1

1 1 1 1
CHAPTER 0

Review of MATH 36
Review of MATH 36
When do we say that a function f is
continuous at a number a ?
i. f(a) exists.
( ) x f lim
a x
ii. exists.
( ) ( ) a f x f lim
a x
=

iii.
Review of MATH 36
How do we solve for the derivative of
a function f ?
( )
( ) ( )
h
x f h x f
lim x ' f
h
+
=
0
f is discontinuous at a
f is NOT differentiable at a.
Rules of Differentiation
4
If u and v are differentiable functions of x, then



u vD v uD uv D
x x x
+ = ) (
v D u D v u D
x x x
+ = + ) (
Rules of Differentiation
5
If u and v are differentiable functions of x, then



. number real any is
,
1
n
u D nu u D
x
n n
x

=
2
v
v uD u vD
v
u
D
x x
x

= |

\
|
Review of MATH 36
If , then ( ) ( ) x f x ' F =
( ) ( ) C x F dx x f + =

The Antiderivative.
2
Review of MATH 36
If is continuous on an interval
partitioned into sub-intervals s such
that ,
then


if the limit exists.
( ) x f y = ( ) b , a
( ) ( )

=
=
+
b
a
n
i
i i
n
dx x f x f lim
1

The Integral.
i
I
i i
I
Review of MATH 36
Let u be a differentiable function of x.
( ) _________ sin = u D
x
( ) __________ cos = u D
x
( ) _________ tan = u D
x
( ) __________ cot = u D
x
( ) __________ sec = u D
x
( ) __________ csc = u D
x
Review of MATH 36
Let u be a differentiable function of x.
( ) u D u cos u sin D
x x
=
( ) u D u sin u cos D
x x
=
( ) u D u sec u tan D
x x
=
2
( ) u D u csc u cot D
x x
=
2
( ) u D u tan u sec u sec D
x x
=
( ) u D u cot u csc u csc D
x x
=
Review of MATH 36
C u sin du u cos + =

C u cos du u sin + =

du u sec
2

du u csc
2

du u tan u sec

du u cot u csc
C u tan + =
C u cot + =
C u sec + =
C u csc + =
??? xdx tan =

??? xdx cot =

??? xdx sec =

??? xdx csc =

12 12 12 12
CHAPTER 1

Derivatives of and Integrals
Involving Transcendental
Functions
3
13 13 13 13
1. find the derivatives of transcendental
functions,
2. evaluate integrals involving transcendental
functions,
3. use logarithmic differentiation
appropriately,
4. evaluate limits of functions with
indeterminate forms,
5. solve applied problems.

Chapter objectives:
At the end of the chapter, you should
be able to
14 14 14 14
1.1 Derivatives of and integrals yielding
inverse trigonometric functions
1
-1
2

2

x sin y =


1 -1
2

2

R Domain =
| | 1 1, Range =


( /2,1)
(0,0)
(- /2,-1)
x
y
x
y


(1, /2)
(-1,- /2)
15 15 15 15
( ) x sin x f y = =
| |
2 2

, Domain

=
| | 1 1, Range =
( ) x sin Arc x f y = =
1
| |
2 2

, Range

=
| | 1 1, Domain =
1
-1
2

2

x
y
1 -1


x
y
2

2

16 16 16 16
x sin Arc y = | |. , y
2 2
and

Since
2 2

(

y , ,

0 cos y .
y sin y cos
2
1 =
2
1
1
=

.
x
y sin
dx
dy
2
1
1

=
x y sin =
1 =
dx
dy
y cos
y cos dx
dy 1
=
17 17 17 17
Theorem 1.1.a If u is a differentiable
function of x,
( )
2
1
1
x
dx
x sin Arc d

=
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u sin Arc d

=
2
1
1
18 18 18
( ) 1 If 3 , then = . y Arc sin x
( )
2
1
1 3
=

dy
dx
x
3
2
3
1 9
=
x
( )
4
2 If , then = . y Arc sin x
( )
2
4
1
1
=

dy
dx
x
3
4 x
3
8
4
1
=

x
x
Illustrations:
4
19 19 19 19
( ) x cos x f y = =
| | , Domain 0 =
| | 1 1, Range =
( ) x cos Arc x f y = =
1
| | , Range 0 =
| | 1 1, Domain =
1
-1



x
y

1 -1


x
y

20 20 20 20
Theorem 1.1.b If u is a differentiable
function of x,
( )
2
1
1
x
dx
x cos Arc d

=
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u cos Arc d

=
2
1
1
Proof: Exercise
21 21 21 21
Illustrations:
( ) 1 If 2 , then = . y Arc cos x
( )
3
2 If 2 , then = . y Arc cos x
( )
2
2 1
1
x
dx
dy

= 2
( )
2
2 1
2
x

=
( )
2
3
2 1
1
x
dx
dy

=
6
2
4 1
6
x
x

=
2
6x
22 22 22
( ) ( ) then 2 2 If 3. , x cos Arc x sin Arc y + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
dx
x cos Arc d
dx
x sin Arc d
dx
dy 2 2
+ =
( )
2
2 1
2
x
=
( )
2
2 1
2
x

+
= 0
23 23 23
( ) then 2 4 1 If 4.
2
, x cos Arc x y =
( ) ( )
dx
x cos Arc d
x
dx
dy 2
4 1
2
=
( )
dx
x d
x cos Arc
|

\
|

+
2
4 1
2
24 24 24
2
4 1 x =
( )
2
2 1
2
x

4
x 8
2
4 1 2
1
x

( ) x cos Arc 2 +
( )
2
4 1
4
2 2
x
x
x cos Arc

=
( )
2
4 1
2 4
2
x
x cos xArc

=
5
25 25 25
( )
2
4 1
2 4
2
x
x cos xArc

=
( )
2
2
4 1
2 4 4 1 2
x
x cos xArc x

=
( )
2
2 2
4 1
4 1 2 4 4 1 2
x
x x cos xArc x

+
=
2
2
4 1
4 1
x
x

26 26 26 26
( ) x tan x f y = =
( )
2 2

, Domain

=
R Range =
( ) x tan Arc x f y = =
1
R Domain =
( )
2 2

, Range

=
2

2

x
y
x
y
2

2

27 27 27 27
x tan Arc y = x y tan = ( ). , y
2 2
and

1
2
=
dx
dy
y sec
y sec
dx
dy
2
1
=
y tan
dx
dy
2
1
1
+
=
2
1
1
x
dx
dy
+
=
28 28 28
Theorem 1.1.c If u is a differentiable
function of x,
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u tan Arc d

