subnetting

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IP Address Classes
IP addresses are divided into classes to define the large, medium, and small networks. Class A addresses are assigned to larger networks. Class B addresses are used for medium-sized networks, Class C for small networks, Class D for Multicasting Class E for Experimental purposes

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Identifying Address Classes

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IP address types
IP address could be one of three categories Network address Host address Broadcast address

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Network / Broadcast Addresses

- Network address : the first IP address in it which all host part bits = 0 - Broadcast address: the last IP address in the network which all host part bits = 1
no. of host bits

- other addresses are host addresses = 2 -Here are some examples: Class A B C
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Network Address 12.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 192.168.1.0

Broadcast Address 12.255.255.255 172.16.255.255 192.168.1.255

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Subnet Mask

- 32 bit mask ( 1s followed by 0s ) - Used by routers and hosts to determine the number of network- significant bits ( identified by 1s ) and host- significant bits in an IP address (identified by 0s) - example :
Class A B C
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Network Address 12.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 192.168.0.0

Default subnet mask 255.0.0.0 or 255.255.0.0 or 255.255.255.0 or

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/8 /16 /24
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Octet Values of a Subnet Mask

Subnet masks like IP addresses can be represented in the dotted decimal format like 255.255.255.0.
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Subnetting
- Subnetting a network means to use the subnet mask to divide the network and break a large network up into smaller, more efficient and manageable segments, or subnets. - Subnetting is done by taking part of host bits then add it to the network part

IP address

Network part

Host part

Subnet bits

Network part
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Host part
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Subnetting Example
Divide network 192.168.1.0/24 into 4 subnets
Solution: 4 subnets need 2 bits
192.168.1 . 0 192.168.1 . 0000 0000 to 0011 1111 192.168.1 . 0100 0000 to 0111 1111 192.168.1 . 1000 0000 to 1011 1111 192.168.1 . 1100 0000 to 1111 1111

0 - 63
64 - 127

128 - 191
192 - 255

subnet mask is 255.255.255.192 or /26

The first subnet is 192.168.1.0/26

The second subnet is

The third subnet is

192.168.1.64/26
192.168.1.128/26

The fourth subnet is

192.168.1.192/26

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Subnetting Example
Divide network 192.168.1.0/24 into 4 subnets
-

Solution :
4 subnets need 2 bits

- subnet mask = 255.255.255.192

- interesting octet is 192 - hop count = 256 192 = 64

- The first subnet is - The third subnet is

- The fourth subnet is
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192.168.1.0/26

0 - 63 64 - 127 128 - 191

- The second subnet is 192.168.1.64/26

192.168.1.128/26
192.168.1.192/26

192 - 255
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Subnetting Example
Divide network 172.16.0.0/16 into 8subnets
Solution :
- 8 subnets need 3 bits

- subnet mask = 255.255.224.0

- interesting octet is 224 - hop count = 256 224 = 32

- The first subnet is

- The third subnet is

172.16.0.0/19

172.16.0.1-172.16.31.254
172.16.32.1 -172.16.63.254 172.16.64.1-172.16. 95.254

- The second subnet is 172.16.32.0/19

172.16.64.0/19

-The 8th subnet is

172.16.224.0/19

172.16.224.1-172.16.255.254

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Subnetting Example
Divide network 10.0.0.0/10 into 4subnets
Solution :
- 4subnets need 2 bits - subnet mask = 255.240.0. 0

- interesting octet is 240 - hop count = 256 240= 16

- The first subnet is
10.0.0.0/12
10.0.0.1-10.15.255.254

- The second subnet is 10.16.0.0/12

10.16.0.1-10.31.255.254 10.32.0.1-10.47.255.254 10.48.0.1-10.63.255.254

- The third subnet is

- The fourth subnet is
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10.32.0.0/12
10.48.0.0/12

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How Many Networks

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Given the Class C network of 204.15.5.0/24, subnet the network in order to create the network in the figure below, with the host requirements shown

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Calculating Addresses without VLSM

Looking at the network shown, you can see that you are required to create five subnets. The largest subnet must support 28 host addresses. You can start by looking at the subnet requirement.

