National Parks & Sanctuaries of Goa

Goa is a land whose major portion is allotted to forests and wildlife. Due to deforestation and extinction of certain species of animals becoming a serious issue, the wildlife sanctuaries in Goa are doing their best to preserve their flora and fauna. Presently there are six wildlife sanctuaries in Goa:

The Bondla Wildlife sanctuary at Bondla (8 sq km) The Bhagvan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary at Mollem (133 sq km) The Cotigao Wlidlife Sanctuary at Cotigao (86 square km) The Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary at Chorao Island (1.78 square km) At Madei (208 square km, proposed) At Netravali (211 square km, proposed) The Mollem national park at Mollem (107 square km)

Together these wildlife sanctuaries in Goa cover an area of 755 square km that is, around 60 per cent of forest area and 20 per cent of the geographical area of the state. Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary: the Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary is located 38 kms from Margao. It is more an ideal jungle resort than a sanctuary. It is a big favourite with school children and people who love nature. This wildlife sanctuary in Goa houses mini zoos, sprawling deer park in natural habitat, botanical and rose gardens that attract people throughout the year. Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary: The Bhagvan Mahavir Wildlife Sanctuary covers around 240 sq kms. Out of this, the forest-clad slopes of the Western ghats and its valleys are the biggest attractions. It is also the biggest of the three sanctuaries of Goa. The sanctuary is rich in wildlife. It is a paradise for bird watchers. There are also many important geological and historical features in this sanctuary. Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary: The Cotigao wildlife sanctuary in Goa is the second largest of all the wildlife sanctuaries in Goa. It covers an area of 105 sq km. It is covered with dense forest. As a result of which a varied wildlife, avian fauna and reptiles thrive and flourish. The ancient Jeevottam Partagal Math too lies near the sanctuary. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary: The Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is spread over 1.78 sq kms. It is located at the western tip of the island of Chorao along river Mandovi near Panaji. It is fully covered with species that thrive in mangrove areas. Varieties of local as well as migratory birds frequently visit there.
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National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuary in Africa See Africa's protected and endangered wildlife species. National Parks offer a chance to view big game in natural habitats. Eco-Tourism and Wildlife Conservation Eco-tourism is fast becoming a growing trend in Africa, and rehabilitation centers and sanctuaries offer the perfect to educate and inform the public about the dangers that so many African wildlife species face. Africa has a number of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries where the aim is to protect and preserve the number of threatened species on the continent. Africa's Best National Parks Pilanesberg National Park in South Africa, near Sun City is one of the best parks is the country. This park is a sanctuary for a host of wildlife, including Africas Big 5. The park is situated on a long extinct volcanic crater, and early presence of man can be seen in the various Stone and Iron Age sites that are scattered throughout the park. The Kruger National Park, also in South Africa boasts the Big 5, and 22,500 hectares of game park. The Kruger is one of South Africa's oldest game reserves and has been instrumental in pioneering conservation projects. Hluhluwe/Imfolozi in Kwa Zulu Natal is South Africa's oldest game park, and is world renowned for its efforts to save Africa's Rhinos. Their Rhino breeding project places Rhino in all the major game parks in Africa The Selous Game Reserve in Tanzania is primarily an elephant reserve, covering some 54,490sq kms. In addition to elephant, hippos, buffalo, wildbeest, hartebeest, sable antelope, greater kudu, eland, lion and leopard can be seen. Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary in Swaziland is another reserve worth visiting, and has a

range of species including white rhino, antelopes, sable, buffalo, hippo, crocodile and many species of birds.

Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary or Palpur-Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary (between latitudes of 2530- 2553N & longitude of 7707-7726E) lies in the Sheopur district of north western Madhya Pradesh, a state in central India. It is about 120 kilometres from Gwalior. An area of 344.686 square kilometres was set aside as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1981. Since then this has been elevated to the Kuno Wildlife Division with an additional area of 900 square kilometres as a buffer area around the Sanctuary. The park is home to many species of wild animals including wolves, monkeys, leopards and nilgai and possibly a few remaining Bengal Tigers History Wildlife Institute of India researchers confirmed that the Palpur-Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary is the most promising location to re-establish a free ranging population of the Asiatic lions and certified it ready to receive its first batch of translocated lions [1] from Gir Wildlife Sanctuary where they are highly overpopulated. There are large scale deaths in the population annually because of ever increasing competition due to animal overcrowding. Asiatic lion prides require large territories but there is limited space at Gir wildlife sanctuary, which is boxed in on all sides by heavy human habitation. [2] The Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary was selected as the reintroduction site for the endangered Asiatic lion because it is in the former range of the lions before it was hunted into extinction in about 1873.[3] It was selected following stringent international criteria and internationally accepted requirements & guidelines developed by IUCN/SSC Reintroduction Specialist Group[4] and IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group[5] which are followed before any reintroduction attempt anywhere in the world.

Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh is famous throughout the world for the temples of Khajuraho built in the 10th and 11th centuries, whose internal and external walls are embellished with exquisite stone carvings which portray every facet and mood of life, from the erotic to the divine, the commonplace to the sublime. A week-long Festival of Classical Dances is held at Khajuraho in February/March every year in which India's foremost exponents of dance perform against the spectacular backdrop of the floodlit temples. However, the State has much more than just khajuraho. With almost a third of its area covered with forests, it has as many as 11 National Parks and 31 Wildlife Sanctuaries (including the Kanha National Park and Bandhavgarh National Parks, Asia's largest wildlife sanctuary and tiger reserve). Apart from panthers, gaur (Indian bison) and a variety of deer, these Parks between them are home to one-sixth of the world's tiger population. Little wonder then that Madhya Pradesh wears the mantle of " Tiger State".

Madhav National Park is situated in Shivpuri District of Gwalior region in northwest Madhya Pradesh, India. Madhav National Park has total area of 354 km. It was set up in the year 1959.....

Founded in the year 1958, Shivpuri Wild life Sanctuary, or Madhav National Park lies in the state of Madhya Pradesh, in earlier times served as the hunting reserve of the Scindia rulers of Gwalior. The wild life sanctuary is a protected land guarded under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972. Shivpuri Wild life Sanctuary is placed at the distance of 110 km south from Gwalior is known for its tigers. The tourists can shoot the sight of tigers resting in their lairs or treading the vast jungle terrains. Shivpuri Wild life Sanctuary is also liked by the tourists for rich verdant grasslands and vegetation which comprises sal, teak, and khair forest. Having rich bio diversity in the land, Shivpuri Wild life Sanctuary offers good habitat for many of the animal and bird species. Sakhya Sagar, an artificial lake, besides other streams that meander their way through the forest adds a spectacular sight to the tourists all the year around. Still further for those who want to see the aura of sun set together with the birds flying back to their nests, and the roosting at the dusk are all rare scenes to catch into your imagination. Vicinity around Shivpuri Wild life Sanctuary In the vicinity of wildlife sanctuary lies a natural spring called Bhadaiya Kund, known for its mineral properties and healing. Chanderi, 127 Km away from wildlife Sanctuary, is the heritage village which is known for fine sarees. The sarees are the result of creative artwork of traditional weaving community of Chanderi. The Karera Bird Sanctuary 45 Km away from wildlife Sanctuary is the home to great Indian Bustard, a protected bird. At the distance of 180 kms. away from Shivpuri Wild life Sanctuary, in the state of Rajasthan lays the great Ranthambore tiger reserve. Further, in the vicinity of the sanctuary (20-40 kms.), the tourists can also explore forts, temples and monasteries such as Narwar, Bundela, Marwah and Surwaya. Shivpuri Wild life Sanctuary has hot summers, and extremely cold winters which are interspersed by wet rainy monsoons. The best time to visit the sanctuary is from June to March. The sanctuary located at central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh can be easily reached from different Indian states. Jhansi, lying at the distance of 100 kms. from sanctuary is connected to Mumbai and Delhi by train. Besides tourists can also opt for the charter flights from all major cites such as Mumbai, Delhi, Indore and Bhopal.