+
=
2
1
1
( )
2
1
1
x
dx
x tan Arc d
+
=
29 29 29 29
Illustrations:
( ) 1 If 5 , then = . y Arc tan x
( )
2
1
1 5
=
+
dy
dx
x
5
2
5
1 25
=
+ x
( )
5
2 If 2 , then = . y Arc tan x
( )
2
5
1
1 2
=
+
dy
dx
x
4
10 x
4
10
10
1 4
=
+
x
x
30 30 30
x
y

x
y

30
( ) x cot x f y = =
( ) , Domain 0 =
R Range =
( ) x cot Arc x f y = =
1
R Domain =
( ) , Range 0 =
6
31 31 31
Theorem 1.1.c If u is a differentiable
function of x,
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u cot Arc d

=
2
1
1
( )
2
1
1
x
dx
x cot Arc d
+

=
Proof: Exercise
32 32 32 32
Illustrations:
( ) 1 If 5 , then = . y Arc cot x
2
5
1 25

=
+ x
( )
5
2 If 2 , then = . y Arc cot x
4
10
10
1 4

=
+
x
x
( )
2
5 1
1
x
dx
dy
+

= 5
( )
2
5
2 1
1
x
dx
dy
+

=
4
10x
33 33 33 33
( ) x sec x f y = =
) [ ) 0 [
2
3
2

, , Domain =
| ) ( | 1 1 = , , Range
( ) x sec Arc x f y = =
1
y
x
y
2

2

| ) ( | 1 1 = , , Domain

) [ ) 0 [
2
3
2

, , Range =
2
3
1 -1
2
3
34 34 34 34
x sec Arc y = x y sec =
1 =
dx
dy
y tan y sec
y tan y sec dx
dy 1
=
1
1
2

=
x x
dx
dy
). [ ) 0 [ and
2
3
2

, , y
y sec y tan
2 2
1 = + 1
2 2
= y sec y tan
1
2
= y sec y tan
35 35 35
( )
1
1
2

=
x x
dx
x sec Arc d
Theorem 1.1.e If u is a differentiable
function of x,
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
u sec Arc d

=
1
1
2
36 36 36 36
Illustrations:
( ) 1 If 3 , then = . y Arc sec x
( )
2
1
3 3 1
=

dy
dx
x x
3
2
1
9 1
=
x x
( )
2
2 If , then = . y Arc sec x
( )
2
2 2
1
1
=

dy
dx
x x
2 x
4
2
1
=
x x
7
37 37 37 37
( ) x csc x f y = =
] 0 ( ,0) [
2 2

, Domain =

| ) ( | 1 1 = , , Range
( ) x csc Arc x f y = =
1
| ) ( | 1 1 = , , Domain
x
y
2

2

] 0 ( ,0) [
2 2

, Range =

x
y
2

2

38 38 38
( )
1
1
2

=
x x
dx
x csc Arc d
Theorem 1.1.e If u is a differentiable
function of x,
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
u csc Arc d

=
1
1
2
Proof: Exercise
39 39 39
( ) 1 3 3
1
2

=
x x
dx
dy
39
Illustrations:
( ) 1 If 3 , then = . y Arc csc x
3
2
1
9 1

=
x x
( ) 1
1
2
2 2

=
x x
dx
dy
x 2
( ) then If 2.
2
, x csc Arc y =
4
2
1

=
x x
40 40 40
Theorem 1.1 (Derivatives of Inverse Trigo. Functions)
If u is a differentiable function of x,
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u sin Arc d

=
2
1
1
a.
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u cos Arc d

=
2
1
1
b.
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u tan Arc d

+
=
2
1
1
c.
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u cot Arc d

=
2
1
1
d.
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
u sec Arc d

=
1
1
e.
2
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
u csc Arc d

=
1
1
f.
2
41 41 41 41
If =
Arc tan x
y
Arc sin x
( )
2
Arc sin x
= ' y
( ) x Arc D x Arc
x
sin tan ( ) x Arc D x Arc
x
tan sin
( )
2
sin x Arc
Illustration:
( ) Arc tan x |

\
|
+
2
1
1
x
|
|

\
|

2
1
1
x
= ' y
Arc sin x
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 2
1 1
1 1
+
=
+
x Arc sin x x Arc tan x
y' .
x x Arc sin x
42 42 42
8
43 43 43 43
A statue 10 ft high is
standing on a base 13 feet
high. If an observers eye
is 5 feet above the
ground, how far should
he stand from the base so
that the angle between his
lines of sight to the top
and bottom of the statue
is a maximum?
13 ft
10 ft
Saan
ako
dapat
tumayo?

Example of an applied problem:
44 44 44 44

13
10
5
Find x so that is a maximum.
x
18
=
x
cot

18
| |
=
|
\
x
Arc cot

8
=
x
cot
8
| |
=
|
\
x
Arc cot
=
18 8
| | | |
=
| |
\ \
x x
Arc cot Arc cot
45 45 45 45
18 8
| | | |
=
| |
\ \
x x
Arc cot Arc cot
18 8
| | | | | | | |
=
| | | |
\ \ \ \
x x
d x x
D Arc cot D Arc cot
dx

( )
2
1
1 18
=
+ x /
1
18
( )
2
1
1 8

+ x /
1
8
( )
( )
2
2
2
18 1
18
18
=
+ x
( )
( )
2
2
2
8 1
8
8
+
+ x
( )
2 2 2 2
8
8
18
18
x x +
+
+
=
46 46 46 46
( )
0
8
8
18
18
2 2 2 2
=
+
+
+

x x
0 =
d
dx

( )
2 2 2 2
18
18
8
8
x x +
=
+

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
8 9 18 4 x x + = +
( )
2 2 2 2
18
9
8
4
x x +
=
+

( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
8 9 18 4 x x + = +
( )
2 2 2 2
9 8 9 4 18 4 x x + = +
47 47 47 47
( )
2 2 2 2
9 8 9 4 18 4 x x + = +
( )
2 2 2
5 8 9 18 4 x =
2
5 720 x =
144
5
720
2
= = x
12 144 = = x
Thus, the observer should stand 12 ft.from
the base.
48 48 48 48
2
1
= +

du
Arc sin u C
u
2
1
= +
+

du
Arc tan u C
u
2
1
= +

du
Arc sec u C
u u
Theorem 1.2 (Integrals Yielding Inverse Trigo.
Functions)
a.
b.
c.
9
49 49 49 49

