Physics Letters A 319 (2003) 246250 www.elsevier.

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An electromagnetic theory of strong interactions

Jean-Pierre Vigier
Universit Paris VI, CNRS, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France Received 30 March 2003; received in revised form 16 September 2003; accepted 7 October 2003 Communicated by P.R. Holland

Abstract The aim of this work is to suggest that if gravitation and electromagnetism are described in terms of sets of local permanent extended holes and bumps moving in a real Dirac-type aether in external at space, one can describe strong interactions between protons and neutrons in terms of dielectricdiamagnetic properties inherent in the electromagnetic interaction itself. 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction In preceding papers [13] gravitational and electromagnetic interactions have been described in terms of local extended vortices, i.e., as local holes and bumps in a real, random Lorentz stochastic Diractype aether moving in a real external at space. Following a proposal of Bergstrm [4] the aim of the present work is to see if this model can be extended to strong interactions between nuclear elements, i.e., to see if Yukawa-type interactions can result from local diamagnetic interaction properties between extended charge distributions.

2. Different extended charge and mass distributions Such an interpretation is possible, in principle, based on the observed fact that the electrons and positrons electromagnetic charges are practically point-like in experiments where their gravitational scattering width (Compton wavelength) is much greater
0375-9601/$ see front matter 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2003.10.037

than the observed extension of their point-like charges. This property suggests that electrons and positrons are built with rotating point-like electromagnetic charges moving with velocities v c at the periphery of extended mass distributions, i.e., with electromagnetic spins h /2 practically parallel to their velocity. Then their scattering must contain, when they collide with parallel electromagnetic gravitational spins, attractive electromagnetic spinspin forces which can overcome their Coulomb-repulsion. In other terms, if one describes individual electrons (or positrons) in terms of small rotating electromagnetic charges orbiting around a center of mass (in such an extended electron model) one can add in certain types of collisions attractive spinspin and spinorbit forces to their usual Coulomb repulsion. This possibility has been implicitly suggested by Bergtrm [4]. His starting point is the observed fact that a piece of amber after rubbing, attracts uncharged objects. Even if the objects are charged with the same kind of charge as the piece of amber itself, the attraction due to the polarization in the objects may then dominate at short range over their Coulomb repulsion.

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This possibility [5,6] extended to the conditions inside a medium, with extended density of charge e and electric permittivity , will describe a force f per volume element, caused by an electric eld E , consisting of a Coulomb contribution, together with a dielectric effect which may make f directed opposite to the electric eld, i.e., 1 1 f = e B + B 2 (1/) E 2 , (1) 2 2 e where e is a measure of the density of the medium, i.e., charge or mass density. An analogous expression is also valid for the volume force f due to a magnetic eld B in a medium with a current density j = e v and magnetic permeability , i.e.: 1 1 (1/) f = e B + B 2 (1/) B 2 2 2 (2) expressing the fact that a diamagnetic substance is repelled by a magnetic eld. These relations apply to an extended point-like Lorentz charge model [3], where the effect of the electromagnetic eld on an extended charge (or an ensemble of charges) will tend to weaken the eld itself. . . just like the polarization and magnetization in a dielectric or diamagnetic substance would do. As shown by Bergstrm [4] dielectric effects can thus occur, in extended particles, as a result of internal short range electromagnetic induction, when such extended charge distributions are accelerated.

corresponding to the zero spin component (J3 = 0) of electromagnetism. The acceleration of a volume element of the cloud, caused by the electric eld, can then be written a = (e /m )E a0 , where a0 denotes possible dielectric reactions. The introduction of a non-zero, positive photon mass in electromagnetic theory has well-known consequences, i.e., (1) If it is small enough it implies a practical (FAPP) separation of transverse (with spin J3 = 1) from longitudinal (J3 = 0) Maxwellian waves: the former (J3 = 1) are transverse waves moving with velocity v < c, the later (J3 = 0) corresponding to a static Coulomb-type eld exp(, R )/R : R denoting the distance to the central point in the rest frame of the center of charge X . (2) The pilot elds surround particle-like photons in such a way that their internal orbital motions beat in phase around the axis dened by their charged orbital momenta. (3) In their rest frames (centered on X ) longitudinal photons are static (i.e., X = 2 X ) and their charge distribution is attened along X , in any other Lorentz-frame, according to the laws of special relativity theory. (4) In this model photons are only present with transverse electromagnetic waves and their energymomentum is carried by photons and by waves. (5) This also implies that a moving limited source containing electrons is surrounded by a real physical limited Coulomb-type eld which corresponds to a superposition of all the Coulomb transverse electronic elds, with J3 = 0, in their rest frames. This eld contains no photons and has a limited extension around the source. They emit longitudinal waves (J3 = 0) from their accelerated motions, effects due to the acceleration caused by the associated eld E . In the case of a0 = 0 the acceleration a , seen from K , will be a Thomas rotation = v a/(2c2 ) of each innitesimal part of the cloud, i.e., = (e /2m ) B. (4)

