DRAFTING MANUAL Update 38

Optical Parts

Section K23 Page 1 March 1991*

1.0 General Unlike other physical objects, optical parts have typically been a part of some other assembly or product, i.e., a microscope, a telescope, a camera, a measuring device, etc. Thus, the drawing practices for such optical parts have been considered to be product peculiar; unlike the universe of other products usually identified within the engineering and manufacturing fields. However, highly specialized optical parts are appearing in increasing numbers within many other products used in industry. Some examples are alignment measuring instruments, leveling devices, optical tools, industrial photographic products, projection devices (comparators), and document reproduction machines. 1.1 The manufacturer of optical parts applies considerable judgement and expertise above and beyond the stated requirements of the related drawing or specification in producing the part. Unless such parts are described precisely as intended, it may not be possible to produce the optical parts as accurately as required. The purpose of this section, therefore, is to provide guidance and general practices for the design definition of the required optics and related documentation. The manufacturing complexities of optics in general place severe limitations on the kind and amount of design information that can be provided without placing undue constraints on the optics manufacturer. In recognition of this fact, the guidelines in this section should enable an OEM (original equipment manufacturer), which includes optics in its designs, to acquire the necessary optical parts with confidence. 2.0 References American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard Optical Parts Y14.18-1986 American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard Dimensioning & Tolerancing, 1982 MIL-STD-34 General Requirements for Optical Elements and Optical Systems

3.0 Definitions The following figures provide a graphical overview of the commonly used abbreviations to define various characteristics of some of the more common lens types. These abbreviations are not inclusive and cover only a limited number of lens designs. See Figure 1 for definitions of abbreviations used in Figures 2,3 &4. 3.1 Apertures 3.1.1 Clear Aperture The clear aperture is the portion of element surface filled with the image-forming beam.

GENIUM PUBLISHING

*New

Section K23 Page 2 March 1991*

DRAFTING MANUAL

Optical Parts

update 38

3.1.2 Mount Aperture The mount aperture is the mechanically tolerance portion of the element surface. Unless otherwise stated, the mount aperture is the same as the clear aperture. 3.1.3 Coating Aperture Unless otherwise stated, the coating aperture is the same as the mount aperture. 3.1.4 Wedge Element A wedge element may be a window, filter, reticle, or other element depending on its specification and function. Aside from the mechanical features of size, the optical deviation should be provided and tolerance to a specified wavelength of light (Figure 5). 3.1.5 Prism A right angle prism is an element generally used to achieve a 90 bend in the light path. A variation of this is a prism cube constructed by cementing two
*New

Figure 5. Wedge Element right angle prisms with appropriate interference coating on the hypotenuse surface (Figure 6). 3.1.6 Reticles Reticles are centering or aiming markings usually etched on a piano element. (Figure 7).

GENIUM PUBLISHING

DRAFTING MANUAL Update 38

Optical Parts

Section K23 Page 3 March 1991*

GENIUM PUBLISHING

*New

Section K23 Page 4 March 1991*

DRAFTING MANUAL

Optical Parts
Update 38

*New

GENIUM PUBLISHING

DRAFTING MANUAL Update 38

Optical Parts

Section K23 Page 5 March 1991*

3.1.7 Windows Filters, Flat Mirrors Windows, filters, and flat mirrors are similar to single lens elements. They differ from each other principally by materials and applied coatings. 4.0 Specifying Requirements for Optical Parts 4.1 Conventional Practices In general, the conventional practices described elsewhere in this manual are also applicable to drawings of optical parts, assemblies, and optical systems. 4.2 Dimensioning Practices Dimensions and tolerances for optical parts should be expressed in metric. The bilateral method of Tolerancing is preferred. 4.2.1 Mechanical Tolerances The mechanical tolerance should indicate the allowable departure from the specified dimensions insofar as it affects size but not irregularity tolerances of geometric shape. See Par. 4.2.2. The mechanical tolerance should be specified in the same units of measure as the dimension to which it is applied. 4.2.1.1 Control of Chamfers/Bevels/Chips In addition to normal tolerances, it is frequently necessary to apply tolerances to chamfers and dispersion of chips. When such tolerances are specified, Figure 8 provides some acceptable practices. Chamfers and dispersion chip size may be called out on the detailed part or in the title block of the drawing. Since glass characteristics frequently result in chipping throughout the manufacturing cycle, it may be desirable to specify on the drawing an acceptable level of such chipping. A note may be used for this purpose, such as: Edge chips shall not exceed 15% of the total perimeter or be larger than 0.5 max. width.