Solution:
2
6
1 Evaluate
1

x dx
. .
x
3
= u x
2
3 = du x dx
2
3
=
du
x dx
Illustrations:
2
6
1

x dx
x
( )
2
2
3
=
1

x dx
x
2
=
1

u
3
du
2
1
=
3
1

du
u
1
=
3
+ Arc sinu C
( )
3
1
=
3
+ Arc sin x C
50 50 50 50

Solution:
( )
( )
2
2
2 Evaluate
1 2 +

cos x dx
. .
sin x
( ) 2 = u sin x
( ) 2 2 = du cos x dx
( ) 2
2
=
du
cos x dx
2
du
( ) ( )
1
= 2
2
+ Arc tan sin x C
( )
( )
2
2
1 2 +

cos x dx
sin x
( )
( )
2
2
1 2
=
( +

cos x dx
sin x
2
1
=
+

u
2
1
2 1
=
+

du
u
1
=
2
+ Arc tanu C
51 51 51 51
4
3 Evaluate
1

dx
. .
x x
Solution:
2
= u x
2 = du xdx
2
du
( )
2
1
=
2
+ Arc sec x C
1
=
2
+ Arc sec u C
4
1

dx
x x
( )
2
2 2
=
1

xdx
x x
2
1
2
1
=

du
u u
xdx
du
=
2
1
2

=

u u
52 52 52 52
Theorem 1.3 (Integrals Yielding Inverse Trigo.
Functions)
a.
b.
c.
2 2
| |
= +
|
\

du u
Arc sin C
a
a u
2 2
1 | |
= +
|
+
\

du u
Arc tan C
a u a a
C
a
u
sec Arc
a
a u u
du
+ |

\
|
=

1
2 2
53
53 53
a.
2 2
| |
= +
|
\

du u
Arc sin C
a
a u
Proof:
( ) ( )
( )
2
1
1
a
u
a
u
sin Arc d

=
( )
2
1
1
a
u

=
2 2
u a
a

=
2 2
1
u a
=
du
a

1
du
a

1
du
a

1
du
54 54 54 54
Illustration:
Solution:
x u 2 =
dx du 2 =
C
a
u
sin Arc + |

\
|
=
2
1
C
x
sin Arc + |

\
|
=
3
2
2
1
Evaluate .

2
4 9 x
dx
3 = a
dx
du
=
2

=
|
|

\
|

2 2
1
u a
|

\
|
2
du

2
4 9 x
dx
2 2
2
1
u a
du

=

dx
x

2
4 9
1
10
55 55
Another solution:

2
4 9 x
dx

\
|

=
9
4
2
1 9
x
dx

=
9
4
2
1
3
1
x
dx
3
2x
u =
dx du
3
2
=
dx du =
2
3

=
3
1
du
2
3
2
1 u


=
2
2
1
1 u
du
( ) C u sin Arc + =
2
1
C
x
sin Arc + |

\
|
=
3
2
2
1
56 56 56
b.
Proof:
( )
( )
2
1
1 1 1
a
u
a
u
a
tan Arc
a
d
+
= |

\
|
du
u a
a
a

+
=
2 2
2
2
1
du
u a

+
=
2 2
1
du
a

1
C
a
u
tan Arc
a
u a
du
+ |

\
|
=
+

1
2 2
( )
2
1
1 1
a
u a
+
= du
a

1
57 57 57 57
Illustration:
Solution:
x u 4 =
dx du 4 =
C
a
u
tan Arc
a
+ |

\
|
=
1
4
3
C
x
tan Arc + |

\
|
=
5
4
20
3
5 = a
dx
du
=
4

= 3 |

\
|
+
2 2
1
u a
|

\
|
4
du
2 2
4
3
u a
du
+
=

Evaluate .

+
2
16 25
3
x
dx

+
2
16 25
3
x
dx
58 58 58
c.
Proof:
( )
( ) 1
1 1 1 1
2

= |

\
|
a
u
a
u
a
u
a
sec Arc
a
d du
a

1
C
a
u
sec Arc
a
a u u
du
+ |

\
|
=

1
2 2
2 2
1
a u
a
u

=
du
a u u

=
2 2
1
du
a

1
59 59 59 59
Illustration:
Solution:
2 = x u
dx du =
C
a
u
sec Arc
a
+ |

\
|
=
1
C
x
sec Arc + |

\
|
=
3
2
3
1
3 = a
2 2
a u u
du

Evaluate .
( )

5 4 2
2
x x x
dx
( )

5 4 2
2
x x x
dx
( ) ( )

=
9 2 2
2
x x
dx
60 60
Review of logarithms
( ) ( ) x log x f a x f
a
x
= =
1
, d c 0 and 0 If > >
d log c log cd log
a a a
+ = 3.
d log c log
d
c
log
a a a
= 4.
1 2. = a log
a
0 1 1. =
a
log
c log r c log
a
r
a
= 5.
11
61 61
If , e a =
1 b. = e ln
0 1 a. = ln
x log x log
e a
= . x ln =
( ) d ln c ln cd ln + = c.
d ln c ln ln
d
c
= d.
c ln r c ln
r
= e.
62 62
The Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus
Let g be a function of t
which is continuous on the
closed interval [a,x]. If

( ) ( )

=
x
a
dt t g x f
then
( ) ( ). x g x ' f =
( ) , dt t x f
x
a

=
2
If
( ) . t t g
2
then =
( )
3
3
x
a
t
x f
(
(

(
=
3 3
3 3
a x
=
( )
2
x x ' f =
( ) x g =
Illustration:
63 63
1.2 Derivatives of and integrals yielding
logarithmic functions
Definition 1.2.1

=
x
dt
t
x ln

1
1
t
y
1 = t
x t =
t
y
1
=
( )
x dx
x ln d 1
=
64 64 64
Theorem 1.2.1
, u ln y = If . u D
u dx
dy
x
=
1
then
Illustrations:
( ) 2 5 If 1
2 4
+ = x x ln y .
2 5
10 4
2 4
3
+
+
=
x x
x x
=
dx
dy
( ) x x 10 4
3
+
2 5
1
2 4
+ x x
65 65 65
( ) ( ) x sin ln y . 2 If 2 =
( )
( ) x sin
x cos
2
2 2
=
=
dx
dy

( ) x cos 2 2
( ) x sin 2
1
( ) x cot 2 2 =
66 66 66
2 5 If 3
2 4
+ = x x ln y .
2 5
5 2
2 4
3
+
+
=
x x
x x
=
dx
dy
( ) x x 10 4
3
+
2 5
1
2 4
+ x x
( )
2 1
2 4
2 5 then
/
x x ln y + =
( ). x x ln y 2 5
2
1
that so
2 4
+ =

2
1
12
67 67 67
( ), x x ln y . 2 5 If 4
2 4 3
+ =
=
dx
dy
( ) x x 10 4
3
+
( ) | |
2
2 4
2 5 + x x ln 3
( ) | |
3
2 4
2 5 then + = x x ln y
( ) ( ) | |
2 5
2 5 30 12
2 4
2
2 4 3
+
+ +
=
x x
x x ln x x
2 5
1
2 4
+

x x
68 68
Theorem 1.2.2
, u log y
a
= If .
dx
du
a ln u dx
dy
=
1
then
Proof:
Then Suppose . u log y
a
=
u a
y
= u ln a ln y =
dx
du
u dx
dy
a ln
1
=
.
dx
du
a ln u dx
dy
=
1
69 69 69
Illustrations:
( ) 2 5 If 1
2 4
3
+ = x x log y .
( ) 3 2 5
10 4
2 4
3
ln x x
x x
+
+
=
=
dx
dy

