Most frequently used thermometric methods.

liquid commonly used is mercury Mercury situated in cylindrical reservoir from which the mercury can expand into a thick- walled capillary Temperature : the volume of the mercury expands and rises in the graduated capillary. the greater the reservoir volume, the smaller the capillary diameter, the greater the sensitivity Changes in temperature is considered a sign of illness Thermal volume expansion of liquids

thermometer

= 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water Kelvin The triple point is the temp. at which ice-water-vapor are in equilibrium. 273.16K We express this temperature by 273.15

Bimetallic thermometer
uses metals with different expansion coefficients Accuracy of about 1C the application in medicine is limited Platinum and nickel are most frequently used Thermal expansion of metals

Most frequent scale in medicine

Quantities
Celsius 2 reference points

0 C - freezing point at atmospheric pressure 100 C - boiling point at atmospheric pressure

resistance of these metals increases with temperature linearly Rt = Ro ( 1 + t )

R = resistance correspond to t+0 degree C = thermal change coefficient With increasing temp. the free electron density of semiconductors increase rapidly

Changes in electric resistance of metals

Temperature Measurement
based on 3 physical phenomena

normal body temperature = 37 C water freezes at 32 F and boils at 212 F Fahrenheit 2 categories: contact measurement + contactless measurement based on detection of electromagnetic infrared radiation emitted by the human body

Contact Thermometric Methods

thermistors: Semiconductor components with thermal dependence of resistance R = A T^ e^(B/T)

R = R of a thermistor in thermal equilibrium A, B, = material constants T = thermodynamic temp Junction of two identical conductors with another conductor having other characteristics, forms two thermoelectric couples, thermocouples Two contacts are held with two different temperatures, a thermoelectric voltage U arises between the junctions

Changes in electric resistance of semiconductors

Changes in electrical properties of matters

Contactless temperature measurement

Radiation thermometers are mainly based on absorption of total radiation energy E , that is connected to temperature by Stefan-Boltzmann law

T = (E/ ) ^ (1/4)

U = ( 2 1) (t2 t1)
The voltage depends on the temperature difference of thermoelectric coefficients of the metals used

Thermally induced voltage

Temperature Measurement.mmap - 2005/2/10 - Mu-Hsun (Teresa) Chen