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Phase Diagrams
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The Solubility of Sugar
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EFFECT OF T & COMPOSITION
• water- 80
(liquid)
sugar
60 +
system L S
(liquid solution (solid
40 i.e., syrup) sugar)
20 A(70,20)
2 phases
0
0 20 40 60 70 80 100
Co=Composition (wt% sugar)
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COMPONENTS AND PHASES
• Components:
The elements or compounds which are mixed initially
(e.g., Al and Cu)
• Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions.
Aluminum- β (lighter
Copper
phase)
Alloy
α (darker
phase)
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3
Interpretation of Phase Diagrams
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Cu-Ni Phase Diagram
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Complete Solid Solution: Isomorphous Alloys
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Interpretation of Phase Diagrams
• Phases present.
• Determination of phase
compositions.
• Determination of phase
amounts.
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Cu-Ni Phase Diagram
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The Lever Rule: A Proof
• Sum of weight fractions: WL + Wα = 1
• Conservation of mass (Ni): Co = WL CL + Wα Cα
• Combine above equations:
= Cα − Co = S Co − CL = R
WL Wα =
Cα − CL R + S Cα − CL R + S
• A geometric interpretation:
CL Co Cα moment equilibrium:
R S WLR = WαS
WL Wα
1− Wα
solving gives Lever Rule
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Concept Check 10.2
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Development of Microstructure during Equilibrium Solidification
• Phase diagram:
Cu-Ni system.
• System is:
--binary
i.e., 2 components:
Cu and Ni.
--isomorphous
i.e., complete solubility of
one component in
another; a phase field
extends from 0 to 100wt%
Ni.
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Development of Microstructure during Nonequilibrium Solidification
• Diffusion
• Cooling Rate
• Segregation
• Cored Structure
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CORED VS EQUILIBRIUM PHASES
• Cα changes as we solidify.
• Cu-Ni case: First a to solidify has Cα = 46wt%Ni.
Last a to solidify has Cα = 35wt%Ni.
• Fast rate of cooling: • Slow rate of cooling:
Cored structure Equilibrium structure
Uniform Cα:
First α to solidfy:
46wt%Ni 35wt%Ni
Last α to solidfy:
< 35wt%Ni
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Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys
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Solid-Solution Strengthening
Fig. 8.17
Fig. 8.18
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Cu-Ag Phase Diagram
Invariant Point
(Eutectic Point)
Eutectic Isotherm
(parallel to the composition axis,
Extends between the maximum solubility positions)
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Eutectic Reaction
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Lead-Tin Eutectic System
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H2O-NaCl Phase Diagram
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Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
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Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
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Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
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Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
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Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
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Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys
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Relative Amount of Each Phase
Fraction of eutectic microconstituent We
Fraction of eutectic liquid WL
Fraction of primary α, Wα’
Fraction of total α, Wα
Fraction of total β, Wβ
We = WL = P/(P+Q)
Wα’ = Q/(P+Q)
Wα = Q+R/(P+Q+R)
Wβ = P/(P+Q+R)
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Intermediate Phases
Intermediate
Phases
Terminal
Phase
Terminal
Phase
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The magnesium-Lead Phase Diagram
Intermetallic
Compound
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Peritectic Reaction
δ+L ε
cooling
heating
• The peritectic reaction, upon heating, proceeds to completion at a
constant temperature.
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Congruent and Incongruent Transformations
β+L
HfV2 + L
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There are two eutectics.
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One eutectic and two eutectoid reactions.
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Ternary Phase Diagrams
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The Gibbs Phase Rule
P+F=C+N
P: The number of phases
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The Gibbs Phase Rule (example)
P+F=C+N
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The Iron-Iron Carbide Phase Diagram
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Classification of Ferrous Alloys
Iron
(0-0.008 wt% C) Steel
(0.008-2.14 Cast Iron
wt% C) (2.14-6.70 wt% C)
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Hypoeutectoid Alloy
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Hypereutectoid Alloy
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The Influence of Other Alloying Elements
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