<<PREHEAT CODES GUIDES>> The need for and the temperature of preheat are dependent upon a number of factors

such as chemical analysis, degree of restraint of the parts being joined, elevated temperature mechanical properties, and material thicknesses. CSA W59-03 (Welded Steel Construction-Metal Arc Welding) Clause 5.7-Preheat, Interpass Temperature, and Heat Input Control Preheat and interpass temperature shall be sufficient to prevent cracking. Experience has shown that the minimum preheat and interpass temperatures specified in Table 5.3 are adequate to prevent cracking in most cases. However, increased preheat temperatures may be necessary in situation involving higher restraint, higher hydrogen, lower welding heat input, or steel composition at the upper limits of the specification. Conversely, lower preheat temperatures may be adequate to prevent cracking, depending on restraint, hydrogen level, and actual steel composition or higher welding heat input. See also Appendix P (some selected methods in this regards). Clause 5.7.2-Reduction of Preheat Temperatures, see Table 5.4 Table 5.3 Prequalified Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperature (C) Category Thickness (mm)* A B 3 to 20 mm incl. 1None** 1None** Over 20 thru 40 mm incl. 65 10 Over 40 thru 60 mm incl. 107 65 Over 60 mm 150 107 C 10 60 11 0 15 0 D 10 50 80 110

CSA W59-03-Table 5.3 *Thickness of Thickest Part at Point of Welding Note**: When the base metal temperature is below 0C, the base metal shall be preheated to a minimum of 10C and this temperature shall be maintained during welding. -Welding shall not be done when ambient temperature is lower than 0F (-18C). -For quenched and tempered steel, the maximum preheat and interpass temperature shall not exceed 200C for thickness up to 40 mm inclusive and 230C for greater thickness. Heat input, when welding quenched and tempered steel, shall not exceed the steel producers recommendations. Welding Process:

Category A: SMAW with other than low-hydrogen electrodes; FCAW and MCAW without diffusible hydrogen designators Category B & C: SMAW with low hydrogen electrodes; FCAW and MCAW with diffusible hydrogen designators; SAW and GMAW Category D: SMAW with low hydrogen electrodes; FCAW and MCAW with diffusible hydrogen designators; SAW and GMAW mild or alloy steel electrodes AWS D1.1 (Structural Welding Code-Steel) Clause 3.5 (C3.5)-Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperature Requirements: Preheat and interpass temperature shall be sufficient to prevent cracking. Table 3.2 shall be used to determine the minimum preheat and interpass temperatures for steels listed in the code. Table 3.2 Prequalified Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperature (C) Thickness (mm)* 3 to 20 mm incl. Over 20 thru 38 mm incl. Over 38 thru 65 mm incl. Over 65 mm A 10 65 11 0 15 0 Category B C 10 10 10 65 65 11 11 0 0 15 0 D 0 0 0 0

AWS D1.1-Table 3.2 *Thickness of Thickest Part at Point of Welding Note: When the base metal temperature is below 0C, the base metal shall be preheated to a minimum of 20C and the minimum interpass temperature shall be maintained during welding. For modification of preheat requirements for SAW with parallel or multiple electrodes, see Clause 3.5.2. Welding Process: Category A: SMAW with other than low-hydrogen electrodes Category B & C: SMAW with low hydrogen electrodes, SAW, GMAW, FCAW Category D: SMAW, SAW, GMAW, and FCAW with electrodes or electrode-flux combinations capable of depositing weld metal with a maximum diffusible hydrogen content of 8 ml/100 g (H8), when tested according to AWS A4.3. Annex XI & Annex CXI (Table XI-2): Guideline on Alternative Methods for Determining Preheat AWS D1.2 (Structural Welding Code-Aluminum)

Clause 4.8-Preheat and Interpass Temperatures: When fabricating the heat treatable aluminum alloys or the 5000-series aluminummagnesium alloys containing more than 3% magnesium, the preheat and interpass temperatures shall not exceed 120C. Holding times at this temperature shall not exceed 15 minutes. Commentary C4.8-Preheating is sometimes used for welding thick aluminum sections to avoid heat balance with dissimilar thickness, or to remove moisture. Clause 4.18.4.5-Preheat for the purpose of straightening in T4 condition of A201.0, A444.0, and the 3XX.0 casting alloys, shall not exceed 150C. Table 3.1 of AWS D1.2 (Essential Variables): Increase preheat over 55 C from specified preheat temperature on welding procedure needs new procedure test. So, you should not alter over 55 C from what is shown in procedure during fabrication. Generally, preheating is only used to facilitate welding thin sections to thick sections, and to dry the metal when welding under damp condition. In this case a temperature indicating device (paints or crayons) should be used to have close control on temperature. Temperature for drying need not exceed 65 C (150F), i.e., hand warm. To preheat, use a clean-burning gas in a torch adjusted to produce a soft, reducing flame. AWS D1.3 (Structural Welding Code-Sheet Steel) Clause 5.1-Welding shall not be performed when: -Ambient air temperature is below 0F (-18C), or -When the base metal to be welded is exposed to moisture Clause 5.4-Allowable Deviation from WPS for Lower Temperatures (Arc Spot, Arc Seam, and Arc Plug Welds): WPSs qualified at base metal temperatures of 60F (16C) or higher shall be permitted at temperature as low as 32F (0C). AASHTO/AWS D1.5 (Bridge Welding Code) Clause 4.2-Preheat and Interpass Temperature Requirements: Preheat and interpass temperature shall be sufficient to prevent cracking. Experience has shown that the minimum preheat and interpass temperatures specified in Table 4.4 are adequate to prevent cracking in most cases. However, increased preheat temperatures