3. A Yukawa-type model [7] One can then construct a Yukawa-type electromagnetic model if one starts with a single extended cloud of electromagnetic charge with extended internal inertial mass density m and density of (unipolar) electric charge e , electric permittivity 0 (as in vacuum), magnetic permeability 0 (as in vacuum), moving with a constant translational velocity v (with |v | c) with respect to a stationary reference system K. From another instantaneous rest frame K there are no internal velocities and no internal magnetic elds. Its electric eld being denoted E the magnetic eld, in K , of the cloud will be B = v E/c2 (3)

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Starting from Maxwells equations one can write: . E = e / 0 , B E = t , (5) . B = 0, E . . B = 0 j + c12 t One deduces therefrom: ( B) = 0 j + B
1 2B c2 t 2 1 ( .E) t c2

E = B =

1 4 0 4

SE SB

er12 /L r12

er12 /L r12

dV , (11)

dV ,

tied to solutions for V and A. The potential, now written A ( = 0, 1, 2, 3), appears when the two internal electromagnetic spins of two such interacting particles are temporarily parallel. The corresponding potential takes the Yukawa form since with = and = 0 1 + r12 L1 er12 /L . One can write: r12 er12 /r12 , 3 L r12 (14) (13)
0e r12 /L

= 0 j ,

(6)

considering SB = v e as a source term. This will yield the two relations (9) which dene the source terms SB and SE .

1 + r12 L1

(12)

4. Internal motions in extended charge models Even when there are no internal velocities in the point-like extended particles charge, seen from a frame system K , moving with them, they will be seen from a system K moving with it where an internal innitesimal rotational velocity appear, i.e., r, vrot = v + (7)

E= B=

q 4

1+

0 q r12 er12 /Lvr12 , 1+ 3 4 L r12

where r is the radius vector of the center of rotations of charge of the extended particle. We can thus write: vrot = (e /m ) B with 2 B 2 E
2 e m 2 e m

(8)

and such solutions of the Yukawa equations, in a charge accelerated medium, formally identical to Coulomb contributions in a dielectricdiamagnetic medium, may dominate over the repulsive effect. Assuming a charged cloud with total charge q and uniform charge and mass densities e and m , we can calculate the dielectric-attraction effect. Assuming the two charges in a sphere of radius r0 , 3 so that e = q/(4/3)r0 , we obtain the relations: f = e E + 1 r 4 L
0 2

0 B = 0 SB , 0 E =
1
0

SE ,

(9) =

E2 r 1 + r 4 /L r er/L 3r 2 L r0
0

(15)

when one considers the terms e as a source terms SE . These expressions replace, in this model, the usual vacuum equations 2 E = 2 B = 0. They contain a rest mass term
2 m = e 0 h 1 /2

q2 (4)2 +

3 1+
2

1 r 4 L

q2 (4)2

4 1 er/L . r L r4

(16)

With r = r0 in (16) one gets r0 = 2,55L = 2,55h /m c. (17)

m c2

1/2

(10)

which move with a velocity c. Relations B = A and E = v A/t also imply mass-like terms for V and A. 2 ( )1 )1/2 ) are Solutions of (9) (with L = (e 0 m given by

If mc is the mass of a sphere containing the two interacting charges we can write L= 0 q 2 , mc (4/3)(2,55)3 (18)

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i.e., mc 5.5 1 e q
2

me .

(19)

Within the attractive range r0 this force is opposite to the new electric force and we can write d 2r (20) = 0. dt 2 Bergstrm then concludes this idea with semi-quantitative discussions on possible consequences of such a model (i.e., on macroscopic consequences) which we will discuss in a subsequent paper. The ether satises Lorentzs interpretation. It does not satisfy the theory of General Relativity. m

theories of such nearby forces suggest that protons (and neutrons) repel each other up to very close distance and then a binding force takes hold which forces them to stick together. If this distance is small enough neighbouring protons (and neutrons) interact directly. We make the following assumptions: (1) That the electromagnetic charges (in extended protons and neutrons) can rst be considered as point-like, i.e., we represent their interactions by two different types of vector elements. They interact through the spin zero part of the Maxwellian and electromagnetic four vector potentials A associated to a non-zero photon mass, i.e., with static forces in the keV region corresponding to the spin-0 component of the Coulomb eld. (2) That the equilibrium situation between protons (and neutrons), in given extended nuclei, is calculated (rst approximation) at point-like charges and leave aside the fact that charges oscillate, at velocities v c, around the associated centers of mass: i.e., a calculation which neglects their space extension and is, FAPP, performed in the rest-frame of the center of mass. This amounts to consider protons (and neutrons) as charged points and to work in the special Lorentz frame where we consider the protons and neutrons in our model as containing three em charges 1 or two em charges (+1 and 1 + neutrinos) so that the neutron mass is slightly superior in the reaction n . + e + r (3) That in Moons model [8] the neutron and proton subelements are not located at random. They are located at the angles of the ve known threedimensional solids built with equal length between their point angles (called platonic solids in geometry) which lie at equal distance on the surface of a threedimensional sphere (circumsphere) and having only one sphere inscribed (in-sphere) within them. (4) These ve Platonic solids dene a type of limit of what can be perfectly constructed in threedimensional space. These solids are the only ones that can be formed (FAPP) with faces that are equal, regular plane gures (the equilateral triangle, square and pentagon) and equal solid angles. A derivative set of solids, the semi regular or Archimedean solids, can thus be formed using two or three regular plane gures for faces in each gure. Both species of solids can be circumscribed by a sphere, the circumsphere, such that

