A cover slip is a thin square of glass that you put over a specimen on a microscope slide.

The cover slip stops the specimen from drying out, and squishes it so that light can get though it easier antibacterial improvements-weigh fixed / known amount plant ; 2. measured/known volume of ethanol / known concentration of ethanol ; 3. shake / leave for known / stated time ; 4. standardised crushing method ; 5. separation / filtration /eq ; 6. use same part of plant / same strain / variety of the plant ; measurement: 1. graph paper tracing / {mean / average} diameter / eq ; 2. count squares / calculate area / eq ; 3. subtract area of {well / paper} / eq Enzymesrisk1. respiration / breathing problems / eq ; 2. use coated enzymes / eq / wear mask ; 3. possible skin reaction to enzyme /eq ; 4. wear gloves / wash with copious water / wash bench down / dry up spills ; 5. getting enzyme into blood through cut ; 6. wear plaster / gloves ; 7. high level of alkali damages skin / eyes ; 8. gloves / goggles as appropriate ; 9. reference to enzyme damage to eyes ; 10. wear goggles / eq reliability of graph: reference to wide range / variability of data ; 2. greater reliability for data at {1% / 4% / 5%} / eq ; 3. reference to more data needed for 1.5% to allow better assessment of reliability ; 4. reference to outliers / anomalies ; economic implications: reference to (idea of) best concentration to use (ignore value) ; 2. reference to no improvement above this concentration ; 3. enzyme costs money ; 4. reference to reduced cost effectiveness at higher concentrations ; conservation: bias: check for any bias of sponsor (e.g. funding source) ;

2. check for credentials of contributor ; 3. reference to cross check with another source ; 4. reference to evidence of peer reviewing ; issues: 1. Economic ; 2. about possible uses of money in conservation of different types / eq ; ethical, lines 47-48 ; 2. ethics of keeping animals in zoos ; 3. cage environment ; 4. ethical, lines 38-39 ; 5. ethics of hunting animals ; 6. (wrong if) for ornaments, dubious medications, trophies etc / might lead to extinction ; 7. social, lines 49-54 ; 8. part of this (social) is education ; 9. teaching, awareness ; 10. environmental, lines 30-31 ; 11. correct reference to appropriate habitat ;

12. as only place organisms can properly exist vitamin c controlled variable:
heating time / eq ; 2. cooling time / eq ; 3. concentration of DCPIP / eq

How controlled:
named variable e.g. volume DCPIP / {/type / source / age / eq} of orange juice ; 2. means of controlled described e.g. {suitable measuring device named / use same orange / orange juice carton} ;

reliability:
idea that {SD / range} measures reliability / eq ; 2. SDs low / eq, therefore reliability high / eq OR replicated results similar at each temperature / eq ; 3. SDs differ at various temps, therefore so does reliability ; 4. 20, 23 and 50 (any 2) same reliability ; 5. and more reliable than 40/30 / eq ; 6. 30 least reliable / eq ; 7. comment on anomalous data / eq ;

Validity:
both (sets of data) show loss on heating / eq ; 2. all the vegetables show similar loss which is less than hers/eq ; 3. credit comparative manipulation of data to support

Validity of product:
cooking temp / eq ; 2. cooking time / eq ; 3. cooking method / eq ;

4. source of fruit or vegetable / eq ; 5. comment on juice compared with whole extract ;

genetic testing: usefulness of evidence

(Using source A) this would not support the statement / eq ; 2. (Using source A) (because) its a survey of the general population / there is no evidence from religious groups / eq ; 3. (Using Souce B) dont know what % is therefore not much use / eq ; 4. If makes an assumption about what it is a percentage of, credit correct conclusion from that assumption ; 5. (Using source B) only considers one religious group / catholics / eq ; (Using source B) catholics compared with non-catholics, who still might be religious people / eq ; 7. (Using source B) there is {no / little} difference between the two groups / eq ; 8. (Using sources A and B) there is {no / little} difference between general population, Catholics, non-Catholics / eq ; 9. use of comparative figures ; 10. We have no idea of sample size in either study/ We have no idea of variability of estimates/ We cannot say anything about reliability / eq ; relevancy: Appropriate type of chart / graph ; 2. detail of chart / graph ; 3. relevant information select

economic issues:
increase cost in short term /eq ; 2. because money spent on trialling stem cell therapies / eq ; 3. reduce the cost in long term / eq ; 4. because benefits easily come by / eq ; 5. so other (expensive) research not needed / mineral deficiency: controlled/ how its controlled: the deficient mineral / solution(s) eq ; (reject nutrients), seed mass

light intensity / wavelength ; 2. light bank / eq / use same bulb ; 3. temperature ; 4. environment chamber / some sensible suggestion about the lab / room /sensible use water bath ; 5. carbon dioxide level / eq ; 6. {cylinder/ enclosed chamber} / eq ;

