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APPENDIX A METRIC (SI) INFORMATION

General: This Appendix provides guidance on the selection of metric (SI) units and how they relate to their counterparts in English or I-P units. Topics include definitions, dual units, conversion rules, basic units of measure, commonly used SI prefixes, SI measurements, and conversion tables. The conversion tables show multiplication values to change I-P units to SI units. Several additional tables in this Appendix provide specific I-P / SI relationships. These tables include: Table A-1. mm2 Equivalents of American Wire Gage Table A-2. NEMA Metric Non Metallic and Metallic Conduit and Fittings Table A-3. Reinforcing Bar Information Table A-4. Standard Test Sieves (U.S.A. Standard Sieves)

Definitions: Important terms include the following: SI UnitsUnits belonging to the International System of Units, which is abbreviated SI, as interpreted or modified for use in the United States by the Secretary of Commerce. English or I-P UnitsUnits based upon the yard and the pound, commonly used in the United States, and defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Soft ConversionAn I-P measurement that is mathematically converted to its exact SI equivalent. (Example: Lane Width = 12 feet (I-P) = 3.658 m (SI).) Hard ConversionA close approximation of the I-P unit but is rounded logically in the SI system. (Example: Lane Width = 12 feet (I-P) or 3.6 m (SI).) SI Base UnitsThe SI system consists of seven base units of measurement, six of which are used in design and construction. (The seventh, mole, is the amount of molecular substance and is used in physics.) Quantity length mass time electric current temperature luminous intensity Unit meter kilogram second ampere kelvin candela Symbol m kg s A K cd

SI Derived UnitsDerived units are formed by combining base units, supplementary units, and other derived units according to the algebraic relations linking the corresponding quantities. The symbols for derived units are obtained by means of the mathematical signs for multiplication, division, and use of exponents. See the list entitled Basic Units of Measure for examples of SI derived units.

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Dual Units: Wherever possible, measurements in these Specifications are stated in dual unitsSI units followed by I-P units in parentheses. Dual units may be found in references to SI or dual unit codes and standards (e.g., ASTM, AASHTO, etc.). In other situations, where references to other sources are not available, logical Conversion Rules are applied. Many SI measurements in these Specifications are soft conversions of the I-P measurements. Over time, these SI measurements will be changed, through the consensus process, into hard conversionsrationalized, rounded SI dimensions of the I-P measurements. Certain situations do occur where specifications are stated in SI units only or in I-P units only. These situations may occur when: Existing specifications have not been fully converted. The specification was developed exclusively using I-P units only or SI units only. (i.e., Specified products may be available exclusively in SI sizes or I-P sizes.)

Conversion Rules: The Metric Guide for Federal Construction, published by the National Institute of Building Sciences, provides further direction about developing specifications. The publication presents Conversion Rules which aids in developing construction specifications. The Conversion Rules include the following: Use ASTM E 621, Standard Practice for the Use of Metric (SI) Units in Building Design and Construction, as a basic reference. Follow the rules for usage, conversion, and rounding in IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997, Standard for Use of International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, Annex B, or ANSI/IEEE 268, American National Standard Metric Practice, Sections 3.5 and 4. Wherever possible, convert measurements to rounded, rationalized, hard SI numbers. For instance, if anchor bolts are to be imbedded to a depth of 10 inches, the exact converted length (i.e., soft conversion) of 254 mm might be rounded to either 250 mm (9.84 inches) or 260 mm (10.24 inches). The less critical the number, the rounder it can be, but ensure that allowable tolerances or safety factors are not exceeded. When in doubt, stick with the exact soft conversion. Round to preferred SI numbers (i.e., hard conversion). While the preferred numbers for the 1 foot = 12 inches system are, in order of preference, those divisible by 12, 6, 4, 3, 2, and 1, preferred SI numbers are, in order of preference, those divisible by 10, 5, 2, and 1 or decimal multiples thereof. Use hand calculators or software conversion programs that convert I-Ps to SI. They are readily available and are indispensable to the conversion process. Simply check with any store or catalogue source that sells calculators or software. Be careful with the decimal marker when converting areas and volumes; SI numbers can be significantly larger than I-P numbers (a cubic meter, for instance, is one billion cubic millimeters).

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Basic Units of Measure micrometer millimeter meter square meter cubic meter hectare liter pascal kilopascal megapascal newton kilonewton day second hour degree Celsius kelvin gram kilogram megagram tonne kilogram per square meter radian ampere farad henry joule lumen lux volt watt (m) (mm) (m) (m2) (m3) (ha) (L) (Pa) (kPa) (MPa) (N) (kN) (d) (s) (h) (C) (K) (g) (kg) (Mg) or tonne (t) (t) (kg/m2) (rad) (A) (F) (H) (J) (lm) (lx) (V) (W) deci (d)* centi (c)* milli (m) micro () nano (n) deca (da) hecto (h) kilo (k) mega (M) giga (G)

SI Prefixes 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 101 102 103 106 109 one tenth one hundredth one thousandth one millionth one billionth ten one hundred one thousand one million one billion

