free air from 1 to 8i
139

140 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

atmospheres adiabatically. On the curve project upward from 2?p=-8.5 to
curve of s = 1.406, then over to 14.7 (sup.pr.) curve and down to read work
= 6,300,000.
Chart 2. This gives the work required to compress and deliver a cubic
foot of (sup.pr.) air or the horse-power to compress and deliver 1000 cu. ft.
of
(sup.pr.) air per minute if the ratio of pressures, the value of s and
(sup.pr.) are
known and if compression occurs in two stages with best-receiver pressure and
perfect intercooling. The work or H.P. for any other number of cubic feet

may be found by multiplying work per foot by the number of feet. The
method of arriving at this chart was exactly the same as that for one stage.
As an example of the use of the chart, find the work to compress 5 cu. ft. of
free air from 1 to SJ atmospheres adiabatically in two stages. Project upward
from Rp = 8.5 to curve s = 1.406, then over to 14.7 curve and down to read
5320 ft. -lbs. per cubic foot.
Chart 3. This chart gives the work necessary to compress and deliver a
cubic foot of (sup.pr.) air, or horse-power to compress and deliver 1000 cu.
ft. of
(sup. pr.) air per minute, if the ratio of pressures, the value of s, and the
(sup.
pr.) are known and if the compression occurs in three stages with bestreceiver
pressures and perfect intercooling. The work or horse-power for any other
number of cubic feet may be found by multiplying the work for one foot by
the number of feet.
As an example of use
100 cu. ft. free air
per square
inch abs. to 90 lbs.
s = 1.4 then over to
found to be 13.6.

of this chart, determine the horse-power to compress

per minute adiabatically in three stages from 15 lbs.
per square inch gage. From Rp = 7, project to curve of
(sup.pr.) = 15 and down, and the horse-power will be

Chart 4. This chart is for finding the (m.e.p.) of compressors. In the

case of multi-stage compressors with best-receiver pressure and perfect
intercooling, the (m.e.p.) of each cylinder may be found by considering each
cylinder
as a single-stage compressor; or the (m.e.p.) of the compressor referred to
the
L.P. cylinder may be found.
The chart depends on the fact that the work per cubic foot of (sup.pr.) gas
is equal to the (m.e.p.) for the no-clearance case and that the (m.e.p.)
with clearance is equal to the (m.e.p.) for no clearance, times the
volumetric efficiency. Diagrams 1, 2 and 4 are reproductions of Charts 2, 3 and 4 to a
smaller
scale and hence need no explanation as to derivation. Their use may be
briefiy
shown. From the given ratio of pressures project upward to the proper curve,
then horizontally to the (sup.pr.) and downward to read work per cubic feet
of
(sup.pr.) gas.
The volumetric efficiency diagram was drawn in the following manner:
From Eq. (59) vol. eff. ={l-\-c cRps), showing that it depends upon three
variables, Rp, c and s. A horizontal scale of values of Rp was laid off.
Values
of RpJ were found and a vertical scale of this quantity laid off from the
same
origin as the Rp values. Through the intersection of the verticals from
various

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 141

values of Rp with the horizontals drawn through the corresponding values of
{Rp)^ for a known value of s, a curve of this value of s was drawn. In a
similar
way curves of other values of s were drawn. From the construction so far
completed it is possible to j&nd the value of {RpY by projecting upward from
any
value of Rp to the curve of s and then horizontally to the scale of (Rp)^.
Values
of volumetric efficiencies found for various clearances and the values of
(Rp)^
are laid off on a horizontal base, with the origin at the opposite end of
scale
from that of Rp values, in order that clearance curves and s curves might be
as distinct as possible. These clearance curves were drawn through the intersection of horizontals through the (Rp)^ values, and of verticals through the
vulmetric efficiency values corresponding to them for the particular
clearance
in question.
To find volumetric efficiency then it is merely necessary to project from
value
of Rp to the proper s curve, then across to the given clearance and finally
down to volumetric efficiency. As the value of (Rp)^ is not desired, the
horizontal projection is carried only to the intersection with the clearance
curve
and not to the edge of the diagram. To find the (m.e.p.) for single stage,
the
work per cubic foot is found from the diagram and then the volumetric
efficiency,
both as described above. The product is {m.e.p.).
For multi-stage compressors with perfect intercooling and best-receiver
pressure, as stated above, the (m.e.p.) of each cylinder may be found,
considering each to be a single-stage compressor and remembering that (1 rec.pr.)
becomes (sup.pr.) for second stage, and (del.pr.) for first stage; and that
(2 rec.
pr.) becomes (sup.pr.) for third stage, (del.pr.) for second stage. The
(m.e.p.)
reduced to low-pressure cylinder is found by taking work per cubic foot of
(sup.pr.) gas and multiplying by volumetric efficiency of low-pressure
cylinder.
To illustrate the use of this curve solve the following problem. A threestage air compressor runs at 100 R.P.M. with best receiver pressure; the lowpressure cylinder is 32 X 24 ins., clearance 5 per cent. Compression from
atmosphere to 140 lbs. per square inch absolute, s = 1.4. Find horse-power
and the best receiver pressures.
Projecting upward from the pressure ratio of 9.35 to the line of s = 1.4
and then over to (sup.pr.) = 15 in diagram 4, since compression is three
stage

and from 15 lbs. per square inch to 140 lbs. per square inch, work per cubic
foot or (m.e.p.), is found for no clearance to be 37.8 abs. per square inch;
since best-receiver pressure assumed is 31.6, which gives a ratio of 2.1 for
the
low-pressure cylinder. From diagram 3, by projecting upward from Rp = 2.1
and over to the 5 per cent clearance fine, volumetric efficiency is 96.5. The
product gives (m.e.p.) reduced to low-pressure cylinder and is 36.5. From the
^ '^' formula, the horse-power is found to be 358.
Chart 5. There is one (sup.pr.), which for a definite (del.pr.) will give the
maximum work of compression. This chart, originated by Mr. T. M. Gunn,

142 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

gives a graphical means of finding this value of (sup.pr.) when the
(del.pr.),
clearance and value of s are known. It also gives on the right-hand of the
chart
a means for finding the (m.e.p.) for this condition. The figure was drawn by
means of Eqs. (139) and (142).
To find the (sup.pr.) to give maximum work
necessary to project from the proper value
and then horizontally to read the value of
gives the (sup.pr.) desired. To obtain the

for any (del.pr.) it is only

of s to the given clearance curve,
Rp. The (del.pr.) divided by this
(m.e.p.) project upward from the

value of 5 to the clearance curve, then horizontally to read the ratio ( ' '
' )
\del.pr./
The {del.pr.) multiplied by this quantity gives the m.e.p.
As an example of the use of this chart let it be required to find the
(sup.pr.)
for the case of maximum work for 9 X 12 in. double-acting compressor running
200 R.P.M., having 5 per cent clearance and delivering against 45 lbs. per
square
inch gage. ; also the horse-power. Compression such that s = 1.3.
Projecting from the value 1.3 for s on the left-hand diagram to the line of
60
5 per cent clearance find Rp to be 2.8, hence (sup.pr.) =^r = 21.4 lbs. per
2.0
square inch absolute = 6.4 lbs. per square inch gage. Again, projecting from
value 1.3 for s on right-hand diagram to line of 5 per cent clearance find
(m.e.p.) ^ TTTT3 23 X 1 X 64 X 400
rhat . , , r- = .383, hence (m.e.p.). =23 and I.H.P. = ^tttt^t^t:

(del.pr.) 33,000
= 17.8.
Chart 6. This chart is designed to show the saving in work done in compressing and delivering gases by two-stage or three-stage compression with
best-receiver pressure and perfect intercooling over that required for
compressing and delivering the same gas between the same pressures in one stage. The
chart was made by laying off on a horizontal base a scale of pressure ratios.
From the same origin a scale of work for two or three stage divided by the
work of one stage was drawn vertically. For a number of values of Rp the
work to compress a cubic foot of gas was found for one, two and three stage
for each value of s. The values found by dividing the work of two or three
stage by the work of single stage were plotted above the proper Rp values,
and
opposite the proper ratio, values and curves drawn through all points for one
value of s. To find the saving by compressing in two or three stages project
from the proper Rp value to the chosen s curve for the desired number of
stages, then horizontally to read the ratio of multi-stage to one-stage work.
This value gives per cent power needed for one stage that will be required to
compress the same gas multi-stage. Saving by multi-stage as a percentage
of single stage is one minus the value read.
To illustrate the use of this chart, find the per cent of work needed to compress a cubic foot of air adiabatically from 1 to 8J atmospheres in two
stages
compared to doing it in one stage. From examples under charts Nos. 1 and
2 it was found that work per cubic foot was 6300 ft.-lbs. and 5320 ft.-lbs.
respectively, for one- and two-stage compression, or that two stage was 84.5 per
cent

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 143

of one stage. From Rp, 8i project up on Chart 6 to s = 1.406 for two stage,
and
over to read 84.6 per cent, which is nearly the same.
Chart 7. This chart, designed by Mr. T. M. Gunn, shows the economy
compared to isothermal compression.
The chart was drawn on the basis of the following equation :
^ / ,, ,x m.e.p. isothermal (no clearance)
liiconomy (isothermal) = :; -. ^ -,
m.e.p. actual il^i, actual
Values of this expression were worked out for each exponent, for assumed
values
of Rp. A scale of values of Rp was laid off horizontally and from the same

origin a vertical scale of values of the ratio of isothermal to adiabatic.