may be necessary in situation involving higher restraint, higher hydrogen, lower welding heat input, or steel composition at the upper limits of the specification. Conversely, lower preheat temperatures may be adequate to prevent cracking, depending on restraint, hydrogen level, and actual steel composition or higher welding heat input. Table 4.4-AWS D1.5 Minimum Preheat and Interpass Temperature (C) Thickness (mm)* 3 to 20 mm incl. Over 20 thru 40 mm incl. Over 40 thru 60 mm incl. Over 60 mm Group A B 10 10 20 50 65 80 11 110 0

AWS D1.5-Table 4.4 *Thickness of Thickest Part at Point of Welding Note: See Annex VIII and Tables 12.3, 12.4, and 12.5 for alternate preheat and interpass temperatures. Table 4.4 is for SMAW, GMAW, FCAW, and SAW welding processes. A) M270M (M270) (A 709M [A 709]) Gr.250 (36), Gr.345 (50), Gr.345W (50W) B) M270M (M270) (A 709M [A 709]) Gr.485W (70W), Gr.690 (100), Gr.690W (100W) AASHTO/AWS Fracture Control Plan (FCP) for Nonredundant Members (Section 12): Clause 12.14-Preheat and Interpass Temperature Control for fracture critical nonredundant members. See Tables 12.3, 12.4, and 12.5 for alternate preheat and interpass temperatures. Annex VIII: Guidelines on Alternative Methods for Determining Preheat AWS D1.6 (Structural Welding Code-Stainless Steel) Clause 3.29-Part H (Prequalified WPS Requirements): -The minimum preheat shall be sufficient to remove moisture from the work, unless other means are used to keep moisture away from the weld puddle area. -The maximum interpass temperature shall be 175C. <<PWHT CODES GUIDES>> CSA W59-03 (Welded Steel Construction-Metal Arc Welding)

Clause 5.12 Stress-Relief Heat Treatment: Where required by the contract drawings or spec., welded assemblies shall be stressrelieved by heat treating. Finish machining shall preferably be done after stress relieving. AWS D1.1 (Structural Welding Code-Steel) Clause 3.14 (C3.14)-Postweld Heat Treatment Clause 5.8-Stress-Relief Heat Treatment Table 5.2 (Minimum Holding Time), Table 5.3 (Alternate Stress-Relief Heat Treatment) AWS D1.2 (Structural Welding Code-Aluminum) Clause 4.24-Postweld Heat Treatment shall be performed in conformance with procedures approved by the Engineer. Commentary C4.24-In aluminum, heating after welding is usually done not to relieve stresses, but rather to heat treat the material to regain strength lost by welding. Non-heattreatable alloys can be thermally stress relieved effectively. The heat-treatable aluminum alloys are not suitable for thermal stress-relief treatment. See Welding Aluminum: Theory and Practice, Aluminum Association for further information. AASHTO/AWS D1.5 (Bridge Welding Code) Clause 4.4-Stress Relief Heat Treatment Clause 4.4.1-Where required by the contract drawings or specifications, welded assemblies shall be stress-relieved by heat treating. Finish machining shall preferably be done after stress relieving. See Table 4.5 (Minimum Holding Time), and Table 4.6 (Alternate Stress-Relief Heat Treatment) AASHTO/AWS Fracture Control Plan (FCP) for Nonredundant Members (Sec. 12): Clause 12.15-Postweld Thermal Treatment (Hydrogen Diffusion Postheat) for fracture critical nonredundant members to prevent cracking or minimize lamellar tearing, when required by the Engineer. Clause 12.15.2-Postweld Heat Treatment (PWHT) AWS D1.6 (Structural Welding Code-Stainless Steel) Clause 5.16-Postweld Heat Treatment and Recommendations