Wildlife Sanctuaries in West Bengal West Bengal is rich in wild life. About 13.38% of the total area is covered by forests. Altitudinal, physiographic and climatic variations have contributed to different habitat and wildlife in the state. There are 15 wildlife sanctuaries, 5 national parks and 3 tiger reserves in the state of West Bengal. Some of the famous wildlife sanctuaries and national parks are Sunderbans National Park, Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary, Sajnekhali Bird Sanctuary, Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park and Calcutta Zoo. Sunderbans National Park The Sunderbans National Park lies south of Kolkata, where the Ganga with its various tributaries form the largest delta of the world. Piyali, 70 kms from Calcutta via Dosarhat is the gateway to the Sunderbans. Sunderbans means the beautiful forests and derives its name from the words Sundari and ban, which means the forests of sundari or mangrove trees. Sunderbans is mainly covered by mangrove forests and vast saline mud flats and covers an area over 2500 square km in the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta and spread across to Bangladesh. The Sunderbans was declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1997. The Sunderbans are the largest estuarine forests in the world. It is a land of 54 tiny islands, crisscrossed by various tributaries of Ganga, that was once infested by Arakanese and Portuguese pirates and is now, the abode of varied flora and fauna. This tiger and biosphere reserve still preserves the natural habitat of 200 or more Royal Bengal Tigers. Besides Tiger, Spotted deer, jungle cat, fishing cat, Indian fox, mongoose, spotted deer, wild pig, Indian flying fox, wild boar, small Indian civet, Gangetic dolphin, rhesus monkey, snake, pangolin, sea turtle, cobra, python and crocodiles are the other wildlife which can be seen here. Sunderbans is also the breeding ground of immense variety of birds like Heron, Egret, Cormorant, Fishing Eagle, White Bellied Sea Eagle, Seagul, Tern, Kingfisher, Whimprel, Black-tailed Godwit, Little Stint, Eastern Knot, Curlew, Sandpiper, Golden Plover, Pintail, White-eyed Pochard and Whistling teal. The Sunderbans are accessible only by waterways. Motor launch facilities are available round the year. The ideal time to visit the Sunderbans is during the months of August to March. Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary The Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Alipurduar sub-division of Jalpaiguri district in West Bengal and about 124 km from Siliguri. This wildlife sanctuary is spread over an area of 114 square km. and located close to Phuntsholing in Bhutan. The nine tributaries of the Torsa river flow through the area which is shaded by tall grasses, mighty trees, perennial streams and sandy riverbanks. This sanctuary was established in the year 1941 for the protection of one-horned rhinos. The onehorned rhino, tiger, including the Royal Bengal Tiger, wild elephant, deer, bear, sambar, barking deer, hog deer, leopard, wild pig, bison and various other birds can also be seen here. Elephant safaris can be enjoyed at the Sanctuary. The best time to visit the sanctuary is between October and May. The nearest airport is situated at Bagdogra. Jaldapara is connected by road with Darjeeling and Siliguri. The Madarihat is the nearest railway station which is only 7 kms from the Sanctuary.

Rainwater harvesting Rainwater harvesting is the accumulating and storing of rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer. It has been used to provide drinking water, water for livestock, water for irrigation, as well as other typical uses. Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses and local institutions can make an important contribution to the availability of drinking water. Contents [hide]

1 Groundwater recharge 2 Advantages in urban areas 3 Quality 4 System sizing 5 History o 5.1 Early era o 5.2 Present day 5.2.1 India 5.2.2 Sri Lanka 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links

[edit] Groundwater recharge Rainwater harvesting can be used for groundwater recharge, where the runoff on the ground is collected and allowed to be absorbed, adding to the groundwater. [edit] Advantages in urban areas Rainwater harvesting can ensure an independent water supply during water restrictions, though somewhat dependent on end-use and maintenance, is usually of acceptable quality for household needs and renewable at acceptable volumes, despite climate change forecast.It produces beneficial effects by reducing peak storm water runoff and processing costs. In municipalities with systems, reducing storm runoff is especially important, because excess runoff during heavy storms leads to the discharge of raw sewage when treatment plant capacity cannot handle the combined flow. Rainwater harvesting systems are simple to install and operate. Running costs are negligible, and they provide water at the point of consumption. Rainwater harvesting in urban communities has been made possible by various companies. Their tanks provide an attractive yet effective solution to rainwater catchment. Sometimes a practice is adopted of directing collected rainwater deep inside the ground through pipes or shafts. Such a practice will carry surface pollutants to the ground water and thus pollute it. The best practice is to store water in ponds, lakes and other unlined surface reservoirs so that the water gets filtered through before entering the ground.

