1.0 What is data logging?

From the definition of Wikipedia, data logger is an electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either with a built instrument or sensor via external instruments and sensors. Increasingly, but not entirely, they are based on a digital processor or computer. They generally are small, battery powered, portable, and equipped with a microprocessor, internal memory for data storage, and sensors. Some data loggers interface with a personal computer and utilize software to activate the data logger and view and analyze the collected data, while others have a local interface device such as keypad, LCD and can be used as a stand-alone device. The other meaning of data logging the process of using a computer to collect data through sensors, analyze the data and save and output the results of the collection and analysis. We can get the data and save in computer. Data logging also implies the control of how the computer collects and analyzes the data. Data logging is commonly used in scientific experiments and in monitoring systems where there is the need to collect information faster than a human can possibly collect the information and in cases where accuracy is essential. Examples of the types of information a data logging system can collect include temperatures, sound frequencies, vibrations, times, light intensities, electrical currents, pressure and changes in states of matter.

2.0 What are the advantages using data logging? One of the advantages of data logging is measurement are always taken at the right time. Unlike a human, computer will not forget to take a reading or to take a reading too late or too early. Human sometimes will miss take the reading because of the experiment needed to take the reading in the scale of short time. Other advantage is mistakes are not made in reading the result. All reading already detect by sensor. Human always can make errors. For example is it quite easy to misread the temperature using the scale of thermometer and expose to parallax error. Time intervals for collecting data can be very frequent and regular. Data logging is a device that can be sent to places that human cannot easily get

to. For example is to the planet Mars, onto a roof of a tall building to get whether station and many more. We can use data logging at any time because data logging can be carried out 24 hours a day, 365 days of the year. We also can easily get the graph and tables at that time because graph and tables of result can be produced automatically by the data logging software. 3.0 What are the disadvantages using data logging? Although is come with a lot of benefit, but it also have the disadvantages. If the data logging equipment breaks down or malfunctions, some data could be lost or not recorded. If the common experiment, the data recorded manually. The equipment will only take readings at the logging interval which has been set up. If something unexpected happens between recordings, the data will not be collected. Although the equipment of data logging is small but the price is so expensive. It must take in considerable. The sensor is sensitive. Sensors must be carefully calibrated otherwise they could be taking the wrong readings. 4.0 Application of using data logger. There is 4 stages in the strategy of teaching and learning that is engaging, empowering, enhance and closure. 4.1 Engaging Ali put his balloon in refrigerator in the morning to avoid his little sister take his balloon. In the evening, he wants to play with his balloon. But, he found his balloon become smaller. He confuse with this situation. Then, he got an idea. He immerses his balloon into warm water. After a while, the balloon becomes bigger. He very happy. Questions: Why his balloon become smaller when we put in refrigerator? Why his balloon expand in warm water? 4.2 Empowering 4.21 Title: the relationship between volume and temperature of the gas

4.22 Introduction : The relationship between volume and temperature of gas can be shown by using Charles law equation. Charles's law also known as the law of volumes is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated. Charles's law state that: At constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature on the absolute temperature scale. It means that the gas will expands as the temperature increase. Expands of gas means the volume become increases with the pressure keep constant. When the temperature increases, the volume of gas also increases. In mathematical equation , usefully expressed as follows: , where V is the volume of the gas and T is the absolute temperature. The law can also be

Volume is directly proportional to temperature. Also known as the law of volumes, Charless Law is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated. It was first published by French natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, although he credited the discovery to unpublished work from the 1780s by Jacques Charles, hence the name. This law applies generally to all gases, and also to the vapours of volatile liquids if the temperature is more than a few degrees above the boiling point. Given the interest in hot air balloons at the time, it is certainly understandable why Gay-Lussac, Charles and other scientists around the globe were so interested in the relationship between volume, pressure and temperature when it came to gasses. The temperature of the gases increases cause the volume of the container to increase. This is due to the increasing in kinetic energy cause the walls container to increase. Some important note in Charles Law:

The accepted temperature at which the volume of an ideal gas would be zero is -273.15

C.

A temperature scale that starts at this temperature but has the same degree-size interval as the Celsius scale is called the absolute scale or Kelvin scale, and the degree intervals are called Kelvin.

When temperatures are expressed using this scale, Charles' Law can be written as: V = kT + constant, or V1/T1 = V2/T2

An extremely important skill is to be able to predict whether the volume will increase or decrease. When heated, the volume increases, so the cool volume will be multiplied by a ratio larger than one (larger than unity) to find the warm volume. It is better to get this sense of how values will change than to try to memorize many formulas. 4.23 Objective: To study the changes in a volume of a gas with the changes of the temperature at a constant pressure 4.24 Apparatus and materials: Balloon Water Beaker Boiling tube Temperature and pressure sensor Computer Hot plate Retort stand

Procedure:

1. Set up the apparatus as shown in figure 1.

balloon

Boiling tube beaker

water

Hot plate

Figure 1 2. Make sure the sensor is connected to computer and boiling tube 3. The initial balloon is shrink 4. The water inside the beaker is heated using the hot plate. And the temperature is taken by using temperature sensor. 5. Start the experiment with the button start on computer to take the reading of volume inside the balloon. 6. Quickly hot plate is turn on to rise up the temperature 7. Take the reading of the temperature until the balloon expand

Result :

Before Experiment : balloon shrink

After experiment : balloon expand

A graph of x against is plotted. A linear graph is obtained. When extrapolated, length x = 0 occurs when gas temperature, = 273C

When the Celsius scale is replaced with the Kelvin scale, a linear graph that goes through origin is obtained.