( ) x x 10 4
3
+
( ) 3 2 5
1
2 4
ln x x +
70 70 70
( ) ( ) x sec log y . 3 If 2
5
=
( )
5
3 3
ln
x tan
=
=
dx
dy

( ) ( ) x tan x sec 3 3 3
( ) ( ) 5 3
1
ln x sec
71 71 71
Theorem 1.2.3 C u ln du
u
+ =

1
Proof:
then 0 If > u u ln u ln = so that
( ) ( ) .
u
u ln d u ln d
1
= =
then 0 If < u ( ) u ln u ln = so that
( ) ( ) ( ) u ln d u ln d = ( ) .
u u
1
1
1
=

=
72 72

dx
x x
x
6
6 3
1.
3
2
Illustrations:
x x u 6
3
=
( ) dx x du 6 3
2
=
C u ln + =
C x x ln + = 6
3
du

=
u
du
( )

= dx x
x x
6 3
6
1

2
3

=
u
1

13
73 73 73
x tan u + = 4
dx x sec du
2
=
C u ln + =
C x tan ln + + = 4
du

=
u
du

=
u
1

dx
x tan
x sec
.
+

4
2
2
dx x sec
x tan
2
4
1

+
=

74 74
Theorem 1.2.4 C u sec ln du u tan + =

Proof:

= du
u cos
u sin
du u tan
u cos t =
udu sin dt =

=
t
dt
udu sin dt =

=
t
dt
C t ln + =
C u cos ln + = C u cos ln + =
1
C u sec ln + =
75 75
Illustration:
x u 3 =
dx du 3 =
C u sec ln + =2
( )

dx x tan 3 6
dx
du
=
3
( )

= dx x tan 3 6

= u tan 6
3
du

= du u tan 2
( ) C x sec ln + = 3 2
76 76
Theorem 1.2.5 C u sin ln du u cot + =

Proof: (Exercise)
77 77
Illustration:
2
3x u =
dx x du 6 =
C u sin ln + =
6
1
xdx
du
=
6
( )

dx x cot x
2
3

= u cot
6
du

= du u cot
6
1
( )

= xdx x cot
2
3
( ) C x sin ln + =
2
3
6
1
78 78
Theorem 1.2.6 C u tan u sec ln du u sec + + =

Proof:

du u sec

+
+
= du u sec
u tan u sec
u tan u sec
u tan u sec t + =
( )du u sec u tan u sec dt
2
+ =
( )

+
+
=
u tan u sec
du u tan u sec u sec
2

=
t
dt
C t ln + =
C u tan u sec ln + + =
14
79 79
Illustration:
x cot u =
dx x csc du
2
=
xdx csc du
2
=

= u sec du
( )

dx x cot sec x csc

2
( )

= xdx csc x cot sec

2

= du u sec
C u tan u sec ln + + =
( ) ( ) C x cot tan x cot sec ln + + =
80 80
Theorem 1.2.7 C u cot u csc ln du u csc + =

Proof: (Exercise)
81 81
Illustration:
( ) x sin u 2 =
( )dx x cos du 2 2 =
( )dx x cos
du
2
2
=

= u csc
2
du
( ) ( ) ( )

dx x sin csc x cos 2 2

= du u csc
2
1
C u cot u csc ln + =
2
1
( ) ( ) ( )

= dx x cos x sin csc 2 2

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) C x sin cot x sin csc ln + = 2 2
2
1
82 82
Example of an applied problem:
Find the area of the
region bounded by the
graphs of
,
x
y
2 3
1

=
, x 1 =
, x 3 =
and the x-axis.
x
y
1 = x 3 = x
2 3
1

=
x
y

= A
1
3
2 3
1
x
dx
83 83
2 3
3
1

x
dx
A
|
3
1
2 3
3
1
= x ln
( ) 1 7
3
1
ln ln =
0
7
3
1
ln =
The area of the region is (ln7)/3 square units.
84 84
Theorem 1.2.1
, u ln y = If . u D
u dx
dy
x
=
1
then
Theorem 1.2.2
, u log y
a
= If .
dx
du
a ln u dx
dy
=
1
then
Theorem 1.2.3 C u ln du
u
+ =

1
15
85 85
Theorem 1.2.5 C u sin ln du u cot + =

Theorem 1.2.6
C u tan u sec ln du u sec + + =

Theorem 1.2.7
C u cot u csc ln du u csc + =

Theorem 1.2.4 C u sec ln du u tan + =

86 86 86
Review of exponents
1 1
0
= a .
a a . =
1
2
y x y x
a a a .
+
= 3
y x
y
x
a
a
a
.

= 4
x
x
a
a
.

=
1
5
( )
xy
y
x
a a . = 6
87 87
1.3 Derivatives of exponential functions
x
a y =
x y log
a
=
( ) ( )
dx
x d
dx
y log d
a
=
1
1
=
dx
dy
a ln y
a ln y
dx
dy
= . a ln a
dx
dy
x
=
88 88
Illustrations:
x
y . 2 1 =
2 2 ln
dx
dy
x
=
x
y . 3 2 =
3 3 ln
dx
dy
x
=
89 89 89
Illustrations:
2 5
2 4
3 If 1
+
=
x x
y .
( )( ) x x ln
x x
10 4 3 3
3 2 5
2 4
+ =
+
=
dx
dy
( ) x x 10 4
3
+
2 5
2 4
3
+ x x
3 ln
Theorem 1.3.1
( )
dx
du
a ln a
dx
a d
u
u
=
90 90 90
( ) x tan
y .
2
5 If 2 =
( )
( ) ( ) x sec ln
x tan
2 5 2 5
2 2
=
=
dx
dy

( ) ( ) x sec 2 2
2

( ) x tan 2
5 5 ln
2
7 If 3
x ln
y . =
=
dx
dy
x
2

x ln 2
7
. y ,
x ln 2
7 then =
7 ln
x
ln
x ln
49 7
2
=
16
91 91 91
Corollary 1.3.2
( )
dx
du
e
dx
e d
u
u
=
Illustrations:
2 5
2 4
If 1
+
=
x x
e y .
( )
2 5 3
2 4
10 4
+
+ =
x x
e x x
=
dx
dy
( ) x x 10 4
3
+
2 5
2 4
+ x x
e
92 92 92
( ) x sin Arc
e y .
3
If 2 =
=
dx
dy
( )
2
3 1
1
x

( ) x sin Arc
e
3
3
( )
2
3
9 1
3
x
e
x sin Arc

=
93 93 93
such that of function a is If 3 x y .
, e e e
y x xy
+ =
( ) ( )
,
dx
e e d
dx
e d
y x xy
+
=

xy
e ( ) y ' y x + ' y e e
y x
+ =
' y e e y e ' y xe
y x xy xy
+ = +
( ) y e e ' y e xe
xy x y xy
=
y xy
xy x
e xe
y e e
' y