[edit] Quality As rainwater may be contaminated due to pollutants like microscopic germs etc., it is often not considered suitable for drinking without treatment. However, there are many examples of rainwater being used for all purposes including drinking following suitable treatment. Rainwater harvested from roofs can contain human, animal and bird faeces, mosses and lichens, windblown dust, particulates from urban pollution, pesticides, and inorganic ions from the sea (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4), and dissolved gases (CO2, NOx, SOx). High levels of pesticide have been found in rainwater in Europe with the highest concentrations occurring in the first rain immediately after a dry spell;[1] the concentration of these and other contaminants are reduced significantly by diverting the initial flow of water to waste as described above. The water may need to be analysed properly, and used in a way appropriate to its safety. In the Gansu province for example, harvested rainwater is boiled in parabolic solar cookers before being used for drinking.[2] In Brazil alum and chlorine is added to disinfect water before consumption.[citation needed] So-called "appropriate technology" methods, such as solar water disinfection, provide low-cost disinfection options for treatment of stored rainwater for drinking. [edit] System sizing It is important that the system is sized to meet the water demand throughout the dry season. In general, the size of the storage tank should be big enough to meet the daily water requirement throughout the dry season. In addition, the size of the catchment area or roof should be large enough to fill the tank. [edit] History [edit] Early era Around 3rd Century B.C., farming communities in Baluchistan and Kutch used rainwater harvesting for irrigation.[3] In Ancient Tamil Nadu, India, Rainwater harvesting were done by Chola kings.[4] Rainwater from Brihadeeswarar Temple was collected in Sivaganga tank.[5]. During the later Chola period Veeranam [vee-raa-nam] tank was built (1011 to 1037 AD) in Cuddalore district of Tamil Nadu to store water for drinking and irrigation purposes. Veeranam is a 16-kilometre (9.9 mi) long tank with a storage capacity of 1,465 mcft. [edit] Present day

Currently in China and Brazil, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being practiced for providing drinking water, domestic water, water for livestock, water for small irrigation and a way to replenish ground water levels. Gansu province in China and semi-arid north east Brazil have the largest rooftop rainwater harvesting projects ongoing. In Bermuda, the law requires all new construction to include rainwater harvesting adequate for the residents. The U.S. Virgin Islands have a similar law. In Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, the houses of the Diola-people are frequently equipped with homebrew rainwater harvesters made from local, organic materials.

In the United Kingdom water butts are often found in domestic gardens to collect rainwater, which is then used to water the garden. However, the British government's Code For Sustainable Homes encourages fitting large underground tanks to new-build homes to collect rainwater for flushing toilets, washing clothes, watering the garden, and washing cars. This reduces by 50% the amount of mains water used by the home. In the Irrawaddy Delta of Myanmar, the groundwater is saline and communities rely on mud-lined rainwater ponds to meet their drinking water needs throughout the dry season. Some of these ponds are centuries old and are treated with great reverence and respect. Until 2009 in Colorado, water rights laws almost completely restricted rainwater harvesting; a property owner who captured rainwater was deemed to be stealing it from those who have rights to take water from the watershed. Now, residential well owners that meet certain criteria may obtain a permit to install a rooftop precipitation collection system (SB 09-080).[6] Up to 10 large scale pilot studies may also be permitted (HB 09-1129).[7] The main factor in persuading the Colorado Legislature to change the law was a 2007 study that found that in an average year, 97% of the precipitation that fell in Douglas County, in the southern suburbs of Denver, never reached a streamit was used by plants or evaporated on the ground. In Colorado you cannot even drill a water well unless you have at least 35 acres. In New Mexico, rainwater catchment is mandatory for new dwellings in Santa Fe.[8] In Beijing, some housing societies are now adding rain water in their main water sources after proper treatment. In Ireland, Professor Micheal McGinley established a project to design a rain water harvesting prototype in the Biosystems design Challenge Module at University College Dublin. In Australia rainwater harvesting is typically used to supplement the reticulated mains supply. In south east Queensland, households that harvested rainwater doubled each year from 2005 to 2008, reaching 40% penetration at that time (White, 2009 (PhD)).