GENIUM PUBLISHING

*New

Section K23 Page 6 March 1991*

DRAFTING MANUAL

Optical Parts

Update 38

4.2.2 Irregularity Tolerance The irregularity tolerance specifies the allowable deviation from the geometric shape. Such deviation is expressed in fringes, also called birefringes, each of which is equivalent to 10 microinches. The deviation applies to the entire surface unless otherwise noted. Where necessary the wavelength of the test light used should also be specified. 4.2.3 Mechanical Surface Characteristics Machined surface characteristics are normally specified in the same values as for other mechanical machined surfaces described elsewhere in this manual, 4.3 Optical Surfaces 4.3.1 Spherical Optical Surfaces Spherical optical surfaces should be dimensioned in the form of a radius with both a mechanical tolerance and an irregularity tolerance per Par. 4.2.2. 4.3.2 Flat Optical Surfaces
Flat optical surfaces should be dimensioned as in Figure 5. Irregularity tolerances should be expressed in fringes. 4.3.3 Aspheric Surfaces

4.4 Pictorial and Descriptive Representations of Optical Parts 4.4.1 Single Lens A single lens is depicted by a sectional view as in Figure 10. Hidden lines are omitted in simple configurations; however, complex configurations are described using as many views as may be necessary. Glass hatching is optional. 4.4.2 Prisms As many views as may be necessary should be used to describe a prism (Figure 6). 4.4.3 Cemented Elements When cemented elements are required, an assembly drawing should be prepared in accordance with Figure 11. The optical parts are listed in the form of a generic parts list. However, the elements may be listed and described in a parts list format above the -, title block or on a separate parts list that is refer-

Aspheric optical surfaces are dimensioned by indicating the algebraic equation of the curve of the surface as a defined deviation from that surface. Surface coordinates may also be used for this purpose. Tolerances should be specified and the axis of the aspheric contour clearly defined. 4.3.4 Parabolic Surfaces Parabolic surfaces are dimensioned by showing the orientation of the axis and the location of the foci. See Figure 9. 4.3.5 Hyperbolic and Elliptical Surfaces Hyperbolic and elliptical surfaces should be dimensioned by delineating the orientation of the major axis and the semi-major and semi-minor diameters.
*New

GENIUM PUBLISHING

DRAFTING MANUAL Update 38

Optical Parts

Section K23 Page 7 March 1991*

4.4.4.1 Wedges Wedges are drawn as shown in Figure 5. In addition to the thickness, the optical deviation should also be provided and tolerance at a specified wavelength of light. 4.4.4.2 Reticles enced on the drawing. Suggested parts list forms and arrangements are described elsewhere in this manual. 4.4.4 Piano Elements
A piano element may be a window, filter, reticle, or other element not previously described. Some piano Drawings for reticles should contain as many views as may be required to present all the necessary details. Reticle markings should be shown on the drawing and be fully portrayed and dimensioned. Enlarged views of the markings may be used if necessary. It is usually necessary to specify certain processes such as etchings and pattern deposit for manufacturing control of the item. Additional notes required for proper control of the reticle markings are shown in Figure 7. *New

elements are defined in the following paragraphs.

GENIUM PUBLISHING

Section K23 Page 8 March 1991*

DRAFTING MANUAL

Optical Parts

Update 38

4.4.4.3 Windows and Filters

Windows and filters are described in Figure 12. Where a special orientation of an element is required, as in the case of a polarizing filter or beam splitter window, the required orientation should be stated in the field of the drawing note describing the orientation and permissible deviation limits. 4.4.4.4 Flat Mirrors Flat mirrors are drawn in a manner similar to that shown in Figure 5 except that specifications may be different.

