Paris peace conference o conference of people who won o WW2- terms were redesigned o the big three negotiators

are democracy- design the terms to benefit them and so there is less flexibility o Wilson's idealism- not pragmatic, not old fashioned, mannerisms between countries to prevent war between countries, other countrieswar is irrelevant= causes problems o major empires Austro-Hungary, German ottoman empire peace treaty terms Cut off parts= weaken the country- resources lost o France gets land rich of coal- gets to mine coal for 15 years (Ruhr Crisis) Rhineland- occupied by league of nations troops German land but occupied and given to France to look after as mandates also lose people and therefore also lose labor recreation- less money- less money to develop = debts demilitarization- less German troops Anglo American guarantee- diplomacy, alliance against future German attackUK +USA + France= UK and USA did not give the guarantee, France begged Italy o Wanted land but could not get it because the residing nationalities were not Italian. o Was promised land- Treaty of London in 1915 but did not get it. Japanese discriminated in the west coast of America o Japan wanted security of them US wanted and was pressurized to punish German o Pressure from France o From US statesman because of Zimmerman telegram o Polish Americans wanted Poland Election was approaching So, wanted votes from polish Americans, America WANTED LEAGUE OF NATIONS IN RETURN OF GERMAN PUNISHMENT o Woodrow Wilson 14 points Frances reaction to 14 points o Clemenceau- skeptical about League of Nations and believed it to be too idealistic o Accepted it because afraid of American and German friendship and peace and Wilson threatened so in October 1918. Britains

o Hostile to freedom of sea o Accepted it = same reason as France. The purpose of the war should be to make the world safe for democracy. 14 points did not work out as well because of his weakened position after the November elections, 1918; Republicans won a majority in both houses. Britain wanted Middle East and India. o David Lloyd George demanded, in Trade Union Congress in January 1918 Germany to return all territory it had occupied during the war Independent Polish state Self determination for Austro-Hungarian + non- Turkish within Ottoman Empire. o MODERATE because British interests are in a German economic recovery. o STILL, pressed for heavy reparations because of public pressure = General Election of December 1918 = make Germany pay. o Germany was a barrier against bolshevism, o Did not want long term French- Britain commitments, o does not want Germans to get too angry o Hitler Czechoslovakia had German minorities and they were mistreated= Hitler got a reason to get Sutherland, o WANTS A HAPPY AND STRONG GERMANY for trade + wanted to get the greatest amount without pointing a gun at Germany France wanted European territory and harsh terms of punishment o George Clemenceau demanded The return of Alsace Lorraine (taken by Germany from France in 1871 The Rhineland to be taken from Germany and set up as an independent state Extensive demilitarization of Germany Reparations to provide compensation for the damage done to France during the war and to par for war pensions to French war veterans and war widows. Anglo American guarantee o War was fought in France so, wanted compensation for the destruction of French landscape= FRANCE PISSED and emotional blackmail, puri tarah se ladki hai o Insecurity issues= worried about their countrys security because they are weaker, o Punishment forced on Germany to extract money from Germany in the name of war reparations because if they did not, then all the countries would have to pay each other. o DOMINION- NOT IMPERIAL HOLDS BUT ASSOCIATED WITH BRITAIN, SHARE THE REPARATIONS RECEIVED BY BRITAIN and so they wanted extra money.

MODERATE OR NOT? not moderate because all war guilt pushed on Germany

Treaty of Versailles + League of Nations Woodrow Wilson vs. Congress of US of A Treaty of Versailles 440- 26 covenants about league of nations Article one- If you become a membe, then you have to agree to all the terms Any state can become a member if everybody agrees o They can be told off for their naval, military and armaments. o 2 years temporary stay. o You can join anyhow but conditions on exit o US- wanted to sit on top of the council but the treaty demanded equality and the council would be the head which was disappointing and pissing US. o US did not sign it because it VIOLATED THE CONSTITUTIONAL, JUDICIAL AND CONGRESSIONAL LAWS. Anglo American Guarantee France wanted Rhineland to be detached from Germany or occupy them. In return, Rhienland is demilitiarialized. France asked America and UK to promise troops if Germany attacks. Anglo American Guarantee, League of Nations and treaty of Versailles were never signed because US did not want to sign it. So, the treaties were changed. France did not get the guarantee from UK and USA= so, formed alliances with the little countries- little entente. All the new and little countries around Germany were strengthening its border as they were powerless. France noticed this and made a little entente with these countries promising them military aid during German attack. Thus, the countries around Germany grew strong weakening its border. All the conferences dealt with naval disarmaments because of Japano Military exchange with Japan would require strong navies because Japan is surrounded by seas. o Also because after war, land armies were weak compared to the Naval armies. Washington Conference 1921-22 Japan to sign a naval treaty with Britain and United Nations Japan to obtain official recognition because of Japan's special interests in Manchuria and Mongolia. Concerned about growing presence of American Pacific Fleets America= to restrain Japanese naval expansion in pacific Conference organized by two world powers and not by League of Nations. o Disarmaments and concerns about Middle East o All parties deal with naval tonnage o Japan- lowest naval ratio o China- open door policy with China for more trade possibilities for everyone