[edit] India

In Tamil Nadu, India rainwater harvesting was made compulsory for every building to avoid ground water depletion. It proved excellent results within five years and every other state took it as role model. Since the implementation, Chennai saw 50 per cent rise in water level in five years and the water quality significantly improved.[9][10] In Rajasthan, India rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practiced by the people of the Thar Desert. There are many ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan, which have now been revived [11] Kerala, India, Main article: Rainwater harvesting in Kerala

[edit] Sri Lanka

Rainwater harvesting has been a popular method of obtaining water for agriculture and for drinking purposes in rural homes. The legislation to promote rainwater harvesting was enacted through the Urban Development Authority (Amendment) Act, No. 36 of 2007[12].

Lanka rainwater harvesting forum[13] is leading the Sri Lanka's initiative.

[edit] See also Sustainable development portal Ecology portal

Air well (condenser) Chauka Dew pond Palathulli Rainwater Hog Siruthuli Rainwater tank Stormwater harvesting

[edit] References 1. ^ It's raining pesticides, New Scientist, 3 April 1999. 2. ^ Chen, Xuefei (2007-08-27). "Rainwater harvesting benefits farmers in Gansu". People's Daily Online. http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90781/6248934.html. 3. ^ "Rain water Harvesting". Tamilnadu State Government, India. http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/rainwater.htm. Retrieved 23 January 2012. 4. ^ "Believes in past, lives in future". The Hindu (India). 17 July 2010. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/07/17/stories/2010071754460800.htm. 5. ^ "Rare Chola inscription found near Big Temple". The Hindu (India). 24 August 2003. http://www.hindu.com/2003/08/04/stories/2003080402510500.htm. 6. ^ "Rainwater Collection in Colorado" (PDF). http://water.state.co.us/DWRIPub/Documents/DWR_RainwaterFlyer.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 7. ^ "Criteria and Guidelines for the Rainwater Harvesting Pilot Project Program" (PDF). http://cwcb.state.co.us/legal/documents/guidelines/finalrainwaterpilotcg.pdf. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 8. ^ Johnson, Kirk (June 28, 2009). "Its Now Legal to Catch a Raindrop in Colorado". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/29/us/29rain.html?em. Retrieved 2009-06-30. "Precipitation, every last drop or flake, was assigned ownership from the moment it fell in many Western states, making scofflaws of people who scooped rainfall from their own gutters. In some instances, the rights to that water were assigned a century or more ago." 9. ^ "Rain Water Harvesting in Tamil Nadu increase water level by 50%". Hindu.com. 2009-01-31. http://www.hindu.com/pp/2009/01/31/stories/2009013150010100.htm. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 10. ^ "Tamil Nadu praised as role model for Rainwater Harvesting". Thehindu.com. 2011-09-29. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tptamilnadu/article2495647.ece. Retrieved 2012-03-24. 11. ^ "Ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan". Rainwaterharvesting.org. http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/Rural/Traditional1.htm#kund. Retrieved 201203-24. 12. ^ http://www.lankarainwater.org/rwhsl/act_36_2007_e.pdf 13. ^ http://www.lankarainwater.org/

[edit] Bibliography

Frasier, Gary, and Lloyd Myers. Handbook of Water Harvesting. Washington D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1983 Geerts, S., Raes, D. (2009). Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas. Agric. Water Manage 96, 12751284 Gould, John, and Erik Nissen-Peterson. Rainwater Catchment Systems. UK: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1999. Hemenway, Toby. Gaias Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 2000. Lowes, P. (1987). "The Water Decade: Half Time". In in John Pickford (ed.). Developing World Water. London: Grosvenor Press International. pp. 1617. ISBN 0-946027-29-3. Ludwig, Art. Create an Oasis With Greywater: Choosing, Building, and Using Greywater Systems. California: Oasis Design, 1994. Pacey, Arnold, and Adrian Cullis. Rainwater Harvesting. UK: Intermediate Technology Publications, 1986. Pachpute J.S..(2010)A package of water management practices for sustainable growth and improved production of vegetable crop in labour and water scarce SubSaharan Africa.Agricultural Water Management.Volume 97, Issue 9, September 2010, Pages 1251-1258 Pachpute J S, Tumbo Siza D, Sally H, Mul M L .(2009).Sustainability of Rainwater Harvesting Systems in Rural Catchment of Sub-Saharan Africa. Water Resources Management, Volume: 23, Issue: 13 (2009).