The
results found were then plotted, each point above its proper Rp and opposite
its ratio value. Curves were then drawn through all the points found for the
same value of s. In a similar way a set of curves for two-stage and a set for
three-stage compression were drawn.
This chart is also useful in obtaining the (m.e.p.) of the cycle if the
(sup.pr.)
and the volumetric efficiency of the cylinder be known. A second horizontal
scale laid off above the Rp scale shows the (m.e.p.) per pound of (sup.pr.
for)
the isothermal no-clearance cycle. This is found to be equal to loge Rp,
since
the (m.e.p.) for no clearance is equal to the work per cubic foot of
(sup.pr.) gas,
which, in turn, for the isothermal case is (sup.pr.) loge Rp or loge Rp when
(sup.pr.) = 1.
Knowing the ratio of pressures, economy compared to isothermal can be
found as explained above. Also knowing Rp the (m.e.p.) per pound initial is
found from the upper scale.
Since the latter quantity is assumed to be known, by multiplying it by
factor just found there is obtained (m.e.p.) isothermal. Since volumetric
efficiency is assumed known, all the factors are known for the first equation
given above which, rearranged, reads
, N.I m.e.p. isothermal (no clearance)
(m.e.p.) actual = t -. -r in . i^ ,
(economy isothermal; il^,;
Chart 8. This chart is drawn to give the cylinder displacement for a
desired capacity, with various values of Rp, s and clearance. From the
formula
Eq. (58): (L.P. Cap.) =Z)(l+c-ci2pi).
The right-hand portion of the diagram is for the purpose of finding values
of (i2p)s" for various values of Rp and s, and is constructed as in Chart 2.
The
values of the lower scale on the left-hand diagram give values of Z) = (L. P.
Cap.)
-^{l-\-c cRps), where capacity is taken at 100 cu.ft., this scale was laid
out and the clearance curves points found by solving the above equation for
various values of {Rp)i for each value of c. To obtain the displacement
necessary for a certain capacity with a given value of Rp, c and s, project upward

from Rp to the proper s curve across to the c curve and down to read
displacement per hundred cubic feet. Also on the left-hand diagram are drawn lines of
piston speed, and on left-hand edge a scale of cylinder areas and diameters
to
give displacements found on horizontal scale. To obtain cylinder areas or
approximate diameters in inches project from displacement to piston speed
line

144 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

and across to read cylinder area or diameter. Figures given are for 100
cu.ft.
per minute. For any other volume the displacement and area of cylinder will
be as desired volume to 100, and diameters will be as \/desired volume to
100.
As an example of the use of Chart 8, let it be required to find the low-pressure cylinder size for a compressor to handle 1500 cu. ft. of free air per
minute.
Receiver pressure to be 45 lbs. per square inch gage and (sup.pr.) to be
atmosphere. Piston speed limited to 500 ft. per minute. Compression to be so that
s=1.4 and clearance = 4 per cent. Projecting upward from Rp = 4: to s
= 1.4, across to c = 4:%, and down to piston speed = 500, find the diameter
of
a cylinder for 100 cu. ft. per minute is 6.3. For 1500 cu. ft. the diameter
will
beas Vl5X6.3 = 3.9X6.3 = 24 ins.
Chart 9. This diagram for mean effective pressure in terms of initial and
back pressure, clearance, compression and cut-off, facilitates the solution
of Eq.
(184) . The mean effective pressure is the difference between mean forward
and
mean back pressure. The former is dependent upon clearance, cut-off and
initial
pressure. In the example shown on the figure by letters and dotted lines,
clearance is assumed 5 per cent, shown at A. Project horizontally to the
point
F, on the contour line for the assumed cut-off, 12 per cent. Project downward
to the logarithmic scale for ''mean forward pressure in terms of initial
pressure"
to the point G. On the scale for ''initial pressure" find the point H,
representing the assumed initial pressure, 115 lbs. absolute. Through G and H a
straight
line is passed to the point K on the scale for "mean forward pressure," where
the value is read, m.f.p.=49.5 lbs. absolute.
Mean back pressure is similarly dependent upon clearance, compression
and back pressure, and the same process is followed out by the points, A,B,C,
D
and E, reading the mean back pressure, 3.2 lbs. absolute at the point E. Then
by subtraction (m.e.p.) = (m.f.p.) (m.b.p.) =49.5 3.2 = 46.3 lbs.

Chart 10 is arranged to show what conditions must be fulfilled in order to

obtain equal work with complete expansion in both cylinders in a compound
engine, finite receiver, logarithmic law, no clearance, when low-pressure admission and high-pressure exhaust are not simultaneous. The diagram represents graphically the conditions expressed in Eqs. (283) to (286).
To illustrate its use assume that in an engine operating on such a cycle,
the volume of receiver is 1.5 times the high-pressure displacement, 1.5 = 2/,
then - = .667. Locate the point A on the scale at bottom of diagram, corresponding to this value. Project upward to the curve marked "ratio of cutoffs"
and at the side, C, read ratio of cut-offs Zh/Zl = . 572. Next extending the
line AB to its intersection D, with the curve GH, the point D is found. From
D
project horizontally to the contour line representing the given ratio of
initial
to back pressure. In this case, initial pressure is assumed ten times back
pressure. Thus the point E is located. Directly above E at the top of the sheet
is
read the cylinder ratio, at F. Rc = Dl/Dh = 2A.
If cylinder ratio and initial and final pressures are the fundamental data of
the problem, the ratio of cut-offs and ratio of high-pressure displacements
to
receiver volume may be found by reversing the order,

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 145

Chart 12. Diagram (A) is the Marks and Davis modification of the Cp
curve of Knobloch and Jacobs, the integral of which (C) gives the heat of
superheat from any temperature of steam generation to actual steam temperature,
while (B) shows the values for the mean specific heat above the temperature
of
saturation for the particular pressure in question.
Chart 13. This diagram is for the purpose of finding the cubic feet per
pound, or pounds per cubic foot, of a gas at 32 F. and a pressure of 29.92
ins.
of Hg, if its volume or weight per cubic foot be known at any pressure and
temperature. The curves depend upon the fact that the pounds per cubic foot
(5) vary directly as the pressure and inversely as the temperature. That is
T 29 92
^32*') 29.92'' = d TP 7q9 p~' The line of least slope is so drawn that for
any
temperature on the horizontal scale its value when divided by 492 may be
read on the vertical scale. The group of lines with the greater slope is so
drawn
that for any value on the vertical scale this quantity times 29.92/P may be
used on the horizontal scale. That is, the vertical scale gives the ratio of

densities as affected by temperature for constant pressure, while horizontal

scale gives the ratio as affected by both temperature and pressure. A
reciprocal scale is given in each case for volume calculations.
To find the pounds per cubic foot of gas at 32 F. and 29.92 ins. of mercury
when its value is known for 90 and 13 lbs. per square inch. On the
temperature
scale, pass vertically until the temperature line is reached, then
horizontally
until the curve for 13 lbs. absolute is reached. The value on the scale below
is
found to be 1.265, so that the density under the standard conditions is 1.265
of the value under known conditions. Had it been required to find the cubic
feet per pound the process would be precisely the same, the value being taken
from the lower scale, which for the example reads .79, or, the cubic feet per
pound under standard conditions is 79 per cent of the value under conditions
assumed.
Charts 16 to 21. These are diagrams of the properties of steam and give
respectively the pressure-temperature values, heat of the liquid, latent
heat,
total heat, specific volume and density of the liquid, and specific volume
and
density of the vapor. The values in the charts correspond to the tabular
values given in the steam table (XL).
Charts 25 and 26. These diagrams, devised by Professor Parr were de/ I 32\
rived from Eq. (576), h = h' -0.000367 h{td-L) (l T7y^)^ where h is
barometric height in inches, after applying all corrections, and h' is
pressure
of saturated water vapor, in inches of mercury, corresponding to the
temperature
tw. The vapor pressure, h, is in ins. of mercury corresponding to given readings of the wet- and dry-bulb thermometers, td and tta, degrees F. The use of
the curves is best illustrated by an example: if the dry-bulb reading is 75
F. and the wet-bulb 65 F., find the dew point. The difference of wet- and
drybulb temperatures is 10. From 10 at the top of the diagram (B) Chart 25
project downward, and from 75 air temperature at the left of diagram project
10