Japan dissatisfied with low relative tonnage. 4 powers- US, Great Britain, France and Japan Respect each other's interests in Pacific Notify if an attack is being foreshadowed, No promises made to restrain action o 5 power- US, Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy agreed to cease battleship production for 10 years Reduced fleet of capital ships to a fixed ratio expected to produce a balance of forces in the Pacific o 9 power- 5 powers + Belgium, Netherland, Portuguesse China's independence Open door policy All should be allowed to exploit China Opium wars in china which opened up China and everyone started investing in china and exploiting its resources Guaranteed territorial integrity of China Measures taken to assist China financially so that it prospers economically Japan gave the Shantung Peninsula back to China o no provisions for enforcements of treaty o France was disappointed with her ratio but was allowed to build light ships and submarines for protection. Despite of this, they felt that they did not receive the special treatment that they felt entitled to because of possible German threat Successes and failures o First step towards implementation of disarmament policy at international level o Limitations on the use of submarines in war o Ban of use of poison gas in warfare o At a national level, all countries involved spent less money on building up armies and costs of naval race o Italy happy because Italy= France o Members agreed not to build fortifications in Pacific o Some progress related to Far East but could not enforce the treaty of Nine Powers = could not prevent the Manchurian crisis in 1931 o Relative success for disarmament agreement because Small number of countries Naval armaments cannot be produced secretly Assembly of vessels is a slower process than production of most armaments o o

London Conference 1930 o Naval disarmament to next step o Submarines and smaller warships o World economies going through Great Depression o Explanation for agreement

All countries going through great Depression, they do not want to waste resources in naval race o Treaty for the limitation and reduction of Naval Armament Modified the naval ratio between UK, USA and Japan, where Japan gained as Japan= Britain for submarines Did not reduce the likelihood of war It allowed naval escalation for self defense by a non member party o After the GREAT DEPRESSION, people were willing to save and so this was successful. o Included smaller warships compared to Big ships in Washington Geneva Disarmament Conference 1932- 34 Aimed at total arms reduction Complex economic and political crises Disarming to lowest point compatible = idealistic and dangerous because of the approaching war France and Germany's views were contradicting France is not going to disarm further because wanted guarantee from other nations against German aggression 1932- 1934 Germany does not want to sign it and since Hitler in power, he asks everyone to disarm equally o nobody would agree to it o So, give him an excuse to pull out of the conference and the league of the nations. o Demanded equality of rights o Other countries should disarm to their level or they would rearm to the level of all countries o January 1933 after Hitler came to power, he withdrew Germany from League of Nations and from the conference Participants could not agree on definition of disarmament- landline, offensive and defensive? o Offensive and defensive weapons? Which are to be kept and which are to be disarmed? o Led to friction o Little achieved Controlling and verifying the arms and who is going to control and implement the theory. o German disarmament had been hard to control o Negotiations between Moscow and Berlin in 1920s had allowed German military to grow despite of the terms of Treaty of Versailles o How would a legal organization enforce the disarmament without using the principle of sovereignty? Limitations to the rights of the organization? o If a disarmed nation is attacked, who would come to its defense? International crisiss o economic crises= depression,

o o

Political crisiss= radicalization of political theories= war is approaching so, no one wants to disarm. Japans invasion of Manchuria.