4.4.4.5 Coatings, Cementing, and Sealing Surfaces applied to a specification should reference the document and point of application. If a specification is nonexistent, then the necessary information such as coating material, method of application, thickness, light characteristics, color, etc., should be provided. If the thickness of the coating is to be expressed in wavelengths, the color or wavelength of the test light should be specified. 4.4.4.6 Notes on Figures The notes shown on the various figures in this section are intended for reference only. They may or may not be applicable to the lens described in the figures. Moreover, they may be placed on the drawing in a manner consistent with the internal practices of the originator of the drawing. 4.5 Orientation 4.5.1 Optical System Drawings Optical system drawings should be oriented so that the light is assumed to enter from the left side of the drawing. The same practice should be observed for optical elements and components (Figure 13). 4.5.2 Complex Optical Systems The optical elements and components of complex systems should be displayed as they appear on the system drawing except that they may be rotated clockwise to bring the optical axis horizontal on the drawing. If the light does not enter from the left, the appropriate direction should be indicated by arrows along the optical axis (Figure 14). 5.0 Selected Optical Formulas Following are some of the more common formulas frequently used. Five variables, U, V, D, M, and F define the system in the first order analysis. See Figure 15. Each of the following three pairs of variations fixes the system, U & V, D &M, or M & F. Select the pair most important to the application at hand.

Figure 12. Filter Element *New GENIUM PUBLISHING

DRAFTING MANUAL Update 38

Optical Parts

Section K23 Page 9 March 1991*

GENIUM PUBLISHING

*New

Section K23 Page 10 March 1991*

DRAFTING MANUAL

Optical Parts

Update 38

5.1 Lens Pairs The following formulas may be used to combine lenses in pairs to obtain focal lengths other than those in a catalog. In this manner on ecan demonstrate principles much more easily and economically than by fabricating special focal lengths for prototypes

Where: FC = focal length of combination F1 = focal length of first lens F2 = focal length of second lens d = distance between principle planes of
the two lenses

The above are first order relationships and as such are only approximations. They are sufficiently accurate, however, for the majority of situations. The degree of sophistication required to make the transition from thin lens to thick lens analysis is beyond the scope of this section. 5.2 Glass Plates When glass plates, filters, or prisms are introduced into a converging beam of light, the focus shift must be taken into consideration. The focus shift is computed as follows:

Where: N1 = index of the medium surrounding the glass plate (usually air: N1 = 1.0) N2 = index of the glass plate t = thickness of the glass plate by rule of thumb then, the image if further from the lens by t/3 when flat plate is inserted in the beam.
*New GENIUM PUBLISHING
-

DRAFTING MANUAL Update 38

Optical Parts

Section K23 Page 11 March 1991*

5.3 Relative Aperature = F Number Where: N = index of the glass The f number of a lens is defined by the ratio of the R= radius in mm effective focal length of the lens divided by the DS = surface diopter diameter of clear aperature of the lens. It is a measure of the amount of illumination that can pass 5.4.2 Prism Diopter through the lens. It is expressed as A prism diopter power of 1.0 indicates a beam
deviation of 1Omm at a distance of 1 meter

1 prism diopter = 0.573 beam deviation Millidiopter

Where: N.A = numerical aperature

Where;

n = index of refraction of the medium between the object and objective (of a microscope) usually air (n = 1.0) =the half angle of the cone of light entering the objective

5.5 Effective Focal Length - EFL This is defined as the second focal point with parallel incident light.

5.4 Diopter
The diopter is the unit of power of the lens that is most used in the opthalmic branch of the optical industry. It is defines as the reciprocal of the lens focal length stated in meters. It is computer as follows:

5.4.1 Surface Diopter - DS

This is the quantity measured with diopter gauges. The measurement can be converted to the surface radius as follows:

GENIUM PUBLISHING

*New