146 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

to the right to the intersection, where the dew point is read by
interpolation
between the contour curves at (C) to be 59.5 F. These curves are drawn for a
barometric pressure of 29.92 ins. (standard) and will not apply correctly,
when
the barometer is not equal to this, though with fair approximation, so long
as

the difference in barometer is not great. Where there is much departure the
formula must be used. Chart 26 gives weight of aqueous vapor per cubic foot
of mixture, in grains (yToV ^^) ^^^ ^l^o the degree of humidity. The
temperature of the dew point 59.6 F.,is located at (C) on the right-hand side.
Interpolation between the ends of the contours for weight, gives 5.6 grains per
cubic foot. On the same scale the temperature of the air, F., is represented
at
point (A) 75, projecting to the intersecting point D and down to the bottom
of
the diagram gives on the scale for degree of humidity, 60 per cent.
Charts 27, 28 and 29. These diagrams have been plotted chiefly from experimental data: the lower values are new, but the upper are those given by
Starr several years ago and generally accepted by refrigeration engineers, as
standard.
These data refer to the equilibrium conditions of the solution, and in
using them for practical problems care must be taken to avoid applying them
to other conditions, for example to solutions that are not homogeneous, or in
which there has not been sufficient time for the establishment of
equilibrium.
Charts 30 and 31. These represent various fractionation tests plotted in
curve form, on which are indicated the boiling-points of known hydrocarbons,
and bands are added for the class of distillate in accordance with the
Robinson
classification. Horizontal distances represent fractions distilled, a
fraction
being the per cent by volume that has been discharged between two given temperatures in a boiling mass, the temperature continually rising. Incidentally
it may be noted that the temperature is different in the vapor than in the
boiling liquid, though that of the liquid is usually taken. The rate of boiling
or
application of heat very seriously affects these curves, any one of which
might
easily be changed thereby.
Chart 33. This diagram gives the heats of reaction plotted as a function of
S alone, laid off horizontally, and a separate curve drawn for each value of
the
CO
p^^yr- ratio, 2, 6, 15 and infinity. The vertical distances are heats of
reaction,
first, per pound of gases produced and second, per pound of carbon, the
former
being a measure of temperature rise, and the latter of efficiency of
reaction.
These two heats are derived from Eq. (658) in the two Eqs. (661) and (662).
S is the weight of steam per pound of air reacting.
Chart 34. Here one set of the Mallard and Le Chatelier values for the mean

specific heat of various gases given in Eq. (674) has been used to calculate
the
temperature rise above 32 for various quantities of heat. For any heat
increment per pound of gases there is a corresponding temperature increment that
can be read off directly. Thus, for CO2, consider 1 lb. to receive 1000
B.T.U.;
starting at 32 F., the temperature rise would be 3290 F.- 32 F.= 3258,

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 147

whereas from 1000 F. as a starting point this same 1000 B.T.U. would yield a
temperature of 3690 F. or a rise of 2690.
Chart 36. The values of the factor of evaporation and equivalent pounds of
water per hour per boiler horse-power may be found directly from the curves,
which also give the heat per pound for dry saturated, wet or superheated
steam
above any feed-water temperature. The construction of this chart is given on
the diagram.
Charts 38 and 39. These represent a number of boiler tests with some one
item of importance, selected to show the effect of various conditions of
service
and fuels in the same and different boilers, all of which are self
explanatory.
Chart 40. Calculation and use of diagram, giving constant volume lines for
steam. To illustrate the method, the location of the line of constant volume
of
2 cu. ft. will be traced. Let the first temperature be taken at 800 F.
absolute
for the first point A, corresponding to 340 F. From the steam tables dry
saturated steam at 340 F. has a specific volume of 3.786 cu. ft., so that the
quality
when the volume is 2 cu. ft. is 3.7^86 =52.8 per cent. The entropy of the
water at 340 F., from the steam tables, is 0.4903, therefore the entropy increase in making this steam from 32 F. and at 340 F. = entropy of the steam
+entropy of water content - entropy at 32 = 0^-032 = (.528 XI. 0984 + .4903)
= 1.0703. Another point B is located by assuming a temperature
4=440 F. or 7^6 = 900, for which 06-032 = 1.5602 by the same method.
To illustrate the use of the diagram in solving problems, suppose 1 lb. of
wet
atmospheric pressure steam, occupying 10 cu. ft. be enclosed in tank and
heated
to raise the pressure to 30 lbs. per square inch absolute, find the final
temperature, entropy and dryness. From 14.7 lbs. per square inch on the pressure
scale project to point P on the constant volume line of 10 cu. ft. and follow
this
line to the point C for 30 lbs. per square inch absolute pressure. Projecting
from C to D the absolute temperature is found to be 710 or ^ = 250 F., and
projecting from C to E the entropy 0c 032 = 1.332. The final quality

CM ^^ ^
==== = 72.4 per cent.
OM ^
Again, if heat be added to raise the temperature to 842 absolute the entropy
is found by following the 10 cu. ft. line to the point K opposite the
temperature,
and projecting down from K to Q the entropy is found 0^ 032 = 1.724.
The quality may be read off directly from Chart 44 which carries lines
of constant quality that might be superimposed on this constant-volume
chart.
Charts 41, 42 and 43. These have been drawn to facilitate calculations of
P, V, T relations for expansions and compression having various values of s;
Charts 41 and 42 have been plotted to a vertical scale of ( p^) , with a
double
horizontal scale for the corresponding (y-j and {tft) Each curve is for a
different value of s, as marked on it. These are also given on logarithmic

148 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

cross-section paper in Chart 43 as arranged by Gunn, where all lines become
straight, to which an entropy scale is added.
Chart 44. Calculation and use of temperature entropy diagram, lines of
constant pressure and quality. Let it be assumed that the line of quality 80
per
cent is to be located, starting with the pressure of 200 lbs. per square inch
absolute, point A. From the steam tables t = 381.9 F. or Ta = 841.9, the entropy of the liquid is .5437, of evaporation complete, 1.0019, so that <^a
032
= .8Xl.0019H-.5437 = 1.3452. To locate a point B in the superheat region
at the same pressure and for 100 of superheat, the steam tables are found
to give directly 06 (/)32 = 1.6120.
The following problem will serve as an example of the use of the diagram.
Steam at a pressure of 160 lbs. per square inch absolute, dry and saturated
expands adiabatically to atmospheric pressure and to some unknown quality to
be found. From the point C representing the initial condition project vertically down to the pressure line 14.7, at point D. By interpolation the
quality
is found to be 86.5 per cent, as point D lies between the two lines of 80 per
cent
and 90 per cent quality.
Another example will illustrate the passage into the superheat region. Atmospheric exhaust steam at 20 lbs. per square inch absolute, is superheated
120
by a reheater and then expands adiabatically in an exhaust steam turbine to
an

absolute pressure of half a pound per square inch absolute, to find the final
quality. The initial condition is represented by point E, from which projecting downward to the low-pressure line at H, lying between 80 per cent and 90
per cent, the quality is found by interpolation to be 88.4 per cent and the
temperature by projecting to K,is T = 540. The corresponding volumes may be
read off from Chart 40.
Chart 45. The Mollier Diagram. On this diagram the total heats above
32 are ordinates, and entropy from 32 are abscissa, plotted in a series of
curves.
On this chart the vertical distance from any pressure, temperature or
quality,
to any other, is the work done in heat units, by the whole cycle including an
adiabatic expansion; this can be marked off on a strip of paper and referred
to
the scale of heat to permit the work to be read directly, or the ordinate of
the
low can be subtracted from that of the high point. As this is so convenient
for
turbine work a scale of corresponding steam jet velocities has been plotted
beside that for total heats. A large scale chart of this sort is very
necessary
when many calculations of this nature are to be made and such may be plotted
from the steam tables.
Chart 46. To illustrate the use of the diagram, the following problem will be
graphically solved. Find the Rankine cycle efficiency, heat and steam consumption for an initial pressure of 150 lbs. per square inch gage and dry
saturated steam with a back pressure of 10 lbs. per square inch absolute.
Starting
at the initial pressure point B, project up to the 10-lb. back pressure curve
point
C, and then across to the efficiency scale point D, reading there a thermal
efficiency of 19.3 per cent and a heat consumption of 13,200 B.T.U. per hour
per I.H.P. Continuing across horizontally to the back pressure curve of 10