Rapallo o Russia too involved with themselves and need economic strengths and aid. o Germany should not see Russia as a threat and therefore, should work with Russia Article 1- Russia and Germany are wiping the slate clean Reciprocal equal relations between nations Article 3- Germany recognizing Bolshevik government = Happy Russia because it was not recognized by League of nations and US as legitimate government Article 4- both will be best friends for economic relations Article 5- support each other economically Secret clauses- military exchanges- allow Germany to practice war with Russia on Russian land+ make armaments and armies Russia lying to France over the treaty of Rapallo- also reminding France about hostility during civil wars, assurances about Russians and Germans agreements- no economic and military agreements Sources on page 32, golden book, oxford All sources say that Russia is not a threat and Germany can learn from Russia All sources want Russia and Germany to become friends All sources- economic assistance will be mutual Source D- Poland, ulterior motives for signing Germany wishes to self strengthen Cheherin is the foreign minister Also mentions the excess of armaments which goes against the league of nations o Main reason is the diplomatic isolation faced by both countries Russia was not recognized by any other country as a legitimate government Bolshevism was threatening existing political systems On the other hand, Germanys military pride was crushed by France and Treaty of Versailles and they wanted to escape the control of the Allies + strengthen its forces o Addressed military cooperation and a way to violate the Treaty of Versailles o Britain and France surprised o Russian reassurance made to French but they did not believe it o French even more angry on Germany = Ruhr Crisis o 1923- relations between Germany and West improved because of Locarno Treaty, Locarno honeymoon o Germany admitted into League of Nations

Great Depression Paxton packet and all the answers Influence on international relations in the years after 1929 Roots in the weakened state of many nations after the First World War o Germany o UK o Had been economic powerhouses before 1914 Turmoil in Russia and Eastern Europe further weakened trade and world markets War debts Governments deficits Political and social turmoil Nations were no longer willing to cooperate and became close minded while becoming too involved in themselves o Increased tariffs o Ceased contact with neighboring countries o Situation worse in democratic countries where public demanded increased supply of money and increased government spending Produced aggressive state such as Japan and its invasion of Manchuria o They argued that without the resources from Manchuria, they would starve Brought Hitler to power o Initial main aim was to destroy the Versailles treaty o Worsening economic conditions= expansion by capturing Lebensraum Maintenance of world peace was becoming harder Destroyed the Locarno honeymoon Weakened Britain and France During WWI, many countries had relied on loans from America to finance their armies. When Wall Street crashed, American banks started demanding their money back while American investment was pulled out of European economies German economy was based on American credit and when America started pulling out the money, German banking collapsed France and Britain were troubled as US was demanding money from them France and Britain could not pay back unless germany paid them Productivity levels collapsed Protectionist policies were implemented o Protection of national industry and economy by preventing foreign competition through tariffs or quotas Gold standard was abandoned o Monetary policy o Currency backup with a reserve of gold o Value of currency, under the gold standard, is given by the amount of gold possessed by the government

Manchurian Crisis

Japan wanted to increase his influence and that is why they wanted to conquer China when China was at its weak point because Chinese dynasty, Qing dynasty had collapsed. o Shangdong province was invaded by Japan during WWI because it was German province and the Versailles treaty also agreed with the Chinese hold. o Japan's 14 demands were refused by China but then Japan gave an ultimatum and then they were forced to agree but Japan also decreased group 5 from their demands. o America also allowed Japan to have more military according to Washington treaties. Thus, Japan was the strongest military power in the East. o Japan, an important player in International Relations while China was facing internal problems and disintegration for many years o China turned towards Marxism following Bolshevik example o Japans aggressive foreign policy Implementation of protectionist policies all over the world lead to sharp decline in Japans exports Economy strained by growing population This challenged countrys resources and made it dependent on imports Japanese immigrants faced prejudice and anti immigration laws Political instability to Japan as Japanese army angry with disarmament Application of an expansionist policy Manchuria was attractive because produced 1/3 percent of worlds soya beans while having large reserves of coal and iron Strong Japanese influence as Russo Japanese war granted them the lease of Southern Manchurian railway with the right to protect it 1927- Chinese civil war caused many unpunished and ignored acts of hostility against foreigners, especially Japanese and, Japanese, along with Great Britain, another investor in China, felt the need to protect their citizens while global sympathy for Japan increased Mukden Incident o 1931 o September 18, bombing near South Manchurian railway supposedly caused by China o Given this, Japanese forces advanced in areas of Manchuria beyond the railway o China appealed as a victim to the League of Nations League and the Manchurian Crisis o Japan was a permanent member of the League o China was a recent non- permanent member o Japanese government ready to cooperate but Japanese army continued to advance o Japanese army not in control of Japanese government o Sent Lytton to enquire the case along with representatives from US, France, Germany and Italy o Delays caused by late arrival of commission and continuous interviews o March 1932, Manchuria became Manchukuo under Japan with the last ruler, Pu Yi o

