Assessed work for ES912: Turbulent Flows: Term 2, 2007 Also: Example problems for ES441

Week 1
1) This uses mixing length theory and the statistical theory of turbulence to be considered next week. A certain amount of hot uid is released in a turbulent ow with characteristic velocity u and characteristic length . The temperature of the patch is higher than the ambient temperature, but the density dierence and the eects of buoyancy may be neglected. Estimate the rate of spreading of the patch of hot uid and the rate at which the maximum temperature dierence decreases. Assume that the size of the patch at the time of release is much smaller than and much larger than the Kolmogorov microscale . The use of an eddy diusivity is appropriate, but the choice of the velocity and length scales that are needed to form an eddy diusivity requires careful thought, in particular as long as the size of the patch remains smaller than the length scale . Hint: Assume the length scale in the eddy diusivity is the size of the patch and the velocity scale is the velocity scale for that length scale in the Kolmogorov prediction for the 2nd order structure function, that is u2 r2/3 . Answer:T u ( 1/3 1/3 ) = 1/3 4/3 , so d 2 /dt T 1/3 ( 2 )2/3 which gives ( 2 )1/3 1/3 t or 2 t3 . This is known as Richardsons t3 law of turbulent dispersion. 2) A very long cylinder (diameter 1mm) is placed perpendicular to a steady airstream whose velocity is 10 m/sec. The cylinder is heated electrically at 100 watts/meter span. At what distance downstream is the rms temperature uctuation in the wake of the cylinder reduced to 1 C? Assume that the distribution of the mean temperature dierence in the wake is similar to the distribution of the mean velocity defect. For air at room temperature and pressure, = 1.25kg/m3 , cp = 103 joule/kg C. Hint: the dimension of the heating is joules/sec/meter. The dimension of the heat ux through position x is (cp )T times the velocity times the integrated prole in y , which will have a dimension of length. The dimensions of the heating and the dimensions of this heat ux are the same. Answer:Neglect the detailed factors in front of the scaling of Ts = T0 (x/x0 )1/2 and = 1/2 . Just take an average width of the wake at the cylinder x = x0 = .001 to be the 0 (x/x0 ) diameter of the cylinder ( 0 =1mm), so that at the cylinder the heat ux = 100w/m = c T0 U0
0

= 1.25 103 T0 10 103

giving T0 = 8 C

To get this down to 1 C due to the square roots requires going 82 x0 =64mm=6.4cm. This could be rened with a better estimate for x0 from the scaling for in a wake. If = 0.25(x/)1/2 and 0 =1mm and = 0.5mm, then x0 = 1/(0.252 ) = 32mm, so we need to go to 64 32 32 2000mm=2m.

Week 2
1) Solve (1) to get CU and C in terms of RT . Given RT = 12.5, what are the numerical values of 1 CU and C ? = 2 RT U0 B/A, Us /U0 = CU (x/)1/2 and / = C (x/)1/2 . A = CU 1/2 and 1/2 B=C . (f + f ) + f = 0 (1) Use 1 exp( 2 )d = (2 )1/2 2

and the momentum length to x the scaling of A and B . Answer:f = exp( 2 )d , Choose = 1 = 1 R U B/A. The momentum integral is U0 Us f d = 2 2 T 0 2 1/2 1/2 U0 . Use Us = Ax , = Bx to nd AB (2 )1/2 = U0 which gives (A/U0 ) = (2 )1/2 (/B ). Substitute in the equation for to get 2/RT = (2 )1/2 B 2 , which gives B = [2/(RT (2 )1/2 ]1/2 For RT = 12.5 and (2 )1/2 2.5, 2/(RT (2 )1/2 1/1.252 (10) and B 1/1.25 10 1/4 = 0.25 so C 0.25 . Then 1/2 A = U0 (2 )1/2 /B = U0 1/2 (4/ 2 ) 1.581/2 so CU 1.58

2) Experiments show that for an axisymmetric wake RT = 14.1. In that case we still need:
2 Us

1 d dUs = dx Us dx

But the momentum integral is cylindrical:

U0 Us

2 f ( )(2 )d = U0 2

Example problem: if (1/Us )(d /dx) =constant and Us on x1 ?

=constant, how will Us and

depend

Answer:Assume Us = Axa , = Bxb . The similarity requirements yield the same result as 1 before: Us d /dx xa xb1 constant or a + b = 1. The momentum integral constraint gives 2 Ux constant, or a + 2b = 0. Using a = 2b in the rst equation one gets 3b = 1 or b = 1/3 and a = 2/3 Us = Ax2/3 = Bx1/3 and the Reynolds number R = Us / x2/3 x1/3 = x1/3 , so the Reynolds number decreases downstream.

