HELICAL GEARS

Definition:
Ø One prime disadvantages of spur gears is that their initial contact upon meshing is
a line contact.
Ø Instantaneous line contact produces shock effect which results in reduced load
capacity and noisy operation.
Ø The problem is alleviated when helical gears are used because the initial contact is
a point which becomes a line of increasing length as contact continues.

Crossed Helical gears:

Force analysis of Helical Gears:

Fn is resolved into F' and Fr' F' is resolved into Ft and Fa' Eliminating Fn from the expressions for
component forces we obtain the following formulas.
DESIGN FORMULAS :
In general, the design of all the common gears such as spur gears, helical gears, bevel
gears and worm gears are carried out through two parameters which are
(1) required minimum centre distance based on surface compressive stress and
(2) required minimum module based on bending stress.

Ø Since the structure of helical gear is slightly varied from spur gear, there is not
much difference between their design.
Ø Consider a helical gear, whose teeth are cut, at the helix angle.
Ø Since the teeth are cut at an angle three pitches have been taken into account.
Ø Pc, the circular pitch which is the distance. between the corresponding points of
successive teeth, measured along the plane perpendicular to the axis of gear.
Ø Pn' the normal circular pitch which is the distance between two successive teeth,
measured along the plane perpendicular (i.e., normal) to teeth. This plane is at the
angle of degrees to the axis of gear.
Ø Pa' the axial pitch which is distance between two successive teeth, measured
along the plane parallel to the axis of the gear.
DESIGN PROCEDURE :

The steps given below may be observed for the design of helical and herring-bone
gear drives.
1.From the given problem find the amount of power to be transmitted, pinion speed, gear
ratio, life of gear drive and other working conditions. Then select proper material and
determine their design stresses and young’s modulus similar to spur gear drive.
WORM GEAR DRIVE:

DESIGN PARAMETERS:

Ø Since the worm gear drive transmit power through sliding contact, we should
consider the friction effect when designing.
Ø Let us consider a worm gear drive as shown in figure for which the essential
parameters regarding the design point of view are given below.

DESIGN PROCEDURE :
BEVEL GEAR DRIVE

Kinematics of Bevel Gears:

DESIGN PARAMETERS:

Ø The teeth for bevel gears are cut on the pitch surfaces of their conical blanks .
Ø The design of bevel gears is based on cone distance, which is the distance
between the apex and the outer extreme point of teeth situated in the outer pitch
circle, in stead of centre distance as followed in spur or helical gear design.
Questions:

1) Write short notes on herringbone gears.

2) Discuss in detail about the design procedure for a helical gear drive.
3) What is equivalent spur gear and how this can be used for helical gear design.
4) What is a worm gear and where is it used?
5) What is meant by self-locking? At which gear it is available?
6) Why is worm gear operated inside an oil reservoir?
7) What is the significant of using heterogeneous materials in worm gear drive?
8) What is a bevel gear and where is it employed?
9) When are we using bevel gears?
10) By what parameters, bevel gear is classified and how?

1. Design a pair of double helical gear to drive a lobe-blower from a 120 kW motor
running at 2880 rpm with a reduction ratio of 1.6. The pitch diameter of the pinion is not
to be more than 80 mm. Drive is an enclosed one with proper lubrication. Life to be
indefinite. Light shock loads are likely.

2.A pair of helical gears subjected to moderate shock loading is to transmit 40 kW at

1440 rpm of the pinion. The speed reduction is 4.25 and the helix angle is 15°. The
service is continuous and teeth are 20° full depth in the normal plane. Design the gears,
assuming a life of 10,000 hours.

3. Design a worm-gear speed reducer for transmitting 6 kW. at 960 rpm. of the worm
with a transmission ratio of .15. Allowable variation of ratio is 3%. Load is almost
constant. Rating is, continuous. Reducer is used to operate a transporter in a furnace
which is to work for :2 shifts/day, 310 days per year and for 2 years.

4. Design a worm gear reducer to transmit 10 hp. from the input shaft running at 1800
rpm. to the output shaft which is to run at 100 rpm. Calculate the efficiency of the drive.

5. Design a pair of straight bevel gears for a transmission ratio of 4. The drive is from a
10 hp. 960 rpm. motor.