Japanese arguing that they were protecting their civilians from outraged Chinese o Conclusions of Lytton Report o Japan had special rights o China responsible for deteriorating relations between two countries o Rejected the use of military, police force to protect Japanese in Manchuria o Refused to recognize Manchuria as Manchuko o Rejected Japanese explanation of independence movements o Japan should withdraw its troops and recognize Chinas hold over Manguria o Manchuria should adopt self government until China is sorted out o Japan and China should open negotiations o Lytton report not accepted by Japan o Japan withdrew from League over Manchuria 1933 Italian invasion of Abyssinia, 1935- 36 o When Italy prevented Hitlers invasion of Austria, it was seen as a valuable ally against Nazi Germany o German haters, France, Italy and UK signed Stresa Front in 1935 to stop German expansion o 1935, Britain signed Anglo German Naval Agreement with Germany o Following the example, Italy invaded Abyssinia o Redress the humiliation of 1896 defeat and failed invasion while obtaining overseas territories and transforming Italy into an Imperial power o Depression in Italy caused him to develop an aggressive foreign policy aimed at gaining access to resources, markets and territories for the growing Italian population o 1934- intended clash between Italian and Abyssinian armies which lead to death of 30 Italian soldiers o Italy demanded Wal Wal Oasis and compensation of soldiers in the incident o Haile Selassie hoped that League and other countries would help against Italian aggression but League was reluctant on helping Abyssinia while going against Italy because Italy was a influential member of the League. o Despite of the arms embargo placed on both countries, which only affected Abyssinia, Italy continued invasion and refused any offers of arbitration o Britain and France offered Mussolini territorial concessions to prevent war but all offers were refused o October 1935, Italian troops invaded Avyssinia o League declared him an oppressor and imposed economic sanctions to deprive him of goods and force Italians out Countries did not take it seriously They continued to trade Sanctions took too long to be implemented Excluded goods such as coal, oil and steel o

Mussolini had joined Hitler in Rome Berlin Axis

France and Britain continued to trade They were afraid of losing an ally against Germany They wanted Mussolini in the group of German haters Britain kept the Suez Canal open to allow Italian troops in Abyssinia Sacntions not fully implemented by US Japan and Germany ignored them

Peacekeeping under the League of Nations Event League of Nations found Conflict over Teschen 1920 US Congress votes against membership of the League First Session of the Council Conflict over Vilna o Vilna used to be the capital of Lithuania before Poland invasion o After independence, Lithuania wanted Vilna to be its capital o Poland wanted Vilna and justified his claim by arguing that 30 percent of the population was Polish o Poles invaded Vilna o Lithuania went to League for decision and pleaded o Poles still did not leave the city o Conference of Ambassadors gave Vilna to Poland 1920-21 Aaland Islands Conflict o Most Aalanders were ethnically Swedish, even though Aaland Islands were Finnish territory, and they wanted to be ruled by Sweden o Accepted Finnish sovereignty while promising to protect the rights of the minorities o League did not want to make changes in the situation 1921 Upper Silesia plebiscite o Rich coal area inhabited by Germans and Poles o League carried out a vote (plebiscite) to decide to whom should this area go to o The results favored Germany o The votes were very close leading to riots and confrontations among Poles and Germans o Differences between Britain and France also determined the conflict o France did not want the land to go to Germany and if it goes to Poland, then it would strengthen its economy o Britain asked to respect Leagues decision o League of Nations split the land and more was given to Poland Year 1919

1923 1924

1925

1926 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1937

Conflict over Memel Italian occupation of Corfu (1923) o Supposedly plotted and intentional murders of some Italian delegation officers o Italy demanded compensation but Greece refused o Italy invaded Corfu under Mussolinis direction and bombarded the area o Greece went to League of Nations o League asked Italy to leave the area and assured that after investigation, they will declare the result o Italy rejected the proposal and threatened to abandon the League o Conference of Ambassadors ruled in favor of Italy o Greece had to pay compensation to Italy and Italy abandoned Corfu Conflict over Mosul Conflict between Greece and Bulgaria o Clash between patrolling soldiers on borders of Greece and Bulgaria where a Greek soldier died o Greece invaded Bulgaria o Bulgaria appealed to the League of Nations o League ordered ceasefire, Greek withdrawal from Bulgaria while Bulgaria was made to compensate for the aggression Germany becomes a member of League of Nations Japanese invasion of Manchuria World Disarmament Conference starts War between Bolivia and Paraguay Japan withdraws from the League USSR becomes a member of League Italian invasion of Abyssinia Italy withdraws from the League