Week 3
1) Take as the prole of a plane wake U1 = f ( ) = exp( 1 2 ). 2 (a) For what is |uv | greatest? And what is its value? Use T = 1. Answer:|uv | will be largest where U1 /y is largest, or where 2 f / 2 = 0. 1 2 1 1 exp( 2 ) = exp( 2 ) = ( 2 1) exp( 2 ) = 0 2 2 2 2 at | | = 1 u2 , where u is a typical value (b) In a shear ow, the maximum Reynolds stress is |uv | 0.4 for u in the wake and is relatively constant out to = 1.5. Assume that u2 = v 2 = w2 . 2 What is typical value of 1 q 2 ,the turbulent kinetic energy in terms of Us ? 2 1 2 3 2 3 Answer:In terms of uv 2 q = 2 u = 20.4 uv = 3.75uv In a plane wake T = Us /RT where RT = 12.5 and the maximum of U1 /y = Us exp 0.5, so the maximum of
2 2 uv = T (U1 /y ) = Us exp(0.5)/12.5 0.05Us 1 2 2 q 0.68Us giving 2

2) In the budget for the turbulent kinetic energy for a wake with the prole above assume that the 4 2 advection term = 0.7(1 ( )2 2 ) exp( 2 ) 7 7 2 6 2 and transport = (1 + ( + ) exp( 2 )) advection 3 7 The turbulent kinetic energy budget is 0 = U0 1 2 U ( q ) uv v x 2 y y 1 2 P q + 2

(a) Sketch the Reynolds stress and production of turbulent kinetic energy. Answer: Answer to production: The production uv U is taken to be T ( f )2 , where f y and are dened above. (b) Sketch the dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy, . Answer:Now that the production is known, and the advection and transport are given, by nding the residual of these terms in the kinetic energy budget equation, the dissipation can be found. (c) Explain where the positive part of the advection term comes from and where the negative part is going to. Explain the role of transport in balancing these terms. Answer:The positive part comes from energy advected from upstream that does not get advected further downstream in the middle. It is either dissipated or transported to wings. The negative part is energy that has been transported to the wings and is then advected downstream. 3

3 2 3) Take as the prole of an axisymmetric wake f ( ) = (1 + 2 ) exp( 2 ). Sketch the Reynolds stress as a function of = r/ (x). Then sketch the production of turbulent kinetic energy. You need to identify where the maxima are. (Dont worry about the equation I gave for the 2 2 Laplacian x + y in a cylindrical geometry. It has nothing to do with maxima).

Answer:Real answer: I would not give such a complicated formula in an exam. I would just give the prole. Then you should know that an estimate of the Reynolds stress is f / and sketch the 1st derivative of f . That is, f / = 0 at = 0 and as , and the derivative is most somewhere near 1. Then to get the prole of the production, you just need to square the derivative: (f / )2 . Answer: f / = (1 + 2 2 ) exp(1.5 2 ), 2 f / 2 = (1 + 3 2 6 4 ) exp(1.5 2 ) which as a 2 zero at = (3 9 + 24)/(12) = 0.73

Week 4
1) In direct numerical simulations, one typically wants the mesh size to be equal to the Kolmogorov scale. The simulation is in a (2 )3 box with 128 mesh points in each direction. Assume that the large-scale velocity U 10 and the dissipation rate goes as U 3 /L, where L is the size of the periodic domain. (a) What should the viscosity be so that the Kolmogorov microscale equals the mesh size? Answer: 103 /(2 ) = 159. x = 2/128 = 0.05, = ( x4 )1/3 = (159 0.054 )1/3 = 0.1 (b) For this , what is the Taylor microscale and the Taylor microscale Reynolds number U / ? Answer: = U/( /15 )1/2 = 10/(159/(15 0.1))1/2 = (150/159)1/2 = 0.97 (small compared to L = 2 = 6.28). The Taylor microscale Reynolds number is R = U / = 10(0.97)/0.1 = 97, typical for 1283 simulations. 2) The 2nd order longitudinal structure function has 3 regimes: Ar2 , 0.5 2/3 r2/3 , where = u3 0 /L 2 2 and S11 (r) 2u0 . The 2nd order correlation function at large r is R11 (r) = 2u0 exp(r/L). (a) Assume the rst two regimes match at r = , what is A? Answer:A 2 = 0.5 2/3 2/3 , giving A = 0.5 2/3 4/3 = 0.5 (b) Find the r where the 2nd and 3rd regimes match. 2/3 Answer:0.5 2/3 r2/3 = 0.5u2 = 2u2 0 (r/L) 0 or r/L = 8 5
2/3