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS 149

lbs. in the left-hand angle to point E and thence downward to the water-rate
scale point F, the value 12.6 lbs. steam per hour per I.H.P. is read off
directly.
Chart 47. To illustrate the use of this chart, find the thermal efficiency,
heat and steam consumption, for the Rankine cycle, when steam is 90 per cent
initially dry at 200 lbs. per square inch gage pressure, and the back
pressure 15
lbs. per square inch absolute. From the scale of quality at 90 per cent,
point
E, project up to point F on 15- lb. curve, and then horizontally to point G
at
18.98 per cent thermal efficiency and 13,400 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P. heat
consumption. Continue across to H and down to K, reading the water rate
value 14.4 lbs. of steam per hour per I.H.P. on the bottom scale.

Chart 48. To illustrate the use of this diagram, find the jet velocity, work
per pound of steam, and mean effective pressure for the Rankine cycle for
steam
at 75 lbs. initial pressure gage, dry and saturated expanding to 10 lbs.
absolute.
Project up from point B to point C and across to point F where there is read,
work done = 115,000 ft.-lbs. per pound of steam. Continuing across to D and
down to E, (m.e.p.) =23.5 lbs. per square inch, or continuing CD across to G
the jet velocity is 2790 ft. per second.
Chart 49. To illustrate the use of this diagram, find work, jet velocity, and
mean effective pressure, for the Rankine cycle when initial pressure is 200
lbs.
per square inch gage, 50 superheat and back pressure 1 lb. per square inch
absolute. Projecting up from point E to F and across to G, read, work
= 272,000 ft.-lbs., velocity =4190 ft. per second, and stopping on the 1-lb.
curve at point H the mean pressure 7.4 lbs. per square inch is read directly
below at K.
Chart 50. Carnot steam cycle. To illustrate the use of the diagram,
solve the problem: For the Carnot cycle with dry saturated steam between 150
lbs. per square inch gage and 10 lbs. absolute find the thermal efficiency,
heat,
and steam consumption. From point B pass up to C and across to D, reading
efficiency = 21.1 per cent, and heat consumption 12,060 B.T.U. per hour per
I.H.P. Passing horizontally to E and down to F' the water rate of 13.9 lbs.
per hour per I.H.P. may be read off directly.
Charts 51, 52 and 53. Carnot steam cycle. The use of these diagrams
requires no special explanation since they follow in general the methods
given
for the Rankine cycle charts.
Chart 54. Non-compression gas cycle. To illustrate the use of the diagram find for a Lenoir cycle receiving 800 B.T.U. per pound of working gases
the thermal efficiency, heat consumption, and cubic feet of 300 B.T.U. per
cubic
foot fuel gas per hour per I.H.P. From the 800 point E pass vertically to
point
F on the Lenoir curve and thence horizontally to G on the efficiency scale,
reading 35.2 per cent and heat consumption, 7250 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P.
Passing across to the 300 B.T.U. calorific power curve at H and down to K,
the gas consumption is found to be 24 cu. ft. per hour per I.H.P.
Chart 55. Work of the non-compression gas cycle. The following problem illustrates the use of this diagram : Find the work per pound of working
gases and the mean effective pressure for an Otto and Langen cycle receiving

150 HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

500 B.T.U. per pound of gases. Starting at the 500 B.T.U. point G^ pass up to
the cycle curve at H and then across to the point K on the work scale,
reading
260,000 ft.-lbs. Passing horizontally across to the point L and thence down-

ward to point M the mean effective pressure is found to be 1.18 lbs. per
square inch.
Chart 56. Stirling gas cycle. To illustrate the use of this chart, find the
efficiency, cyclic and fuel heat consumption for a Stirling cycle, for 300
B.T.U.
supplied from fire per pound of working gases, 30 atm. compression, and a
furnace efficiency of 40 per cent. Starting at point E at the value 300 on the
upper
scale, pass vertically up to point F on the efficiency curve referred to fire
heat,
and horizontally to G, reading thermal efficiency of 62.8 per cent, and
cyclic
heat supplied 4050 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P. Continuing across to point H
on the 40 per cent furnace efficiency curve and down to fire heat scale at K,
the fire heat supplied is found to be 10,200 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P.
Charts 57 and 59. A similar procedure applies to the curves for the
Ericsson cycle, which need no detailed explanation.
Charts 60 and 61. Adiabatic compression cycles. Illustrating the use
of the curves the solution of the following problem is traced graphically on
Chart 60. Required the thermal efficiency, cyclic heat, and fuel consumption
for
the Diesel cycle, supplied with an oil yielding 1500 B.T.U. per cubic foot in
its
vapor, the cycle receiving 600 B.T.U. per pound of working gases after 10
atm.
compression. From the 600 point E on the heat-supplied scale pass up to the
10 atm. compression Diesel curve F, and horizontally across to the efficiency
scale G reading 28.6 per cent and 8900 B.T.U. per hour per I.H.P. Continuing
across to the fuel calorific power curve of 1500 B.T.U. per cubic foot H, and
thence down to K, the fuel consumption is found to be 6 cu.ft.
The second set of efficiency curves, Chart 61, is used in exactly the same
way
as Chart 60, the only difference between the two being the scales.
Charts 66 and 67. Comparison of rational and emperic formulas for air and
steam flow. These have been calculated for air from Eq. (25) using 7 = 1.4;
and by the Mollier diagram for steam. To this diagram are added some curves
of experimental flow laws stated in Eqs. (951), (952) and (953).
Chart 69. Velocity of air pipes. This diagram was calculated from Eq.
(968) and also by the simple equation in which density changes are neglected.
These give comparative results as indicated in the chart, reproduced from
Kneeland.
Chart 71. Chimney diameter. This diagram corresponds to Eq. (1005)
which assumes that the minimum-cost steel stack has a diameter depending
solely upon the horse-power of the boilers it serves, and a height
proportional
to the net draft required.
Charts 72 and 73. Refrigerating effect, ammonia and carbon-dioxide.
See the diagrams for construction and use.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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166

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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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168

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Chart 17. Steam, Heat of the Liquid (Table XL).

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

169

34 3C
38 40
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655 665 675 680

2000 2100 2200 2300

480 400 500 505

450 480 500 525 550

SO 40 50 55 280 290 300 305 455 465 475 480 630 610
Lower Scale = Temperature in Degrees F. Upper Scale = Pressure in IDs. per
sq.in. aba.
Chart 18. Steam, Latent Heat (Table XL).

650 655

170

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

CllEO '? ' ^'^

12 13 , 14

i
^^

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190

200

210

6.0 . 7.0 8.0 9.0

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Lower Scale = Temperature Degrees .Fahrenheit

Upper Scale = Pressure Lbs. Per Square Inch Absolute
8 20 900 1000 1152
1205

1200

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1130

1125

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1200

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400

500

600

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140 150
1.3 1.4151.6 1.8 1.92,0 2.2

:i200
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Temperature, Fahrenheit

1175

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103 110 120 130 140 150 160 170

w
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30 l;iO 210 300

Temperature. Fahrenheifr

250 270 290

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29.8

1162

0 60 70
0.1 0.125 0.15 cm

1156

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240

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1155

1150

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670

680

Chart 19. Steam, Total Heat (Table XL).

.TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

171

180 190 200

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200 250 300. ^0 40d

410

420

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230

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50 100 150 20(1

Temperature Degrees Fahr

380

390

Am

240 51.4
54.2
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i20 ^ SO ^ 200 210 220 360 370
Vertical^cale =iDensity, Pounds per Cu.Ft.
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42.6
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Chart 20. Steam, Specific Volume and Density of the Liquid (Table XL).

172

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

0035 ?55

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Lower Scale =Temp.in Degrees T'ahr., Upper Scale =Press;'in Lbs.per
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505

Chart 21. Steam, Specific Volume and Density of the Vapor (Table XL).

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

173

Temperature.Deg. Cent.

30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 300 220 240

Temperature.Deg. Fahr.
Chart 22, Vapor Pressure of Hydrocarbons and Light Petroleum Distillates of
the Gasolene
Class.

174

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

i-o

20

Temperature Deg. Centigrade

30 40 ,50 . 60 . 70

33 40

60

80

IQQ 120' ' 140

.Tempemtxire Deg. Fahrenheii?

160-

ISO

200

100

Chart 23. Vapor Pressure of Heavy Petroleum Distillates of the Kerosene

Class.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

175

Temperature, Deg. Centigrade

20 , 30 40 50 60
I. I . U I , L

SO 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 UO

Temperature Degrees, Fahrenheit
Chart 24. Vapor Pressure of the Alcohols.

176

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

Difference in Temperature :Wet and Dry Bulbs t Degrees Fahrenheit

2 4 6 8 10 13 14 16 18 20

1 2 3 4 567 8 9 10 11
Difference in Temperature :Wet and Dry Bulbs: Degrees Centigrade
Chart 25. Relation between Wet' and Dry Bulb Psychrometer Readings and Dew
Point for
Air and Water Vapor.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

177

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Chart 26. Relation between Humidity and Weight of Moisture per Cubic Foot
of
Saturated Air.

12

178

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

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188

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
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TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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10 ^0 10
Refrigerating Coil Press. Xbs, per Sq.In., Ga.

20

30

40

Chart 72. Chart to Determine Available Refrigerating Effect per Pound of

Ammonia
for Any Refrigerator Pressure and Any Refrigerator or Liquid Temperature.

Construction and use of Diagrams, Charts 72 and 73. These diagrams are for
the purpose of finding the refrigerating effect per pound of fluid, which is made up
of the latent
heat, or as much of it as is available, less the heat necessary to cool the
liquid from its original
temperature to that due to the pressure in the coils, plus the heat absorbed
in superheating
the vapor.
A horizontal scale of pressures is laid off in both directions for a vertical
axis carrying
a B.T.U. scale. In the section to the right of the center axis curves are
drawn representing
various temperatures of the liquid before entering the refrigerator coils.
These are so
drawn that the vertical scale opposite the intersection of a vertical from
any pressure with

any curve gives the latent heat for that pressure, less the heat required to
cool the liquid.
This is the available heat for refrigerating if the vapor leaves the coils
dry and saturated.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

223

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Befrigerator Coil Press. Lbs. Sq. Iq Ga,

400

600

Chart 73. Chart to Determine Available Refrigerating Effect per Pound of

Carhon Dioxide
for any Refrigerator Pressure and any Refrigerator or Liquid Temperature.

In the section to the left of the center axis are two sets of curves, the
lower, representing

temperatures of the vapor leaving the coils, is so drawn that the value of
the left-hand
vertical scale opposite a point of intersection of a vertical from any
pressure with any curve,
gives the heat absorbed in superheating the vapor. The sum of this and the
value found in
the first section gives the total refrigerating effect for the case when the
vapor leaves the coils
in a superheated state. The upper curves in this section represent quality of
the vapor if
the liquid has not been entirely evaporated and are so drawn that the value
on the vertical
scale opposite the point of intersection of a vertical from any pressure with
any curve,
shows the heat unavailable for refrigerating, due to incomplete evaporation
of the liquid, and
the difference between this value and that found in the first section gives
the total refrigerating effect for the case of wet vapor leaving the coils.
As an example of the use of Chart 72 let it be required to find the
refrigerating effect per
pound of ammonia when the pressure in the coils is 20 lbs. gage, the
temperature of the liquid

224

HANDBOOK OF THERMODYNAMIC

n
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19
17
15
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Chart 74. Density and Specij&c Volume of Ammonia-water Solutions.

before entering the coil is 70 F. and

(a) Vapor leaves dry and saturated;

(6) Vapor leaves 92.5 per cent, dry;
(c) Vapor leaves at a temperature of 30*^

F.

From 20 in the right-hand section (Chart 72) project up to curve 70. The
value on the
vertical scale at this point is 502 B.T.U., which is the value for case (o).
From 20 in the
left-hand section project to curve 92.5 per cent.; the value on the left-hand
vertical scale is
43, therefore, for case (6) the result is 502 43 = 459 B.T.U. For case (c),
project from
20 to curve 30, the value on the vertical scale corresponding to which is
12.5, hence the result
for this case is 502 + 12.5 = 514.5.
The refrigeration per pound of fluid may be obtained from Eq. (1030), but
since these
are all tabular values, except the heat of air and of vapor superheat, the
determinations
can be readily made by means of the charts. From the data of these diagrams
the displacements of compressors and pumps may be computed directly by the use of
the sliderule. When superheated vapor densities are to be evaluated, either vapor
ammonia or
carbon dioxide may be assumed to behave as a perfect gas, volumes being
directly, and
density inversely proportional to absolute temperatures.
The volume per pound of ammonia solutions may be read off directly from Chart
74.

TABLES AND DIAGRAMS

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INDEX

(Numbers refer to pages)

Absorption of air in water (Winkler), table

of, 60
of gases by liquids, table of, 60
Accuracy of Marks and Davis tables, 2
Adiabatic expansion of steam, values of s,
table, 14
Air, absorption of in water, table of, 60
and steam flow, charts of, 216, 217
and water vapor, dew point, chart of,
176
flow, coefficient of friction for, in ducts,
chart of, 220
values of C for, table of, 113
gas, blast-furnace, composition of,
table, 99
mixtures, best calorific properties of,
table, 107
explosive, limits of proportion,
table of, 108.
required for combustion, table of, 61
velocity of, in pipes, chart of, 219
Alcohols, vapor pressure of, chart, 175
Altitudes and barometric pressures, 8
Ammonia, gas, Mollier diagram for, 226
pressure-temperature relations, for saturated vapor, chart of, 165
refrigerating effect per pound, chart,
222
solutions, table of relations of, 54
tables of properties of, how derived, 3
T4> diagram for, 225
vapor, properties of saturated, table of,
41
water solutions, table of partial pressures, 58
relation between temperature and per
cent NH3 in solution chart of, 180
relation between total pressure and
per cent NH3 in solution, chart of,
179
relation between total pressure and
temperature, chart of, 178
work absorbed in refrigeration by,
charts of, 229
Atomic weights, international, table of, 34
Average distillation, products of, crude
mineral oils, table of, 90
Balance, heat, for locomotive boiler, diagram

of, 188
Barometric heights, altitudes and pressures,
tables of, 8
pressure, how used, 1
Baume specific gravity scale, table of, 19
Bituminous gas coal distillation, products of,
table, 95

Blast-furnace gas and air gas, composition of,

table, 99
Boiler efiiciency, influence of various factors
on, charts, 189, 190
flue gases, composition of, table, 106
horse-power, evaporation per hour,
chart of, 187
locomotive, heat balance for, diagram
of, 188
Boiling points, table of, 32
Brayton gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat
and fuel consumption, charts of,
210, 211
use of diagrams, 150
Brine, sodium chloride, specific heat of,
table, 25
British thermal unit (B.T.U.) vlaue of, 2.
of steam and gases, variation of with
temperature, chart, 185
Calcium chloride, freezing points, table of, 19
Calorific power and composition of coals,
table of, 70
of hydrocarbon oils, table of, 90
of mineral oils, table of, 89
properties of best air-gas mixtures,
table of, 117
Carbon dioxide, Mollier diagram for, 227
pressure-temperature relations for saturated vapor, chart of, 166
refrigerating effect of, per pound, chart
of, 223
tables of properties of, how derived, 3
vapor, properties of saturated, table of,
50
work absorbed in refrigeration by,
charts of, 230
Carnot steam cycle and derivatives. Thermal efficiency and heat consump-

tion, charts of, 200, 201

use of charts, 149
work and jet velocity, charts of, 202, 203
Cellulose and wood, comparison of, table, 69
Centigrade and Fahrenheit temperatures,
table of, 16
Charts, construction and use of, 139-150
Chemical compounds, heats of combustion
of, 63
Chimneys, dimensions of, by Kent's formula, table, 130
relation of diameter to horse-power,
chart of, 221
construction of chart, 150
Classification of coals by gas and coke qualities, table of, 87
new basis of, 4