=
94 94
Theorem 1.3.3

+ = C
a ln
a
du a
u
u
where a is a positive constant.
95 95
Illustration:
2
24x u =
dx x du 48 =
xdx
du
=
48

dx x
x
2
24
10

= xdx
x
2
24
10
C
ln
x
+ =
10 48
10
2
24

= ( )
u
10
|

\
|
48
du

= du
u
10
48
1
C
ln
u
+ =
10
10
48
1
96 96 96
Illustration:
x cos u =
dx x sin du =

= ( )
u
4 ( ) du

= du
u
4
C
ln
u
+ =
4
4

dx x sin
x cos
4

= xdx sin
x cos
4
C
ln
x cos
+ =
4
4
17
97 97 97
Corollary 1.3.4 C e du e
u u
+ =

Illustration:

dx e
x 15
C
e
u
+ =
15
C
e
x
+ =
15
15
x u 15 =
dx du 15 =
15
du

=
( )
u
e
dx
du
=
15
du e
u

=
15
1
98 98
( )

+
dx
x
e
x tan Arc
2
2
4 1
( ) x tan Arc u 2 =
dx
x
du
2
4 1
2
+
=
2
du

u
e

=
Illustration:
2
4 1
2
x
dx du
+
=
( )

+
=
2
2
4 1 x
dx
e
x tan Arc
C e
u
+ =
2
1
( )
C e
x tan Arc
+ =
2
2
1
99 99 99
In a certain culture, the rate of
increase or decrease of the population is
proportional to the present population.
Let
P be the population at any time t and
A be the initial population.
Example of an applied problem:
100 100 100
Since the rate of increase/decrease of the
population is proportional to the present
population,
P
dt
dP

kP
dt
dP
=
kdt
P
dP
=
kdt
P
dP

=
. constant some for k
101 101 101
kdt
P
dP

= C kt P ln + =
C kt P ln
e e
+
=
C kt
e e P =
A e P
kt
=
. Ae P
kt
=
102 102 102
Example:
In a certain culture, Bacteria M is growing in
proportion to the amount present. Initially, there were
10,000 bacteria present and the amount triples in 12 min.
Estimate to the nearest minute how long it will take until
100,000 bacteria are present.
t = 0
10,000
t = 12
30,000
t = ?
100,000
18
103 103 103
kt
Ae P =
kt
e , P 000 10 =
( ) 12
000 10 000 30
k
e , , =
( ) 12
3
k
e =
( )
12
12
000 10
t
k
e , P

=
( )
12
3 000 10
t
, P =
( )
12
3 000 10 000 100
t
, , =
( )
12
3 10
t
=
3 10
12
ln ln
t
=
3 10 12 ln t ln =
3
10 12
ln
ln
t =
16 25.
There will be 100,000
present approximately
after 25 minutes.
104 104
1.4 Logarithmic Differentiation
We recall that if
( ) ( ) | |
n
x g x f =
where n is a constant, then
( ) ( ) | | ( ). x ' g x g n x ' f
n 1
=
This formula does not apply if a function is raised
to a non-constant function as in the following:
, x
x
2
( ) , x
x 3
1 2 + ( )
x
x sin
2
3
In such cases, we use logarithmic differentiation.
105 105 105
, x , x y .
x
0 If 1 > =
=
dx
dy
y
1
( )
x
x ln y ln =
x ln x y ln =
( ) ( )
dx
x ln x d
dx
y ln d
=
+
x
x
1
x ln
x ln
dx
dy
y
+ = 1
1
( ) x ln y
dx
dy
+ = 1 ( ) x ln x
x
+ = 1
Illustrations:
106 106 106
( )
, x , x y .
x sin
0 If 2
3
> =
=
dx
dy
y
1
( )
( )
x sin
x ln y ln
3
= ( ) x ln x sin y ln = 3
( ) ( ) ( )
dx
x ln x sin d
dx
y ln d
=
3
( ) +
x
x sin
1
3 ( ) ( ) x cos x ln 3 3
( ) ( ) ( )
x
x cos x ln x x sin
dx
dy
y
3 3 3 1 +
=
107 107
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
|

\
| +
=
x
x cos x ln x x sin
x
dx
dy
x sin
3 3 3
3
( ) ( ) ( )
|

\
| +
=
x
x cos x ln x x sin
y
dx
dy 3 3 3
We may also use logarithmic differentiation if we
want to differentiate products and/or quotients of
several functions.
108 108 108
( ) ( )

1
1 1 2
If 3
3
3
2 2
,
x
x x
y .
+
+
=
( ) ( )

1
1 1 2
3
3
2 2
|
|

\
|
+
+
=
x
x x
ln y ln
( ) ( ) | | 1 1 1 2
3
3
2 2
+ + = x ln - x x ln y ln
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 2
2 1
3
3
2 2
/
x ln - x ln x ln y ln + + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
2
1
1 3 1 2 2
3 2
+ + + = x ln - x ln x ln y ln
19
109 109 109
( ) ( ) ( ) 1
2
1
1 3 1 2 2
3 2
+ + + = x ln - x ln x ln y ln

1
=
dx
dy
y
2
1 2
1
2

x
x
x
2
1
1
3
2

+
+
2
3
3
1
1
2
1
x
x

+

( ) 1 2
3
1
6
1 2
4 1
3
2
2
+

+
+

=
x
x
x
x
x dx
dy
y
( )
|
|

\
|
+

+
+

=
1 2
3
1
6
1 2
4
3
2
2
x
x
x
x
x
y
dx
dy
110 110
1.5 Hyperbolic Functions
Definitions.
2
x x
e e
x sinh

=
2
x x
e e
x cosh

+
=
x cosh
x sinh
x tanh =
x x
x x
e e
e e

=
111 111
x sinh
x cosh
x coth =
x x
x x
e e
e e

+
=
x cosh
hx sec
1
=
x x
e e

+
=
2
x sinh
hx csc
1
=
x x
e e

=
2
112 112
Illustrations:
2
x x
e e
x sinh

=
2
x x
e e
x cosh

+
=
x cosh
x sinh
x tanh =
0 1 sinh .
2
0 0

=
e e
0
2
1 1
=

=
0 2 cosh .
2
0 0
+
=
e e
1
2
1 1
=
+
=
0 3 tanh .
0
0
cosh
sinh
= 0
2
0
= =
113 113
Fundamental Identities
1 a.
2 2
= x sinh x cosh
x h sec x tanh
2 2
1 b. =
x h csc x coth
2 2
1 c. =
(b) and (c) follow directly from (a) by dividing
both sides of (a) by cosh
2
x and then by sinh
2
x.
114 114
1 a.
2 2
= x sinh x cosh
Proof:
x sinh x cosh
2 2

2 2
2 2
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|
+
=
x x x x
e e e e
( ) ( )
4
2 2
x x x x
e e e e