Discussion : From the result of the experiment, we can see from the graph the temperature increase and the balloon expand by calculation. Charles' Law describes the direct relationship of temperature and

volume of a gas. Assuming that pressure does not change, a doubling in absolute temperature of a gas causes a doubling of the volume of that gas. A drop of absolute temperature sees a proportional drop in volume. The volume of a gas increases by 1/273 of its volume at 0C for every degree Celsius that the temperature raises. To explain why this happens, we must explore temperature and volume in terms of gases. Temperature is an average of molecular motion. This means that, while all of the gas molecules are moving around their container in different directions at different speeds, they will have an average amount of energy that is the temperature of the gas. The volume of the gas is the size of its container because the molecules will move in a straight line until they impact something that is another molecule or the container. However, to move as they do, the molecules require kinetic energy, which is measured by temperature. As the temperature increases, kinetic energy also increases. So, the volume and temperature are very closely related. If the temperature was not sufficient, the molecules would not be able to overcome the weak forces of attraction among them and would not be able to fill the container. the volume will not change until there is sufficient force of attraction which is come from the temperature rises. Charles' Law must be used with the Kelvin temperature scale. This scale is an absolute temperature scale. At 0 K, there is no kinetic energy (Absolute Zero). According to Charles' Law, there would also be no volume at that temperature. This condition cannot be fulfilled because all known gases will liquify or solidify before reaching 0 K. The Kelvin temperature scale is Celsius -273.15 . Therefore, zero Kelvin would be -273.15 and any Celsius temperature can be converted by to Kelvin by adding 273.15 Any unit of volume will work with Charles' Law, but the most common are liters (dm3) and milliliters (cm3). Question 1. The volume of an ideal gas sample is 242 mL at 23 C. Predict the volume of this gas at 0 C. Volume of gases = 242 mL x (0+273)/(23+273) = 223 mL

2. A balloon filled with air at room temperature is place on dry ice. Predict any changes that will be observed, and justify that prediction. A balloon does not have constant volume. Cooling the gas inside a balloon will cause the volume to decrease. 4.3 Enhance 4.3.1 Ping Pong Balls Little children come up with ingenious ways of mending their toys. One of them is removing the dent from a ping pong ball. What is the best solution to change the ping pong balls into their original shape? When a ping pong ball gets dented without being punctured the best solution is to dip it for a while in warm water. Since the air inside the ball tries to match the temperature of the water outside, pressure builds up as a result popping the dented part back into place. This shows how an increase in temperature caused a proportional increase in pressure according to Charles Law. 4.3.2 Exploding soda cans Why soda can and bottles have a label on them stating Store in a cool, dry place. ? What happen when we not store in cool place or expose to direct sunlight? The reason being that these cans have a lot of artificial pressure stored in them. When exposed to direct sunlight, the pressure inside the cans rise. However since the volume is constant the pressure increases to a limit where they burst, letting out all the pressure. The temperature increase in the can resulted in the increase in pressure resulting in the explosion. 4.3.4 Inflated football deflates in winter Try inflating a football indoors on a chilly winter day. When playing outside it will be noticed that the football seems deflated. Why these situations occur? This is because of the change in temperature from the warm indoors to the chilly outdoors. When the ball was brought outside the temperature dropped and proving Charles law, the pressure of the air inside the ball dropped too, making the ball seem deflated.

4.3.5 PUTRAJAYA: More than 20 hot air balloons from 14 countries will festoon Putrajayas sky during the fifth Putrajaya International Hot Air Balloon Fiesta 2013 from March 28 to 31 at Monument Alaf Baru at Precinct 2, here. Hot air balloons from countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Belgium, Germany, Spain, Poland, Australia, Japan, Thailand and Vietnam will dot the sky over Putrajaya, flown by distinguished balloon pilots at the four day event themed 1 World, 1Malaysia and 1 Fiesta. Why we can see on that time, hot air balloon will floating up. How these occur? Hot air takes up more volume than colder gas. Take up more volume make it less dense than surrounding. Heat causes the volume gas expand making it less dense and gas tend to rise up. 4.4 Closure When the temperature increase, volume of the gas also increase Temperature is directly proportional to volume of gas Using data logging easier for us to show the pattern of increasing and decreasing the data. 5.0 Conclusions Data logger is one of the alternative methods in teaching and learning in school. Every school must have the sensor for easier the teacher to teach the student for the experiment that needed to repeat many times, faster experiment and dangerous experiment. The students have fun with this method because all the data and graph already done by computer and student can repeat the experiment many times with adjusting the parameter. Data logger also will help the student to understand better because the data is right if the apparatus is set up rightly.

Information Communication and Technology (SSI 3013)

Assignment 4 : interactive whiteboard

Lecturer : En. Azmi bin Ibrahim Name Afiqah bt Hasbullah Matric no. D20091035092 Program Sains