231

232

INDEX

CO from CO2, rate of formation, table of, 106

Coals, classification of by gas and coke
qualities, table of, 87
combustible and volatile of, table of, 78
combustion, rate of, table, 119
new basis of classification of, 4
new table of chemical and thermal properties of, 3
powdered, producer gas, composition of,
table, 116
rate of combustion of with draft, diagram of, 186
table of composition and calorific power
of, 70

Carnot gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat

and fuel consumption, charts of,
210, 211
use of diagrams, 150
Coefficient of cubical expansion of liquids,
table of, 26
of friction for air in ducts, chart of, 220
of heat transfer, table of, 62
of linear expansion of solids, table of, 25
of pressure rise of gases and vapors,
constant volume, table of, 27
of radiation, table of, 61
of volumetric expansion of gases and
vapors, constant pressure, table of,
26
Coke oven, and retort coal gas, composition
of, table, 94
United States, composition of, table,
98
Combustible and volatile of coals lignites and
peat, table of, 78
Combustion, air required for, table of, 61
heats of, table of, 63
of coal, rate of, table of, 119
rate of with draft, chart of, 186
Complete-expansion Otto, gas cycle, thermal
efficiency, heat and fuel consumption, charts of, 210, 211
use of diagrams, 150
Common logarithms, 132, 134
Composition and calorific power of characteristic coals, table of, 70
of blast-furnace gas and air gas, table of,
99, 104
of boiler flue gases, table of, 116
of coke oven and retort coal gas, table of,
94
of hypothetical producer gas from fixed
carbon, chart of, 183

of natural gases, table of, 91

of oil producer gas, table of, 113
of powdered coal, producer gas, table of,
116
of producer gas, table of, 108
of United States coke, table of, 98
of water gas, table of, 113
Compound engines, equal distribution of
work in, chart of, 161
Compression gas cycles, thermal efficiency,
heat and gas consumption, charts
of, 207-211
work and m.e.p., charts of, 212, 213
Compressibility of gases, table of, 82

Compressor cylinder displacement for

given capacity, chart of, 159
Compressors, one, two and three stages,
mean effective pressures of, charts
of, 154
Conductivity, thermal, table of internal, 65
table of relative, 68
Constant, gas, values of R, table of, 28
pressure and constant quality lines for
steam with T(i> diagram, 194
volume, gases and vapors, coefficient
of pressure rise of, table, 27
lines for steam on the T^ diagram, 191
construction and use of diagram,
147
Constants for the curve PF" = K, table of,
13
for use in Heck's formula for missing
water, table of, 18
Construction and use of charts, 139-150
Consumption, fuel, Brayton gas cycle,
charts of, 210, 211
Carnot, 210, 211
complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211

Stirling, 206, 208

gas, and thermal efficiency, non-compression cycles, charts of, 204
heat, and thermal efficiency, Carnot
steam cycle, charts of, 200, 201
Rankine cycle, steam, charts of, 196,
197
Conversion table, heat and power, 7
inches of mercury to pounds per square
inch, 10
of units of distance, 5
of power, 7
of pressure, 6
of surface, 5
of volume, 5
of weight and force, 5
of work, 6
Crank angle and piston position, table of,
11
Critical point, table of, 30
Crude mineral oils, average distillation, products of, table, 99
Cubical expansion of liquids, coefficient of,
table, 26
Cylinder, compressor, displacement for given
capacity, chart of, 159
Densities, equivalent gas, at different pressures and temperatures, chart of,
164
of gas, comparison of experimental and
computed values, table of, 29
Density and specific volume of ammoniawater solutions, chart, 224
of the liquid (steam), chart of, 171, 172
Determination of m.e.p. for single-cylinder
engines, chart of, 160
construction and use of chart, 144
Dew point for air and water vapor, chart of,
176

^ INDEX

233

Diagram factors for Otto-cycle gas engines,

table of, 122

to give economy of exponential cycles

referred to isothermal, chart of, 158
Diesel gas cycle, work and m.e.p. for various
amounts of heat added, chart of,
215
thermal efficiency, heat and fuel consumption, charts of, 210, 211
use of diagrams for, 150
Dimensions of chimneys by Kent's formula, table of, 130
Displacement for given capacity of compressor cylinder, chart of, 159
Distance, units of, conversion table, 5
Distillation, average, products of crude mineral oils, table of, 99
of gasolenes, fractional, chart of, 182
of kerosene and petroleums, fractional,
chart of, 181
Distillates, vapor pressures of, chart of, 173,
174
Distribution of work, equal, in compound
engines, chart of, 161
Draft, rate of combustion with variation in,
diagram of, 186
Economy of exponential cycles referred to
isothermal,
Efficiency,
on, charts,
volumetric,
154
Empiric and

diagram of, 158

boiler, influence of various factors
189, 190
of compressors, chart of,
rational formulas for air and

steam flow, charts of, 216, 217

Engine, see under separate headings, steam
and gas cycles.
Engines, Otto cycle, mean effective pressure
factors for, tables of, 124
steam, and turbine efficiency factors,
table of, 115
Entropy diagram, total heat for steam,
Mollier, 195
-temperature and PV relations of gases,
chart of, 193
diagram with constant pressure and
constant quality lines for steam,
194

for ammonia, diagram of, 225

for carbon dioxide, diagram of, 227
for steam, diagram of, 194, 195
Equal distribution of work in compound
engines, chart of, 161
construction and use of chart, 144
Equivalent gas densities at different pressures and temperatures, chart of,
164
Ericsson gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat
and fuel consumption, charts of,
207, 209
use of diagrams, 150
Ethylenes and naphthalenes from Russian
petroleum, table of, 88
Evaporation, factor of, chart of, 187
of locomotive boiler, heat balance of,
diagram, 188
per hour, per boiler h.p., chart of, 187

Expansion and compression, tabular values

for, PF = K, 13
cubical of liquids, coefficient of, table,
26
linear of solids, coefficient of, table, 25
volumetric of gases and vapors at constant pressure, coefficient of, table,
26
Explosive air-gas mixtures, limits of proportion, table of, 118
Exponential cycles referred to isothermal,
diagram to give economy, 158
gas changes, charts of, 192, 193
construction of charts, 147
Factor of evaporation, chart of, 187
Factors, efficiency, piston steam engine and
turbine, table of, 126
Fahrenheit and Centigrade temperatures,
table of, 16
Feed temperature and heat per pound of
steam, chart of, 187
Fixed temperatures, tables of, 15
Flow change resistance factors, table of, 125
Flue gases, boiler, composition of, table, 106
Force and weight, conversion table of units
of, 5

Formation of CO from CO 2, table of, 106

Fractional distillation of gasolenes, chart of,
182
of kerosenes and netroleums, chart of,
181
Fractionation tests of gasolenes, table of, 102
of kerosenes and petroleums, table of,
100
Freezing, or melting points, table of, 34
point of calcium chloride, table of, 19
Friction, coefficient of, for air in pipes and
ducts, chart of, 220
Fuel consumption, Brayton cycle, charts of,
210, 211
Carnot, 210, 211
complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211
Stirling, 206, 208
elements, heats of combustion of, table,
63
liquid and gaseous, boiling points of,
table, 33
table of composition of coals, 70
Fusion, latent heats of, table of, 31
Gas, air-, mixtures, best, calorific properties
of, table of, 117
and air gas, blast-furnace, composition
of, table, 104
and oil engines, heat balances of, table,
123
changes, exponential, charts of, 192, 193
coal distillation, bituminous, products
of, table of, 99
constant, R, table of, 28
consumption of, and thermal efficiency,
non-compression cycles, charts of,
204