+
=
( ) ( )
4
2 2
2 2 2 2 x x x x
e e e e

+ + +
=
20
115 115
x sinh x cosh
2 2

4
2 2
2 2 2 2 x x x x
e e e e

+ + +
=
4
4
=
. 1 =
116 116
Reduction Formulas
( ) x sinh x sinh = a.
( ) x cosh x cosh = b.
( ) x tanh x tanh = c.
117 117
( ) x sinh
2
x x
e e
=

|
|

\
|

=

2
x x
e e
x sinh =
( ) x sinh x sinh = a.
Proof:
2
x x
e e


=
118 118
( ) x cosh
2
x x
e e +
=

2
x x
e e

+
=
x cosh =
( ) x cosh x cosh = b.
Proof:
2
x x
e e

+
=
119 119
( ) x tanh x tanh = c.
( ) x tanh
Proof:
( )
( ) x cosh
x sinh

=
x cosh
x sinh
=
x tanh =
120 120
Addition Formulas
( ) y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y x sinh = a.
( ) y sinh x sinh y cosh x cosh y x cosh = b.
( )
y tanh x tanh
y tanh x tanh
y x tanh

=
1
c.
21
121 121
( ) y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y x sinh = a1.
( )
( )
.
e e
y x sinh
y x y x
2
, definition By


=
y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
y y x x y y x x
e e e e e e e e

+ +
=
( ) ( )
4
y x y x y x y x y x y x y x y x
e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e

+ +
=
Proof:
122 122
4
2 2
y x y x
e e e e


=
4
2 2
y x y x
e e
+

=
2
y x y x
e e
+

=
( )
2
y x y x
e e


=
( ) y x sinh =
y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh
123 123
( ) , y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y x sinh = Since
( ) y x sinh + ( ) ( ) y x sinh =
( ) ( ) y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh =
y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh + =
( ) y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh =
The proof of (b) is left to you as an exercise.
124 124
( )
y tanh x tanh
y tanh x tanh
y x tanh

=
1
c1.
Proof:
( ) y x tanh
( )
( ) y x cosh
y x sinh

=
|
|

\
|

=
y sinh x sinh y cosh x cosh
y sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh
y cosh x cosh
y cosh x cosh
1
1

=
y tanh x tanh
x tanh y tanh
1
125 125
( ) ,
y tanh x tanh
y tanh x tanh
y x tanh

=
1
Since
( ) y x tanh + ( ) ( ) y x tanh =
( )
( ) y tanh x tanh
y tanh x tanh


=
1
( )
( ) y tanh x tanh
y tanh x tanh


=
1
y tanh x tanh
y tanh x tanh
+
+
=
1
126 126
Double Number Formulas
( ) x cosh x sinh x sinh 2 2 a. =
( ) x sinh x cosh x cosh
2 2
2 b. + =
( )
x tanh
x tanh
x tanh
2
2
1
2
2 c.
+
=
The proofs will make use of the addition formulas
and are left to you as exercises.
22
127 127
The hyperbolic sine function
( )
2
x x
e e
x sinh x f

= =
( ) R f Domain =
( ) x cosh x ' f =
x
y
( ) R f Range =
128 128
Theorem 1.5.1 If u is a differentiable of x,
( )
.
dx
du
u cosh
dx
u sinh d
=
Illustrations:
( ), x sinh y .
2
If 1 =
( )
2
x cosh
dx
dy
= x 2 ( )
2
2 x cosh x =
129 129
( ), sinh y .
x 2
3 If 2 =
( )
x
cosh
dx
dy
2
3 =
x 2
3 3 ln 2
( )( ) ( )
x x
cosh ln
2 2
3 3 3 2 =
( ) then , If 3
3 3
x sinh y . = ( ) | | . x sinh y
3
3
=
( ) | | =
2
3
3 x sinh
dx
dy
( )
3
x cosh
2
3 x
( ) ( ). x cosh x sinh x
3 3 2 2
9 =
130 130
The hyperbolic cosine function
( )
2
x x
e e
x cosh x f

+
= =
( ) R f Domain =
( ) x sinh x ' f =
x
y
( ) | ) + = , f Range 1
131 131
Theorem 1.5.2 If u is a differentiable of x,
( )
.
dx
du
u sinh
dx
u cosh d
=
Illustrations:
( ), x cosh y .
2
If 1 =
( )
2
x sinh
dx
dy
= x 2 ( )
2
2 x sinh x =
132 132
( ) ( ), x sin Arc cosh y . 5 If 2 =
( ) ( ) x sin Arc sinh
dx
dy
5 =
( )
2
5 1
1
x
5
( ) ( )
2
25 1
5 5
x
x sin Arc sinh

=
23
133 133
The hyperbolic tangent function
( )
x x
x x
e e
e e
x tanh x f

= =
( ) R f Domain =
( ) x h sec x ' f
2
=
x
y
( ) ( ) 1 1, f Range =
134 134
x x
x x
e e
e e
x tanh y

= =
=
dx
dy
( )
2
x x
e e

+
( )
x x
e e

+ ( )
x x
x
e e D

( )
x x
e e

( )
x x
x
e e D

+
=
( )
2
x x
e e

+
( )
x x
e e

+ ( )
x x
e e

( )
x x
e e

+ ( )
x x
e e

135 135
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
x x
x x x x
e e
e e e e

+
+
=
( )
2
2 2
4 4
x x
e e
x sinh x cosh

=
( )
( )
2
2 2
4
x x
e e
x sinh x cosh

+

=
( )
2
4
x x
e e

+
=
2
2
|
|

\
|
+
=
x x
e e
x h sec
2
=
1
136 136
Theorem 1.5.3 If u is a differentiable of x,
( )
.
dx
du
u h sec
dx
u tanh d
=
2
Illustrations:
( ) then , 3 If 1 x tanh y . =
( ) = x h sec
dx
dy
3
2
3 ( ). x h sec 3 3
2
=
137 137
( ) ( ) then , 3 If 2 x sin tanh y . =
( ) ( ) = x sin h sec
dx
dy
3
2
( ) 3 3 x cos
( ) ( ) ( ). x sin h sec x cos 3 3 3
2
=
( ) ( ) ( ) then 5 3 2 If 3 , x cosh x sinh x tanh y . + + =
( ) 2 2
2
= x h sec
dx
dy
( ) 3 3 + x cosh ( ) 5 5 + x sinh
( ) ( ) ( ). x sinh x cosh x h sec 5 5 3 3 2 2
2
+ + =
138 138
The hyperbolic cotangent function
( )
x x
x x
e e
e e
x coth x f