5. Spin and isospin in extended elements The preceding description of spin as describing internal rotational motions within extended particle elements can evidently be extended, following a suggestion of Gondran, to isospin and strangeness. He suggested that one can introduce in extended models different types of motions in three-dimensional space. If one assumes that the center of charge of an extended charged element moves with a velocity close to c, i.e., . The X this element is attened perpendicular to X extended charge motion can be described as the combination of a circular (or elliptic) rotation in a plane , plus a small periodic oscillation perpendicular to X along X : both periods being in phase. In other terms one can (in this type of model) associate to the X motions, around the center of mass motion X , at least three periodic internal oscillations of X , which can be dened by internal quantum numbers.

6. Location of protons and neutrons within extended nuclei The construction of tight nuclei with many protons and neutrons, is still an open problem. We only attempt to discuss it, within our model, in terms of consequences of extended non-zero electromagnetic charges existing within protons and neutrons in the presence of new short range spin zero Coulomb typeforces existing within protons and neutrons. Present

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all the vertices of the gure are just touched by the sphere. The platonic solids are unique in that each has just one sphere, the isosphere, that will sit inside, just tangent to the interior of each one of the faces. The Archimedean solids must have either two or three distinct in-spheres. A third series of spheres, the midspheres, is formed by a radius connecting the center of the solid with the midpoint of each of the edges: is associated with both the Platonic and Archimedean solids. The surfaces of the platonic solids and related regular solids represent unique divisions of the surface of a sphere according to a least action principle. (5) That in this type of Keplerian Atom the 92 elements of the naturally occurring elements are determined by two identical sets of nested solids, each containing 46 vertices. This justies the Mendeleev Table. Two pairs of regular platonic solids (cubeoctahedron and icosahedrondodecahedron) are arranged in a nested sequence: the tetrahedron being dual unto itself. These 3-dimensional geometrical gures have been utilized to explain the observed periodicity of the atomic volumes (the ratio of atomic weight/density) of the elements. The maxima of atomic numbers, 3, 11, 19, 37, 55 and 87 identify the elements that begin each period of the Mendeleev Table, where minima occur at, or near, the atomic numbers 8, 14, 26, 46 which mark the completed proton shells. Protons and neutrons have a slightly different mass and their electromagnetic charges (around each angle) move at velocities close to c. They can only lie at extremities of the 3-dimensional volumes with centers separated by specic distances: in Moons model the tight charges are thus separated by different distances. They lie at different angles (points) of the vertices of two identical pairs of nested solids in three dimensions. Assuming the location of the 92 observed protons and neutrons of the naturally observed elements are located at vertices of two identical pairs of nested solids: they are thus comparable to Platonic and Archimedean solids.1
1 This description if, of course, only an approximation, in our model, since the proton and neutron carry three and two moving electromagnetic charges at v c and thus have a slightly different mass and internal geometry. If one works in their center

(6) Since observed periodic properties of the elements (compressibility, coefcient of expansion, and reciprocal melting points) obey the same periodicity as atomic volume, in this model, the abrupt change in nuclear properties happen around magic numbers in nuclear properties. This also explains why the observed periodicity of physical and chemical properties of nuclei is not the same as the periodicity of the proton shells inside the nuclei.

References
[1] T. van Flandern, Phys. Lett. A 50 (1998) 1. [2] A. Ghosh, Progress in New Cosmologies, Plenum Press, New York, 1993. [3] T. van Flandern, J.P. Vigier, Found. Phys. 32 (2002) 103. [4] A. Bergstrm, Phys. Rev. D 8 (12) (1973) 4394. [5] J.P. Vigier, Paper presented at I.C.C.F., Hawa, 1993. [6] A. Dragic, Z. Maric, J.P. Vigier, Phys. Lett A 273 (1998) 349. [7] H. Yukawa, Prog. Theor. Phys. 17 (1935) 48. [8] J. Moon, Executive Intelligence Rev. 6 November (1987) 18.

of mass rest frame, where their volume is (FAPP) spherical, their electromagnetic point-like charges are located in a neutron at opposite sides of a neutrons diameter.