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KMB, 14/10/10

Number Theory: Elliptic Curves (M4P32, M5P32), Problem Sheet 1


1) Let k be a eld, and x n 1. For i with 1 i n+1, let i : k n Pn (k ) be the maps (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ) [a1 : a2 : . . . : ai1 : 1 : ai : ai+1 : . . . : an ], as in lectures. a) Write down an injective map i : Pn1 (k ) Pn (k ) (make sure its welldened) with the property that Pn (k ) is the disjoint union of the images of i and i (hint: given [y1 : y2 : . . . : yn ] in Pn1 (k ), insert a zero in the appropriate place). b) Check that the union of i (k n ) for 1 i n + 1 is equal to all of Pn (k ). c) Find a point of Pn (k ) which isnt in i (k n ) for 1 i n. Can you nd another one? 2) For each of the polynomials f C[x, y ] below, work out all the singular points on the graph f = 0 in C2 (dont worry about points at innity). (i) f (x, y ) = y x2 (ii) f (x, y ) = y 2 x2 (iii) f (x, y ) = (3y 7x + 6)2 (iv) f (x, y ) = y 2 x3 (v) f (x, y ) = y 2 x2 (x + 1) (vi) f (x, y ) = y 2 x4 1 Now re-do part (vi) with the base eld equal to the eld with two elements. Note that the answer is quite dierent! 3) Back to K = C. Let f (x, y ) = y 2 x4 1 and let F (X, Y, Z ) denote its homogenisation. i) Check that P := [0 : 1 : 0] P2 (C) satises F (P ) = 0. ii) Check that P is a singular point on the curve F = 0. Hint: this is a point at innity, so one has to use a i other than 3 . Only one of the other two choices works; for this choice, dehomogenise and do the calculation in the corresponding ane space. 4) Let F k [X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn+1 ] be homogeneous and let f = F (x1 , x2 , . . . , xi1 , 1, xi , xi+1 , . . . , xn ) be a dehomogenisation of F . Assume f = 0. Let P An (k ) be a point on the graph f = 0 and let Q Pn (k ) denote i (P ). Prove that P is a singular point on f = 0 if and only if Q is a singular point on F = 0. Hence the two notions of singularity I gave in lectures coincide, when they both make sense. 5) Verify B ezouts theorem, to the extent that this is possible without a denition of multiplicity, for the following pairs of examples (let the ground eld be the complex numbers) i) f = x 2y , g = x2 y 2 ii) f = x y , g = x2 + y 2 iii) f = x y , g = x y 1 iv) f = y 2 x3 + 1, g = x 1

6) Use the draw a line through a known point trick, common sense and, if possible, factoring, to nd all rational a, b such that f (a, b) = 0, where f (x, y ) are the polynomials below: (i) f (x, y ) = x2 + xy + y 2 3 (hint: x = y = 1 is a solution) (ii) f (x, y ) = x2 + xy + 3x (iii) f (x, y ) = x2 + x + y 2 + 2y (hint: x = y = 0 is a solution) (iv) f (x, y ) = x2 + y 2 (v) f (x, y ) = x2 4xy + 4y 2 (vi) f (x, y ) = y 2 2x2 7) (i) Let g (x) be a polynomial in C[x]. Prove, by equating coecients of powers of y , that if the polynomial f (x, y ) = y 2 g (x) factors as f (x, y ) = (ay + p(x))(by + q (x)) with a, b C and p(x), q (x) C[x], then g (x) must be a square in C[x]. (ii) Prove that the polynomial y 2 x is a polynomial of degree 2 over C which does not factor over C into two polynomials of degree 1, even though C is algebraically closed. 8) I proved in lectures (or will prove in lectures, depending on when you are reading this) that if a conic has a singular point then it factors into two linear factors. Show that the corresponding result is false for polynomials of degree 3, by checking that f (x, y ) = y 2 x3 has a singular point but is an irreducible element of C[x, y ]. Hint: if it were to factor then consider, not the usual notion of degree, but the degrees of the factors when considered as polynomials over y only. Now use Q7.

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