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1. VARIATIONS IN TOOTH NUMBER 1.A. Decrease in Number: Anodontia, Oligodontia and Hypodontia
Anodontia (congenital absence of teeth) and oligodontia (only a few teeth present) are rare conditions, often associated with generalised disorders. Hypodontia (one or a few teeth missing) is a common condition. Hereditary factors are often involved in the congenital absence of teeth. Teeth can also be missing as a result of disturbances (e.g., trauma, infection, chemical irritation) during initial development.(1) Hypodontia in the permanent dentition is more frequent than in the primary dentition. When a primary tooth is congenitally missing, its permanent successor is often missing too, though not necessarily.(2) Premolars and incisors are the most frequently affected teeth. Some systemic disorders are connected with hypodontia/oligodontia in the permanent dentition: e.g. ectodermal dysplasia in the hairless breeds.(3) Radiography is essential to differentiate missing teeth from impacted and embedded teeth.
Clinical importance: In hypodontia mainly cosmetic, differentiation between possible hereditary and proven traumatic causes is important for breeding dogs.
2. ALTERATIONS IN SIZE
Alterations in size are of limited clinical importance in dogs and cats. Teeth that are smaller than normal are microdont. When they are larger than normal they are referred to as macrodont. Teeth present in dogs with ectodermal dysplasia often are too small and of simple conical shape.(5) Sometimes supernumerary teeth are smaller than normal. Clinical importance: Mainly cosmetic, although a macrodont tooth may need to be extracted because of interference with comfortable occlusion.
Concrescence. Concrescence is the fusion of adjacent alreadyformed teeth by cementum. It may take place before or after eruption. It is a form of fusion where the teeth are united by cementum only. It is thought to arise from trauma or crowding of teeth.(5) Clinical importance: This condition is insignificant unless one tries to extract one of the teeth involved. Again, before doing any extraction at all, radiography is mandatory!
3.B. Dilaceration
Dilaceration refers to a sharp bend or curve or angulation in the root or crown of a tooth. The cause is usually acute mechanical trauma during the development of the tooth such that the position of the calcified portion of the tooth is changed and the remainder is formed at an angle. The curve or bend may occur anywhere along the length of the tooth. Hereditary factors are supposed to be involved only in a small number of cases.(4) Clinical significance: A dilacerated crown may be an esthetic problem. Extraction or endodontic treatment may be difficult in case of a dilacerated root. Severely dilacerated teeth may be unable to erupt.
Accessory roots can be seen in dogs and cats. Most commonly involved are the upper third premolar in the dog and the upper second (9%) and third premolar (10%) in the cat.(8) Clinical significance: Radiographic recognition of supernumerary roots is very important when endodontic treatment or extraction of the involved tooth is necessary.
(normal amount, hypomineralized = enamel hypocalcification). (5) Some disturbances affect both matrix formation and mineralization. Enamel defects occur with injury during the formative stage of enamel development; once the enamel has calcified, no such defect can be produced.(4) Etiologic factors may occur locally or systemically. Examples of etiologic factors include: vitamin deficiencies (rickets), epitheliotropic viruses, hypocalcemia, excessive fluoride ingestion, local infection, or trauma. Sometimes, no apparent cause can be identified (idiopathic). The extent of the defect(s) depends on the intensity of the etiologic factor, the duration of the factors presence and the time at which the factor occurs during tooth development.(5) , Since the ameloblasts are one of the most sensitive cells in the body in terms of metabolic requirements, any serious nutritional deficiency or systemic disease is potentially capable of producing enamel hypoplasia.
3. Foil C. In: Hoskins JD, ed. Veterinary Pediatrics. Philadelphia: WB Saunders: 366, 1993. 4. Shafer WG, Hine MK, Levy BM. Developmental disturbances of Oral and Paraoral structures. In: A textbook of Oral Pathology, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders: 2-80, 1974. 5. Regezi JA, Sciubba J. Abnormalities of teeth. In: Oral Pathology: Clinical-Pathologic correlations. Philadelphia: WB Saunders: 494-501, 1993 6. Wiggs RB, Lobprise HB. Developmental Pathology. In:Veterinary Dentistry: Principles and practice. Philadelphia: LippincottRaven: 105112, 1997 7. DeForge DH. Dens in Dente in a six year old Doberman Pinscher. JVetDent 9(3): 9, 1992 8. Verstraete FJM, Terpak CH. Anatomical variations in the dentition of the domestic cat. JVetDent 14(4):137-140, 1997 9. Verstraete FJM. Dental disease and microbiology. In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 2nd ed. Slatter D, ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders: 2316-2326, 1993