234

INDEX

Gas, Bray ton cycle, charts of, 210, 211

Carnot, 210, 211
complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211
Stirling cycle, charts of, 206, 208
cycles compression, work and m.e.p.
charts, of. Bray ton, 210, 211
Carnot, 210, 211
complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211, 215
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210. 211, 214
Stirling, 206, 208
thermal efficiency, heat and fuel consumption, charts of.
Bray ton, 210, 211
Carnot, 210, 211
complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211
Stirling, 206, 208
non-compression, thermal efficiency of,
charts, 204
work and m.e.p., charts of, 205
densities equivalent at different pressures and temperatures, chart of,
164
comparison of experimental and computed values of, table of, 29
engines. Otto cycle, diagram factors for,
table of, 122
from fixed carbon, heats of reaction for
hypothetic producer, chart of, 184
composition of hypothetic producer,
chart of, 183
oil producer, composition of, table, 113
pressure-temperature-volume relations,

charts of, 192

producer, composition of, table, 101
tests, table of, 114
PV and T(f) relations, chart of, 193
water, composition of, table, 113
Gases, absorption of by liquids, table of, 60
and vapors at constant volume, pressure rise of, coefficient of, table, 27
at constant pressure, coefficient of
volumetric expansion, table of, 26
boiler flue, composition of, table, 116
compressibility of, table, 28
natural, composition of, table, 91
relation between temperatures and heat,
chart of, 185
specific heat of, chart, 162; of table, 22
Gasolenes, fractional distillation of, chart of,
182
fractionation tests of, table of, 102
vapor pressure of, chart of, 173
Harter's weight of flow, superheated steam,
chart of, 218
Heat and fuel consumption, compression gas
cycles, charts of,
Bray ton, 210, 211
Carnot, 210, 211

Heat and fuel consumption, complete-expansion Otto, 210, 211

Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211
Stirling, 206, 208
and gas consumption, and thermal
efficiency, non-compression gas
cycles, charts of, 204
and power conversion table, 7
and temperatures, relation of, for gases,
chart of, 185
balance for locomotive boiler, diagram
of, 188
balances of gas and oil engines, table of,
123
consumption and thermal efficiency,
Carnot steam cycles, charts of,
200, 201

Rankine cycle, (steam), charts of, 196,

197
latent, steam, chart of, 169
of fusion for various substances, table
of, 31
of vaporization for various substances,
table of, 31
of the liquid, steam, chart of, 168
per pound of steam above feed temperature, chart of, 187
specific of gases, chart of, 162; table of,
22
of liquids, table of, 24
of solids, table of, 20
of superheated steam, 2; chart of, 163
supplied and work, compression gas
cycles, chart of, 214, 215
total entropy diagram for steam, Mollier, 195
steam, chart of, 170
transfer, table of coefficients of, 62
unit of, 2
Heats of combustion of fuel elements and
chemical compounds, table of, 63
of reaction for hypothetical producer
gas from fixed carbon, chart of, 184
Heck's formula for missing water, 18
Horse-power of chimneys, diameter for,
charts of, 221
per pound m.e.p., table of, 12
per 1,000 cu. ft. per minute supply
pressure gas, for single-stage compressors, chart of, 151
for two-stage compressors, chart of,
152
for three-stage compressors, chart of,
153
construction and use of chart for
single-stage, 139
two-stage, 140
three-stage, 140
Humidity and weight of moisture, cubic foot
saturated air, chart of, 177
construction and use of chart, 145
Hydrocarbon oils, calorific power of, table, 90
Hydrocarbons, vapor pressure of, chart of,
173
Hyperbolic logarithms, 136

INDEX

235

Hypothetical producer gas from fixed carbon, composition of, chart of, 183
heats of reaction of, chart, 184
Ignition temperatures, 3; tables of, 30
Inches of mercury to pounds per square inch,
conversion table, 10
of water, theoretical draft pressure,
table of, 117
Indicator card, missing water from, 18
Internal thermal conductivity, table of, 65
International atomic weights, table of, 34
Isothermals, compressibility of gases by,
table of, 28
Jet velocity and work, Carnot steam cycle,
charts of, 202, 203
Rankine, cycle (steam), charts of, 198,
199
Kerosene and petroleums, fractional distillation of, chart of, 181
fractional tests of, table of, 100
Kerosenes, vapor pressure of, chart of, 174
Latent heats of fusion, table of, 31
of vaporization, table of, 31
of steam., chart of, 169
Lignite, composition and calorific power of,
75, 77
Lignites, combustible and volatile of, 83, 85, 86
Limits of proportion for explosive air-gas
mixtures, table of, 118
Linear expansion of solids, coefficient of,
table, 25
Liquid and gaseous fuels, boiling points of,
table, 33
Liquids, absorption of gases by, table of, 60

coefficient of cubical expansion of, table,

26
specific heats of, table, 24
Logarithms to the base e, 136
to the base lo, 132, 134
Marks and Davis' steam tables, 36, 40
Maximum work and supply pressure, chart
of, 156
Mean B.T.U. value of, 2
effective pressure and h.p., table of, 12
and maximum work, chart of, 156
and work non-compression gas cycles,
chart of, 205
Diesel cycle, for heat added, chart
of, 215
Otto cycle, for various amounts of
heat added, chart of, 214
compression gas cycles. Bray ton,
' Carnot, Diesel, Otto and completeexpansion Otto, charts of, 212, 213
Mean effective pressure, determination of,
for single cylinder engines, chart of,
160
factors for Otto cycle engines, table of,
124
of compressors, one, two and three
stages, charts of, 154, 155
construction and use of charts, 140

Melting or freezing points, table of, 34

Mineral oils, calorific power of, table of, 89
crude, average distillation, products of,
table of, 99
properties of, table of, 92
Missing water, Heck's formula for, 18
Moisture, weight of, per cubic foot of saturated air, chart of, 177
Mollier diagram for ammonia, 226
for carbon dioxide, 227
total heat entropy diagram for steam,
95
Multi-stage compressors, mean effective
pressure of, chart of, 154
Napierian logarithms, 136
Napier's coefficient of steam flow, chart of,

218
Naphthalenes from Russian petroleum, table
of, -88
Natural gases, composition of, table, 91
Non-compression cycles, thermal efficiency,
heat and gas consumption, charts
of, 204
use of diagrams, 149
work and m.e.p. chart of, 205
Oil and gas engines, heat balances of, table
of, 123
Oil gas, properties of, table of, 90
producer gas, composition of, table of,
113
Oils, hydrocarbon, calorific power of, table
of, 90
mineral, calorific power of, table of, 89
crude, average distillation, products
of, table of, 99
properties of, table of, 92
Otto-cycle gas engines, diagram factors for,
table of, 122
mean effective pressure factors for,
tables of, 124
thermal efficiency, heat and fuel consumption, charts of, 210, 211
use of diagrams, 150
work, and m.e.p. for various amounts of
heat added, chart of, 214
Paraffines from Pennsylvania petroleum,
table of, 88
Parr's psychrometric diagrams, 176, 177
Peat, composition and calorific power of, 77
combustible and volatile of, 86
Petroleum and kerosene, fractional distillation of, chart of, 181
distillates, vapor pressure of heavy,
chart of, 174
ethylenes and naphthalenes from, table
of, 88

kerosenes, fractionation tests of, table of,

100
light, vapor pressure of, chart of, 173
paraffines from, table of, 88
Pipes, velocity of air in, chart of, 192
Piston positions for any crank angle, table of,
11

236

INDEX

Pitot tube readings and velocity of air, chart

of, 219
Pounds per square inch to inches of mercury,
conversion table, 10
Power and heat, conversion table, 7
(h.p.) and m.e.p., table of, 12
units of, conversion table of, 7
Pressure, barometric, table of, 8
constant of steam, with T^ diagram, 194
in inches of water, theoretical draft,
table of, 131
mean effective, for compressors, one two
and three stages, chart of, 154
rise, of gases and vapors at constant
volume, coefficient of, table, 27
temperature, relations for saturated
vapor, carbon dioxide, chart of, 166
for saturated vapor of ammonia,
chart of, 165
steam, chart of, 16, 167
volume relations of gases, charts of,
192
units of, conversion table, 6
vapor of heavy petroleum distillates,
chart of, 174
of hydrocarbons, chart of, 173
volume and T0 relations of gases, chart
of, 193
ratios, constants for, table of, 13
values of, for gases, various conditions, table of, 28