*Not in SI system

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SI Measurements Apparent Power = volt-amperes (VA) Length = millimeters, meters, kilometers Area = square meters or hectares (10,000 square meters) Volume = Liters or cubic meters Mass = kilograms, tonnes Force = newton (N = (kg m)/s2) Pressure, Stress = Pascal (Pa = N/m2) Energy, Work = Joule (J = N m) Torque = Newton meter (N m) Speed, Velocity = meter/second, kilometers/hour Acceleration = meters/second squared, kilometers/hours squared Density = kilograms/cubic meter Temperature = degrees Celsius Power = Watt (W = (N m)/s) Viscosity (Dynamic) = Pascal second (Pas) Viscosity (Kinematic) = square meter per second (m2/s) Luminous Flux = lumen Illuminance = lux Luminous Intensity = candela Conversions ANGLE AREA From English degree square inch square foot square yard acre acre square mile foot pound pound-force kip lb./in. lb./ft. inch foot foot yard mile mile inches/mile candlepower footcandle To SI rad mm2 m2 m2 m2 ha km2 J N kN N/mm N/m mm mm m m km m mm/km cd lx Multiply By 0.017 453 29 645.16 0.092 903 04 0.836 127 4 4 046.873 0.404 685 2.59 1.355 818 4.448 222 4.448 222 0.175 127 14.593 39 25.4 304.8 0.3048 0.9144 1.609 344 1 609.344 15.7828 1 10.763 91

ENERGY FORCE FORCE/UNIT LENGTH LENGTH

LIGHT

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Conversions MASS

From English ounce pound kip (1000 lbs.) ton ounces/sq. yd. lbs./sq. ft. lbs./sq. yd. lbs./cu. ft. lbs./cu. yd. lbs./acre ton/acre lbs./sq. ft. kips/sq. ft. lbs./sq. in. lbs./sq. in. kips/sq. in. (F - 32)/1.8 = C cubic inch cubic foot cubic yard gallon gal./yd. gal./sq. yd. gal./cu. yd. gal./acre gal./ton

To SI g kg tonne tonne kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m2 kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/ha tonne/ha Pa kPa kPa MPa MPa

Multiply By 28.349 523 0.453 592 0.453 592 0.907 185 0.033 905 75 4.882 428 0.542 5 16.018 46 0.593 276 4 1.1208 2.2417 47.880 26 47.880 26 6.894 757 0.006 895 6.894 757

MASS/UNIT AREA

PRESSURE, STRESS

TEMPERATURE VOLUME

mm3 m3 m3 L L/m L/m2 L/m3 L/ha L/tonne

16 387.064 0.028 316 85 0.764 554 9 3.785 41 4.1398 4.5273 4.9511 9.3539 4.1726

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TABLE A-1 mm2 Equivalents of American Wire Gage ASTM B 3 Soft or Annealed Copper Wire 107.0 85.0 67.4 53.5 42.4 33.6 26.7 21.2 16.8 13.3 10.5 8.37 6.63 5.26 4.17 3.31 2.63 2.08 1.65 1.31 1.04 0.823 0.654 0.517 0.411 0.324 0.259 0.205 0.162 0.128 0.102 0.081 0.065 0.051 0.040 0.032 0.026 0.020 0.016 ASTM B 8 Concentric-Lay-Stranded Copper Conductors Hard, Medium-Hard, or Soft 7 19 37 Wires Wires Wires 107.3 107.2 107 85.00 85.1 84.9 67.45 67.4 67.5 53.49 53.4 53.5 42.37 42.4 42.5 33.6 33.6 33.7 26.7 26.6 26.6 21.1 21.2 21.2 16.8 16.7 16.8 13.3 13.3 13.3 10.5 10.5 10.5 8.38 8.38 8.35 6.62 6.61 6.63 5.26 5.27 5.23 3.30 3.30 3.32 2.08 2.08 2.07 1.31 1.32 0.819 0.81 0.519 0.51 0.33 0.32 0.20 0.20 ASTM B 258 Solid Round Wires 107.2 85.03 67.42 53.49 42.41 33.62 26.67 21.15 16.77 13.30 10.55 8.367 6.631 5.261 4.17 3.30 2.63 2.08 1.65 1.31 1.04 0.823 0.653 0.519 0.412 0.324 0.259 0.205 0.162 0.128 0.102 0.081 0.0645 0.0506 0.0401 0.0325 0.0255 0.0201 0.0159

AWG American Wire Gage 0000 000 00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

3 Wires 42.39 33.61 26.69 21.17

61 Wires 107 84.9 67.4 53.5 42.3

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TABLE A-1 (Continued) mm2 Equivalents of American Wire Gage ASTM B 3 Soft or Annealed Copper Wire 0.013 0.010 0.0081 0.0062 0.0049 ASTM B 8 Concentric-Lay-Stranded Copper Conductors Hard, Medium-Hard, or Soft 7 19 37 Wires Wires Wires ASTM B 258 Solid Round Wires 0.0126 0.0103 0.00813 0.00621 0.00487 0.00397 0.00317 0.00245 0.00203 0.00157