1/3

/ ) = 0.5 /

(c) Sketch S11 (r) for u0 = 6, L = 21.6, = 0.006. Giving = 0.012. a) Assume that the volume occupied by small-scale vortex tubes is determined by a radius the order of the Kolmogorov scale and a length the order of the Taylor microscale . What percentage of the total volume is this in terms of the large-scale Reynolds number. Assume that the dissipation scales as U 3 /L where U and L are the large velocity and length scales. If the dissipation were contained only within and around vortex tubes, what would have to be a typical value of the strain in these regions? Explain why this makes it implausible that dissipation is concentrated solely around the most intense vortex tubes. Answer:Volume of tubes will be [( 3 / )1/4 ]2 [E/ / ]1/2 U 2 / U 2 /(U 3 /L) 2 L/U 2 assuming U 3 /L on dimensional arguments. Compared to the total volume L3 then the percentage is 2 /(L2 U 2 ) Re2 . If dissipation is only near tubes then tubes %V ol = . Therefore tubes Re2 . But the smallscale velocity u is order of u ( )1/4 so we would expect tubes (u/ )2 ( )1/2 /( / 3 )1/2 . Therefore the dissipation must be more spread out. b) Consider two point vortices rotating around each other. One has strength 1 = 4 and the other 2 = 1. Sketch their motion. Hint: They will rotate about a common center of vorticity that is closer to the stronger vortex. Answer:If the center of vorticity is at (0,0), then if r1 = 1 then r4 = 4. That is v (0, 0) = 1 4 4 =4 1 =0 1 1 4

Week 5
1) Law of the wall 1 u y Ux = u ( log + a) Uy 0 For this velocity prole, show that the following are solutions of the k - equations: k u2 C
1/2

u3 u4 = y y+

Answer:The Law of the Wall is due to a constant stress layer. We will take two elements of k modelling. One is that the eddy viscosity prediction for the stress uv = 12 = const = T Ux y

. And the other is using only the right-hand side of the k -equation. k equation : k + U k t xi T k k xi =

In steady-state the time derivative will be zero and if the boundary layer is homogeneous in x, then the downstream advection will be zero (second term on the left). Only the turbulent transport will not be zero. If k is going to a constant, the transport will be nearly zero. Therefore the second equation we use is: 0 = or = Use u2 Ux = y y+ T and in k , T = C u2 y+
2

k2

. Therefore

Ux k2 = C y
2

= const = u2

2 . Cancelling the factors of u2 one gets T = C k / = y+ , yielding

= T

Ux y

= y+

u2 y+

= so =

u4 u3 = y+ y u2 C
1/2

C k 2 = T = y+ = u4

giving k =

2) For a large civil aircraft assume that the ight speed is 300 m/s and the kinematic viscosity of the air is about 15106 m2 /s. estimate the friction velocity and the wall-unit length scale at 1m from the leading edge. Use cf = (2 log10 Rex 0.65)2.3 , where cf is the skin-friction coecient and by denition cf w 1 2 U 2
2 where w = uv = u2 and U = 300m/s

From this u can be calculated and y+ (given in the law of the wall above). Answer:First need Rex = U L/ = 300 1/1.5 105 = 2 107 Then cf = 0.002, gives 2 |uv | = 0.5cf U = 90 giving u = 90 9.5 and y+ = u y/ = 10/1.5 105 6.3 105
1 2 3) Rewrite the pressure equation (i uj )(j ui ) = P in terms of central dierences. In central dierences,

aj (xi ) aj (xi+1 ) aj (xi1 ) = x 2x

2 aj (xi ) aj (xi+1 ) 2aj (xi ) + aj (xi1 ) = x2 x2

where the subscript i refers to the position i on a mesh and aj is one component of an arbitrary vector a. Answer: uj (xi+1 ) uj (xi1 ) ui (xj +1 ) ui (xj 1 ) 1 = 2xi 2xj uj (xi+1 ) 2uj (xi ) + uj (xi1 ) x2 i

i,j

i,j

4) Neglecting density, assume that the dissipation is = 100m2 /s3 , = 1.5 106 m2 /s and the mesh size in an LES designed to represent this atmospheric ow is 1 meter. Calculate the eddy viscosity predicted by the Smagorinsky model with Cs = 0.2 and compare it to the physical viscosity. You will need to estimate the strain modulus |eij |. Do this by estimating the velocity at the mesh scale from the second-order structure function: S2 (r) = 0.5 2/3 r2/3 where r =1 meter. Then estimate |eij | as this velocity scale divided by r. Answer: u2 = S2 = 0.5(1002/3 ), u = 0.51/2 1001/3 = 3.28 so |eij | 3.28. From this T = Cs |eij |x2 = 0.2 3.28 12 = 0.65, The eddy viscosity is the order of 106 greater than the physical viscosity. 5) Use the experimental relationship between the stress and the uctuating velocity, together with the k - relation for the eddy viscosity, to derive a relationship between the large-scale estimate of the dissipation rate and the actual dissipation rate. That is nd C where Cu3 /L The steps will be as follows. Consider that the stress typically is 0.4u2 where k = (3/2)u2 . In the k - , uv = T (u/y ) where T = C (k 2 / ) and C = 0.09. Replace (u/y ) by u/L. Answer: uv = 12 = 0.4u2 = C= 0.8 U k2 u (9/4)u4 u k = T = C = 0.09 3 y L L

L = 0.09(9/4)/0.04 1/2 u3