In order to create the 5 needed subnets you would need to use 3 bits from the Class C host bits.
Two bits would only allow you four subnets (22).

How many hosts will this support? 25 = 32 (30 usable).

This meets the requirement
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Calculating Addresses without VLSM

Subnet Mask = 255. 255. 255. 224 /27

Interesting Octet is 224

Hope Count = 256-224 = 32 Subnet A: 204.15.5.0/27 Subnet B: 204.15.5.32/27 host address range 1 to 30 host address range 33 to 62

Subnet C: 204.15.5.64/27 Subnet D: 204.15.5.96/27

Subnet E: 204.15.5.128/27

host address range 65 to 94 host address range 97 to 126

host address range 129 to 158

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Waste of IP Addresses ?

Subnet A: 204.15.5.0/27 Only 14 Addresses Used

Subnet B: 204.15.5.32/27 Only 28 Addresses Used. Subnet C: 204.15.5.64/27

host address range 1 to 30

host address range 33 to 62

host address range 65 to 94

Only 2 Addresses Used Subnet D: 204.15.5.96/27

Only 7 Addresses Used Subnet E: 204.15.5.128/27 Only 28 Addresses Used
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host address range 97 to 126

host address range 129 to 158

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In many cases, having the same subnet mask for all subnets ends up wasting address space. Solution ? Using Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)

VLSM allows you to use different masks for each subnet, thereby using address space efficiently
How ? The easiest way to assign the subnets is to assign the largest first and work your way down. In our case: Proceed in the following order: Network B, E, A, D, C
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Calculating Addresses with VLSM

Subnet B: requires a /27 (255.255.255.224) mask to support 28 hosts We have calculated that before: Subnet B: 204.15.5.0/27 host address range 1 to 30

Subnet E: requires a /27 (255.255.255.224) mask to support 28 hosts

We have also calculated that before: Subnet E: 204.15.5.32/27 host address range 33 to 62

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Calculating Addresses with VLSM

Subnet A: Needs 14 Hosts
Take one of the subnets from the last subnetting procedure (other than the ones given to B and E.

Example: 204.15.5.64/27 (Apply Subnetting on this one) To support 14 hosts (at least 4 bits are needed for the hosts)
Subnet Mask = 255. 255.255.240 Interesting Octet = 240 Number of Subnets = 2 ^ 1 = 2 /28 Hop Count = 256 240 = 16

204.15.5.64/28 -> Host address range 65 to 78 that to Subnet A)

204.15.5.80/28
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(Assign

-> Host Address Range 81 to 95

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Calculating Addresses with VLSM

Subnet D: Needs 7 Hosts
Take one of the subnets from the last subnetting procedure (other than the ones given to A and D

Example: 204.15.5.80/28 (Apply Subnetting on this one) To support 7 hosts (at least 4 bits are needed for the hosts, 3 bits has only 6 valid hosts) Hence no need for any more subnetting 204.15.5.80/28 -> Host Address Range 81 to 94

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Calculating Addresses with VLSM

Subnet C: Needs 2 Hosts
Take one of the subnets from the last procedure (other than the ones given to A

Example: 204.15.5.96/28 (Apply Subnetting on this one) To support 2 hosts (at least 2 bits are needed for the hosts)
Subnet Mask = 255. 255.255.252 Interesting Octet = 252 Number of Subnets = 2 ^ 2 = 4 /30 Hop Count = 256 252 = 4

204.15.5.96/30 -> Host address range 97 to 98 that to Subnet C)

204.15.5.100/30
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-> Host Address Range 101 to 102

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Calculating Addresses with VLSM

Finally:
Subnet B: 204.15.5.0/27 host address range 1 to 30 Subnet E: 204.15.5.32/27 host address range 33 to 62 Subnet A 204.15.5.64/28 host address range 65 to 78

Subnet D 204.15.5.80/28 host address range 81 to 94 Subnet C 204.15.5.96/30 host address range 97 to 98

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Calculating Addresses: Case 2

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Calculating Addresses: Case 2

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Calculating Addresses: Case 2

Calculate the address ranges for sub networks

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