AWG American Wire Gage 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45

3 Wires

61 Wires

TABLE A-2 NEMA Metric Non-Metallic and Metallic Conduit and Fittings Table Size (Inches) 1/2 3/4 1 1 1/4 1 1/2 2 2 1/2 3 3 1/2 4 5 6 Metric Size Designations 16 21 27 35 41 53 63 78 91 103 129 155

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TABLE A-3 Reinforcing Bar Information SI Bar Information SI Bar No.(1) 10 13 16 19 22 25 29 32 36 43 57 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) SI Diam. (mm) 9.5 12.7 15.9 19.1 22.2 25.4 28.7 32.3 35.8 43.0 57.3 SI Area (mm2) 71 129 200 284 387 510 645 819 1006 1452 2581 SI Mass (kg/m) 0.560 0.994 1.552 2.235 3.042 3.973 5.060 6.404 7.907 11.38 20.24 SI Grades (2) (MPa) 300(3),(5), 350(4), 400(3),(4),(5),(6) 300(3),(5), 350(4), 400(3),(4),(5),(6) 300(3),(5), 350(4), 400(3),(4),(5),(6) 300(3),(5), 350(4), 400(3),(4),(5),(6) 300(5), 350(4), 400(3),(4),(5),(6), 500(3) 300(5), 350(4), 400(3),(4),(5),(6), 500(3) 300(5), 350(4), 400(3),(4),(5),(6), 500(3) 300(5), 350(4), 400(3),(4),(5),(6), 500(3) 300(5), 350(4), 400(3),(4),(5),(6), 500(3) 400(3),(6), 500(3) 400(3),(6), 500(3) I-P Bar No. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 18 I-P Bar Diam. (in) 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.750 0.875 1.000 1.128 1.270 1.410 1.693 2.257 I-P Bar Information I-P Area (in2) 0.11 0.20 0.31 0.44 0.60 0.79 1.00 1.27 1.56 2.25 4.00 I-P Weight (lbs/ft) 0.376 0.668 1.043 1.502 2.044 2.670 3.400 4.303 5.313 7.650 13.600 I-P Grades (2),(7) (ksi) 40(3)(5), 50(4), 60(3),(4),(5),(6) 40(3)(5), 50(4), 60(3),(4),(5),(6) 40(3)(5), 50(4), 60(3),(4),(5),(6) 40(3),(5), 50(4), 60(3),(4),(5),(6), 75(3) 40(5), 50(4), 60(3),(4),(5),(6), 75(3) 40(5), 50(4), 60(3),(4),(5),(6), 75(3) 40(5), 50(4), 60(3),(4),(5),(6), 75(3) 40(5), 50(4), 60(3),(4),(5),(6), 75(3) 40(5), 50(4), 60(3),(4),(5),(6), 75(3) 60(3),(6), 75(3) 60(3),(6), 75(3)

PennDOT has not added the "M" suffix appearing in some standard literature to SI bar numbers. Grade is equivalent to Min. Yield Designation, fy. ASTM A 615/A 615 M billet-steel. ASTM A 616/A 616 M rail-steel. ASTM A 617/A 617 M axle-steel. ASTM A 706/A 706 M low-alloy steel. Equivalent MPa values for I-P grades follow: 40 ksi = 276 MPa, 50 ksi = 345 MPa, 60 ksi = 414 MPa, and 75 ksi = 517 MPa.

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TABLE A-4 Standard Test Sieves (U.S.A. Standard Series)

Standard Sieve Designation 125 mm 106 mm 100 mm(1) 90 mm 75 mm 63 mm 53 mm 50 mm(1) 45 mm 37.5 mm 31.5 mm 26.5 mm 25.0 mm(1) 22.4 mm 19.0 mm 16.0 mm 13.2 mm 12.5 mm(1) 11.2 mm 9.5 mm 8.0 mm 6.7 mm 6.3 mm(1) 5.6 mm 4.75 mm 4.00 mm 3.35 mm 2.80 mm

Alternative Sieve Designation 5 in. 4.24 in. 4 in.(1) 3 1/2 in. 3 in. 2 1/2 in. 2.12 in. 2 in.(1) 1 3/4 in. 1 1/2 in. 1 1/4 in. 1.06 in. 1 in.(1) 7/8 in. 3/4 in. 5/8 in. 0.530 in. 1/2 in.(1) 7/16 in. 3/8 in. 5/16 in. 0.265 in. 1/4 in.(1) No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7

Standard Sieve Designation 2.36 mm 2.00 mm 1.70 mm 1.40 mm 1.18 mm 1.00 mm 850 m 710 m 600 m 500 m 425 m 355 m 300 m 250 m 212 m 180 m 150 m 125 m 106 m 90 m 75 m 63 m 53 m 45 m 38 m 32 m 25 m(1) 20 m(1)

Alternative Sieve Designation No. 8 No. 10 No. 12 No. 14 No. 16 No. 18 No. 20 No. 25 No. 30 No. 35 No. 40 No. 45 No. 50 No. 60 No. 70 No. 80 No. 100 No. 120 No. 140 No. 170 No. 200 No. 230 No. 270 No. 325 No. 400 No. 450 No. 500(1) No. 635(1)

(1) These sieves are not in the standard series but they have been included because they are in common usage.

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