+
= =
( ) { } 0 = R f Domain
( ) x h csc x ' f
2
=
x
y
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 + = , , f Range
24
139 139
Theorem 1.5.4 If u is a differentiable of x,
( )
.
dx
du
u h csc
dx
u coth d
=
2
Illustrations:
( ) then , 3 If 1 x coth y . =
( ) = x h csc
dx
dy
3
2
3 ( ). x h csc 3 3
2
=
140 140
( ) ( ) then , 3 If 2 x cos coth y . =
( ) ( ) = x cos h csc
dx
dy
3
2
( ) 3 3 x sin
( ) ( ) ( ). x cos h csc x sin 3 3 3
2
=
( ) ( ) then , 5 3 If 3 x tan x coth y . =
( )
( ) ( )
dx
x tan d
x coth
dx
dy 5
3 = ( )
( ) ( )
dx
x coth d
x tan
3
5 +
( ) ( ) 5 5 3
2
= x sec x coth ( ) ( ) 3 3 5
2
+ x h csc x tan
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ). x h csc x tan x sec x coth 3 5 3 5 3 5
2 2
=
141 141
The hyperbolic secant function
( )
x x
e e
hx sec x f

+
= =
2
( ) R f Domain =
( ) x tanh hx sec x ' f =
( ) ( | 1 0, f Range =
x
y
1
142 142
x x
e e
hx sec y

+
= =
2
If ( )
1
2 then

+ =
x x
e e y
that so
( )( )
2
1 2

+ =
x x
e e
dx
dy
( )
x x
e e

( ) ( )
x x
x x
x x
e e
e e
e e

+
=
2
. x tanh hx sec =
143 143
Theorem 1.5.5 If u is a differentiable of x,
( )
.
dx
du
u tanh hu sec
dx
hu sec d
=
Illustrations:
( ) then , 2 If 1
3 x
h sec y . =
( ) ( )
x x
tanh h sec
dx
dy
3 3
2 2 =
x 3
2 2 ln 3
( ) ( ) ( )
x x x
tanh h sec ln
3 3 3
2 2 8 2 =
144 144
( ) then , 3 1 If 2
2 2
x h sec y . =
( ) | | 3 1
2
2
x h sec y =
that so
( )
2
3 1 2 x h sec
dx
dy
= ( ) ( )
2 2
3 1 3 1 x tanh x h sec x 6
( ) ( ). x tanh x h sec x
2 2 2
3 1 3 1 12 =
25
145 145
The hyperbolic cosecant function
( )
x x
e e
hx csc x f

= =
2
( ) { } 0 = R f Domain
( ) x coth hx csc x ' f =
x
y
( ) { } 0 = R f Range
146 146
Theorem 1.5.6 If u is a differentiable of x,
( )
.
dx
du
u coth hu csc
dx
hu csc d
=
Illustrations:
( ) then , If 1 x ln h csc y . =
( ) ( ) x ln coth x ln h csc
dx
dy
=
x
1

( ) ( )
.
x
x ln coth x ln h csc
=
147 147
( )
then ,
3 4
If 2
2
x h csc
x
y .
+
=
=
dx
dy
( ) ( )
2
3 4 x h csc +
( ) ( ) x ch csc 3 4 + ( )
2
x D
x

2
x ( ) ( ) x h csc D
x
3 4 +
=
( ) ( )
2
3 4 x h csc +
( ) ( ) x ch csc 3 4 + x 2
2
x ( ) ( ) x coth x h csc 3 3 3
=
( ) ( )
2
3 4 x h csc +
( ) ( ) x ch csc x 3 4 2 + ( ) ( ) x coth x h csc x 3 3 3
2
+
148
Theorem 1.5.1-1.5.6
( )
.
dx
du
u cosh
dx
u sinh d
. = 1
( )
.
dx
du
u sinh
dx
u cosh d
. = 2
( )
.
dx
du
u h sec
dx
u tanh d
. =
2
3
( )
.
dx
du
u h csc
dx
u coth d
. =
2
4
( )
.
dx
du
u tanh hu sec
dx
hu sec d
. = 5
( )
.
dx
du
u coth hu csc
dx
hu csc d
. = 6
149 149
Theorem 1.5.7
C u sinh udu cosh + =

a.
C u cosh udu sinh + =

b.
C u tanh udu h sec + =

2
c.
C u coth udu h csc + =

2
d.
C hu sec udu tanh hu sec + =

e.
C hu csc udu coth hu csc + =

f.
150 150 150
( )

= xdx x sinh
2
2
x u =
xdx du 2 =
( )

dx x sinh x
2
1.
xdx
du
=
2

= du u sinh
2
1

=
2
du
u sinh
C u cosh + =
2
1
( ) C x cosh + =
2
2
1
Illustrations:
26
151 151
1 2
= =
/
u x x
1
2
= du dx
x
1
2 = du dx
x
( )

dx
x
x h csc
2
2. ( ) dx
x
x h csc
1

2

= du u h csc 2
2

= udu h csc
2
2
C u coth - + = 2
( ) C x coth - + = 2
152 152 152
( )

dx x cos cosh x sin 3. ( )

= xdx sin x cos cosh

x cos u =
xdx sin du =
xdx sin du =

= du u cosh

= udu cosh
C u sinh + =
( ) C x cos sinh + =
153 153
( )

+
dx
x cosh 3 1
1
4.
2
( )

+ = dx x h sec 3 1
2
x u 3 1+ =
dx du 3 =
dx
du
=
3

=
3
2
du
u h sec

= udu h sec
2
3
1

C u tanh + =
3
1

( ) C x tanh + + = 3 1
3
1

154 154
Steps to find the inverse of a function
1. interchange x and y.
2. solve for y to find the inverse.
155
2
x x
e e
y x sinh y

= =
2
y y
e e
x

=
Illustration: Show that
y
e
y
e x
1
2 =
y
y
e
e
x
1
2
2

=
R x , x x ln x sinh Arc
|

\
|
+ + = 1
2
Proof:
156 156
1 2
2
=
y y
e xe
0 1 2
2
=
y y
xe e
( ) ( )( )
( ) 1 2
1 1 4 2 2
2

=
x x
e
y
2
4 4 2
2
+
=
x x
e
y
2
1 2 2
2
+
=
x x
e
y
1
2
+ = x x e
y
. x x e
y
1
2
+ + =
Since e
y
> 0,
( )
|

\
|
+ + = 1
2
x x ln e ln
y
|

\
|
+ + = 1
2
x x ln y
( ) x sinh Arc x f y = =
1
27
157 157
Definitions. (Inverse hyperbolic functions)
R x , x x ln x sinh Arc
|

\
|
+ + = 1
2
1 1
2

|

\
|
+ = x , x x ln x cosh Arc
1 1
1
1
2
1
< < |

\
|

+
= x - ,
x
x
ln x tanh Arc
1.6 Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
158 158
1
1
1
2
1
> |