Pressures, interpretation of, 1

Producer gas, composition of, table of, 108
from fixed carbon, composition of hypothetical, chart of, 183
hypothetical from fixed carbon, B.T.U.,
heats of reaction, chart of, 184
powdered coal, composition of, table of,
116
tests of, table of, 114
Products of bituminous gas coal distillation,
table of, 99
of crude mineral oils, average distillation, table of, 99
Properties of ammonia and carbon dioxide,
tables of, how derived, 3
of mineral oils, table of, 92
of oil gas, table of, 90
of saturated carbon dioxide vapor, table
of, 50
ammonia vapor, table of, 41
steam, table of, 36
of superheated steam, tables of, 40
Psychrometer readings, chart of, 176. Construction and use of chart, 145
Quality, constant steam, lines of with T<^
diagram, 194
R, gas constant, table of, 28
Radiation coefficients, table of, 61
Rankine cycle (steam) thermal efficiency and
heat consumption, charts of, 196,
197
use of charts, 148, 149
work and jet velocity, charts of, 198,
199

Rate of combustion of coal with draft, diagram of, 186

table of, 119
of formation of CO from CO2 and carbon, table of, 106
Rational and empiric formulas, air and steam
flow, charts of, 216, 217
Reaction, heats of, for hypothetical producer
gas from fixed carbon, chart of, 184
Refrigerating effect per pound ammonia,
chart of, 222
carbon dioxide, chart of, 223
Refrigeration, work absorbed in by ammonia, charts of, 229
by carbon dioxide, charts of, 230

Relative thermal conductivity, table of, 68

work of two-stage compressors, compared to single-stage, chart of, 157
Resistance factors, flow change, table of, 125
Retort coal and coke oven gas, composition
of, table of, 94
s values of for adiabatic expansion of steam,
table of, 14
for various substances and conditions,
15
Saturated ammonia vapor, properties of,
table, 41
carbon dioxide vapor, properties, table
of, 50
steam, table of properties of, 36
Single cylinder engines, determination of
mean effective pressure in, chart
for, 160
-stage compressors, horse-power per
1,000 cu. ft. per minute supply
pressure gas, chart of, 151
work per cubic foot supply pressure,
chart of, 151
Sodium chloride brine, specific heat of, table,
25
Solids, coefficient of linear expansion of,
table of, 25
specific heats of, table, 20
Solutions, ammonia-water, relation between
total pressure and per cent NH3 in
solution, chart of, 179
relation between total pressure and
temperature, chart of, 178
between temperature and per cent
NH3 in solution, chart of, 180
table of relations of, 54
of partial pressures, 58
Specific gravity scale, Baume, table of, 19
heat of sodium chloride brine, table of,
25
of gases, chart of, 162; table of, 22
of liquids, table of, 24
of solids, table of, 20
of superheated steam, 2; chart of,
163
volume and density of the liquid,
(steam), chart of, 171, 172
Stack, see Chimney.
Steam, adiabatic expansion of, values of s
for, table of, 14
and air flow, charts of, 216, 217

INDEX

237

Steam, consumption of, and thermal efficiency, Carnot cycle, charts of, 200,
201
Rankine cycle, charts of, 196, 197
engine (piston) and turbine efficiency
factors, table of, 126
piston position and crank angle, table
of, 11
expansion and compression of, tabular values for given ratios of PV, 13
flow, curves of for superheated steam,
218
heat of the liquid, chart of, 168
heat per pound of, above feed temperature, chart of, 187
latent heat, chart of, 169
pressure-temperature, chart of, 167
relation between temperatures and
heat, chart of, 185
saturated, table of properties of, 36
specific heat of, 2
specific volume and density of the liquid,
chart of, 171, 172
superheated, table of properties of, 40
specific heat of, chart of, 163
tables, saturated 36; superheated, 40
thermal efficiency and heat consumption of (Rankine cycle), charts of,
196, 197
(Carnot cycle) charts of, 200, 201
total heat, chart of, 170
entropy, diagram for, MoUier, 195
work per pound of and jet velocity
(Carnot cycle), charts, 202, 203
Rankine cycle, charts of, 198, 199
Stirling gas cycle, thermal efficiency, heat
and fuel consumption, charts of,
206, 208
use of diagrams, 150
Superheated steam, flow of, chart of, 218
properties of, table of, 40
specific heat of, 2; chart of, 163
Supply pressure and maximum work, chart

of, 156
construction and use of chart, 141
Surface, units of, conversion table, 5
Symbols, table of, xv
Table of symbols, xv
Tables, see list of, pageix; also under separate headings.
Temperature-pressure, relations for ammonia saturated vapor, chart of,
165
relations for carbon dioxide saturated
vapor, 166
for steam, chart of, 167
volume relations of gases, charts of, 192
Temperatures and heat, relation of for gases,
chart of, 185
construction of chart, 146
Temperatures, Centigrade and Fahrenheit,
table of, 16
fixed, table of, 15
of ignition, 3; table of, 30
Thermal conductivity, table of internal, 65
table of relative, 68

Thermal efficiency and heat consumption,

Rankine cycle (steam), charts of,
196, 197
Carnot steam cycle, charts of, 200,
201
heat and fuel consumption, adiabatic
compression cycles, use of diagrams,
150
Thermal efficiency, heat and fuel consumption, Brayton cycle, charts of, 210,
211
Carnot cycle, charts of, 210, 211
complete expansion Otto, 210, 211
Diesel, 210, 211
Ericsson, 207, 209
Otto, 210, 211
Stirling, 206, 208
non-compression gas cycles, charts of,
204
Theoretical draft pressure in inches of water,
table of, 131
T<^ and PV relations of gases, chart of, 193
T(j> diagram and constant-volume lines, 191
for ammonia, 225
for carbon dioxide, 227
with lines of constant pressure and
quality for steam, 194
construction and use of diagram, 148

Three-stage compressors, horse-power of,

chart of, 153
work of, chart of, 153
Transfer of heat, table of, coefficients for,
62
Turbine and piston engines efficiency factors
for, table of, 126
Two-stage and three-stage compressors,
compared to single-stage, chart of,
157
Two-stage compressors, horse-power of,
chart of, 152
work of, chart of, 152
Unit of heat, 2
Units of distance, conversion table of, 5
of heat and power, conversion table, 7
of power, conversion table, 7
of pressure, conversion table, 6
of surface, conversion table, 5
of velocity, table, 7
of volume, conversation table, 5
of weight and force, conversion table, 5
of work, conversion table, 6
United States coke, composition of, table of,
98
Use and construction of charts, 139 to 150
Values of C for air flow, table of, 125
of the gas constant, R, table of, 28
of 5 for adiabatic expansion of steam,
table of, 14
for various substances and conditions, 15
of X for use in Heck's formula for missing
water, 18
Vapor pressure of the alcohols, chart of, 175
of heavy petroleum distillates, chart of,
174

238

INDEX

Vapor pressure of hydrocarbons of the gasolene class, chart of, 173

Vaporization, latent heat of, table of, 31
Velocity of air in pipes, chart of, 219
units of, table of, 7
Volatile and combustible of coals, lignites,
and peat, table of, 78
Volume, pressure and T</) relations of gases,
charts of, 193
-temperature-pressure relations of gases,
charts of, 192
units of, conversion table, 5
Volumetric efficiency of compressors, chart
of, 154
construction and use of chart, 140
expansion of gases and vapors at constant pressure, coefficient of, table
of, 26
Water, absorption of air by, table of, 60
gas, composition of, table of, 113
missing, from indicator card, 18
Weight and force, units of, conversion table
of, 5
Weights, atomic, international, table of,
34
Wet and dry bulb psychrometer readings,
chart of, 176
Wood and cellulose, table of comparison of,
69
Work absorbed in refrigeration by ammonia,
charts of, 229
by carbon dioxide, charts of, 230

Work absorbed and jet velocity, Carnot

steam cycle, charts of, 202, 203
Rankine cycle, (steam), charts of, 198,
199
and m.e.p. Diesel cycle for various
amounts of heat added, chart of,
215
Otto cycle, chart of, 214

for the compression gas cycles,

Brayton, Carnot, Diesel, Otto,
and complete expansion Otto,
chart of, 212, 213, 214, 215
for non-compression gas cycles,
charts of, 205
use of diagram, 149
Work, equal distribution of in compound
engines, chart of, 161
maximum, and supply pressure, chart
of, 156
of two-stage and three-stage compressors, compared to single-stage,
chart of, 157
per cubic foot of supply pressure gas for
single-stage compressors, chart of,
151
construction and use of chart, 139
for two-stage compressors, chart of,
152
construction and use of chart, 140
for three-stage compressors, chart of,
153
construction and use of chart, 140
units of, conversion table, 6