\
|

+
=
2
x ,
x
x
ln x coth Arc
1 0
1 1
2
<
|
|

\
|
+
= x ,
x
x
ln hx sec Arc
0
1 1
2

|
|

\
|
+ +
= x ,
x
x
ln hx csc Arc
159
1
1
2
+ +
=
x x
dx
dy
|
|

\
|

+
+ x
x
2
1 2
1
1
2
|
|

\
|
+
+
+ +
=
1
1
1
1
2 2
x
x
x x
|
|

\
|
+
+ +
+ +
=
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
x
x x
x x 1
1
2
+
=
x
x sinh Arc y =
|

\
|
+ + = 1
2
x x ln y
160 160
Theorem 1.6.1
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u sinh Arc d

+
=
1
1
a.
2
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u cosh Arc d

=
1
1
b.
2
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u tanh Arc d

=
2
1
1
c.
161 161
( )
dx
du
u
dx
u coth Arc d

=
2
1
1
d.
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
hu sec Arc d

=
2
1
1
e.
( )
dx
du
u u
dx
hu csc Arc d

=
2
1
1
f.
162 162
1.7 Indeterminate forms
Let f and g be functions. The function
has the indeterminate form as x approaches a
number a if
g
f
0
0
( ) 0 =

x f lim
a x
( ) . x g lim
a x
0 =

and
28
163 163
Illustration:
( ) 9 Let
2
= x x f ( ) . x x g 3 and =
Since ( ) 0
3
=

x f lim
x
( ) , x g lim
x
0
3
=

and
g
f
has the indeterminate form as x approaches
the number 3.
0
0
164 164 164
Theorem 1.7.1 L Hospitals Rule 1
( )
( )
. L
x g
x f
lim
a x
=

Let f and g be functions which are differentiable on an

open interval I containing a, except possibly at the
number a. Suppose that for all in I, a x ( ) . x ' g 0
( )
( )
L
x ' g
x ' f
lim
a x
=

If has the indeterminate form as x approaches

a, and , then
0
0
g
f
165 165 165
Illustrations:
exists. if it
3
9
Evaluate . 1
2
3
,
x
x
lim
x

3
9
2
3

x
x
lim
x
|

\
|
0
0
( )
( )
dx
x d
dx
x d
lim
x 3
9
2
3

=

1
2
3
x
lim
x
= x lim
x
2
3
= . 6 =
.
x
x
lim
x
6
3
9
Thus,
2
3
=

166 166 166

exists. if it
1
Evaluate . 2
0
,
cos
lim

cos
lim

1
0
|

\
|
0
0
( )
( )





d
d
d
cos d
lim

=

1
0
. 0 =
1
0


sin
lim

=



sin lim
0
=
.
cos
lim 0
1
Thus,
0
=

167 167 167
Remarks:
LHospitals Rule 1 may be applied
when evaluating limits
as x
or
as x -
as long as the ratio of functions has the
indeterminate form 0/0 and the
differentiability condition is satisfied.
168 168 168
Illustration: exists. if it
1
2
Evaluate ,
x
x tan Arc
lim
x

\
|
0
0
x
x tan Arc
lim
x 1
2



x tan Arc y =
y = /2
y = - /2
2
2
1
1
1
x
x
lim
x
+

=

2
2
1 x
x
lim
x
+
=

. 1 =
29
169 169 169
Let f and g be functions. The function
has the indeterminate form as x approaches
a if
g
f

( ) =

x f lim
a x
( ) . x g lim
a x
=

and
Remark:
In the definition given above, a could be a
real number or .
170 170 170
Theorem 1.7.2 L Hospitals Rule 2
( )
( )
. L
x g
x f
lim
a x
=

Let f and g be functions which are differentiable on an

open interval I containing a, except possibly at the
number a. Suppose that for all in I, a x ( ) . x ' g 0
( )
( )
L
x ' g
x ' f
lim
a x
=

If has the indeterminate form as x approaches

a, and , then


g
f
171 171 171
exists. it if
9
Evaluate ,
x
lim
x
x +
( )
( )
x
x
x
x
D
x D
lim
9
+
=
x
x
x
lim
9
+
0 =
|

\
|
+
+

=
x
lim
1
9 9 ln
x
Illustration:
0.
9
Thus, =
+
x
x
x
lim
172 172 172
List of indeterminate forms
g
f
,
0
0
,
+
+
,

+
,
+



g
f
,
0
0 ,
0

1
g f 0
g f
173 173 173
LHospitals Rule 1 applies only when the
indeterminate form is 0/0.
LHospitals Rule 2 applies only when the
indeterminate form is / .
Limits of functions have indeterminate forms
not mentioned above can be evaluated by
using a theorem provided in MATH 36 or by
rewriting the function so that the rewritten
function takes any of the following forms:
0/0, /
LHospitals Rule can be applied repetitively.

Remarks:
174 174 174
exists. it if Evaluate
0
, x lim
x
x
+

x
x
x lim
+
0
( )
0
0
Illustration:
. x y
x
= Let
( )
x
x ln y ln =
x ln x y ln =
x ln x lim y ln lim
x x
+ +

=
0 0
( ) 0
x ln y =
x
x
x ln
lim
1
0
+

= |

\
|
+

30
175 175 175
y ln lim
x
+
0
x
x
x ln
lim
1
0
+

= |

\
|
+

2
0 1
1
x
x
lim
x
=
+

x lim
x
+

=
0
. 0 =
0
0
=
+

y ln lim
x
0
0
e e
y ln lim
x
=
+

0
0
e e lim
y ln
x
=
+

1
0
0
= =
+

e y lim
x
. x lim
x
x
1
0
=
+

176 176 176

exists. it if
3
1 Evaluate ,
x
lim
x
x
|

\
|
+

( )

1
Illustration:
( ) 0
x
x
x
lim |

\
|
+

3
1
.
x
y
x
|

\
|
+ =
3
1 Let
x
x
ln y ln |

\
|
+ =
3
1
|

\
|
+ =
x
ln x y ln
3
1
|

\
|
+ =

x
ln x lim y ln lim
x x
3
1
177 177 177
|

\
|
0
0
( ) 0 |

\
|
+ =

x
ln x lim y ln lim
x x
3
1
x
x x
x
ln
lim y ln lim
1
3
1 |

\
|
+
=

2
2
1
3
3
1
1
x
x
x
lim y ln lim
x x

+
=

178 178 178
x
lim y ln lim
x x 3
1
3
+
=
0
3 =
3 =

y ln lim
x
3
e e
y ln lim
x
=

3
e e lim
y ln
x
=

3
e y lim
x
=

3
3
1 e
x
lim
x
x
= |

\
|
+

179 179 179
exists. it if
1 1
Evaluate
2
0
,
x x
lim
x
|

\
|

+

( )
Illustration:
x
y
1
=
|

\
|

+

2
0
1 1

x x
lim
x
2
1
x
y =
180 180 180
|

\
|

+

2
0
1 1

x x
lim
x
2
0
1

x
x
lim
x

=
+

\
|
+
0
1
. =
31
181 181 181
The
End!