7. humidity / eq ; 8. reference to enclosed chamber ; 9. wind speed ; 10.reference to {enclosed chamber / fan} ; 11.{source / variety / age / ref genes} of seed / eq ; 12.from same packet / (parent) plant / eq ; 13.pH (of mineral solution) ; 14.Use buffer ; 15.Same concentration ((I) amount / volume) of all other minerals / minerals not omitted ; 16. Use same concentration as in complete solution each time ; how to calculate or get dry mass: remove water by placing in oven for sensible time (24 hours or so / at sensible temp (100C or so) / eq ; 2. until constant mass idea ; NOTE (I) Filter paper, evaporation tensile strength:
cross sectional area of fibre / eq ; variable that must be measured to convert the breaking

force (N) into tensile strength (Pa)

controlled and how controlled:

length of fibre ; 2. suitable measuring device so all the same ; 3. cross-sectional area / diameter / radius / thickness of fibre ; 4. select after measuring with micrometer / eq; 5. humidity ; 6. chamber with suitable solution, which could just be water, to keep them all the same ; 7. temperature ; 8. {chamber / water bath} kept at {stated / fixed} temperature ; 9. soaking time ; 10. use of stopclock for {stated / same} time ; 11. nature of fibre / eq ;

12. same {species / plant /

location in plant/ age how reference should be improved:

(2) dates / times websites accessed ; 2. specific detail of website {e.g. hyperlinks to websites / url / eq / author} / eq ; 3. reference to addition of suitable non-web resource ; heart beat: idea of (transparent / eq) so heart visible ; 2. {easily obtainable / cheap / abundant} / eq ; 3. idea that Daphnia {well studied / model organism} ; 4. Daphnia are easy to manipulate / eq ethics: {simple nervous system / invertebrate} so reduced awareness of pain /eq ; 2. (transparent so) no need for dissection /eq ; 3. abundant in nature so no threat to it or its dependent species (food chains) / eq ; 4. bred for fish food will thus die anyway / eq ; 5. may be clones therefore no loss of genetic variation / eq ; 6. animal welfare argument e.g. cannot give consent / may feel pain / eq temp: idea that lactic acid concentration is only variable / to avoid changes in heart rate due to temperature changes (rather than [lactate]) ; 2. high enough to ensure good level of activity / not denature enzymes / habitat temperature of Daphnia / easy to maintain 25 C / eq ; controlled variable: some feature of Daphnia (age / size /sex / eq) ; 2. measure/ref to source of fleas / reference to some feature to assess sex (e.g. brood chamber) ; 3. reference to {pre-treatment / acclimatisation / recovery time / eq} ; 4. detail of {pre-treatment / acclimatisation / recovery time / eq} given ;

low ph results and validity of evidence and that graph in: increase in lactic acid concentration causes fall in heart rate / eq ; 2. low pH has an effect on enzymes / slows down / inhibits muscle contraction Idea that more lactic acid lowers pH 2. these data show that lowering pH depresses heart rate in rats as in Daphnia / eq ; 3. published in peer-reviewed journal therefore validity is likely to be good ; 4. but rat is vertebrate / (many) differences (in physiology) between rat and Daphnia / eq ; 5. rat heart is isolated, Daphnia whole organism / eq ; cell membrane: why equal sized cylinders of beetroot: same {amount / volume /eq} of pigment / same face area / number of cells on surface / e colorimeter: Then any two fro shake before measurement use of appropriate colour filter zeroing against blank clean cuvettes wiping cuvettes transparent side REJECT smooth side measure absorbance / transmission enough liquid to allow light go through

how variable could be controlled:

volume of water (in the boiling tube) ; 2. suitable method e.g. measuring cylinder, pipette / eq ; 3. reference to rinsing ; 4. until clear / for fixed time for all ; 5. similar {variety / density / eq} of beetroot ; 6. method to ensure same variety e.g. same beetroot ; 7. pre-treatment e.g. storage ; 8. detail of above ; 9. (use same) part of beetroot / eq ; 10. detail e.g. cut from middle, peeling ;

how temperature affected:

freezing / condensation effect at low temperature explained ; 2. correct reference to effect of temperature on membrane permeability ; 3. correct reference to effect of temperature on membrane component ;

4. {all / as much} pigment as possible gone at 60 C / idea of high temperature destroys pigment / eq ; Ethical implication gene testing: For example: invasive procedure elimination / disposal / storage of unused embryos / right to life eugenics / designer babies / discrimination who should have access high cost

(false positive distress - abortion not justified distress - worry about baby / not having children when not a problem distress about abortion that was not needed (false negatives) shock of diseased baby born false confidence right to know or not: Diagram A 1. most people have definite opinions ({few / only 2%} not sure, no response % low) ; 2. the idea that {a majority / most} think somebody has a right to know /eq ; Diagram B 3. more think that medical practitioners should know than think commercial insurers should ACCEPT converse ; 4. more people are unsure / no response / eq about medical practitioners knowing than about commercial insurers ; 5. anywhere within lines 55 and 65 ; what u would look more for reliability of evidence: Credit any two appropriate questions ;; For example what research is being done on treatments for TSD what is gene therapy what progress on gene therapy (in relation to named diseases) is it available internet search engine / scientific journals / gazines / reference to specialist library / erence to relevant experts / eq ma ref tissue culture: how growth controlled: idea of concentration of {mineral salt / auxin / cytokinin / eq} ; 2. reference to same {mass / eq} of chemical ; 3. idea of adding to known volume

of {water / medium / eq } ; OR 1. temperature (of incubation) ; 2. water bath / incubator / eq ; 3. sensible temperature value e.g.15-30 oC ; OR 1. light ; 2. idea of same light source e.g. light bulb ; 3. idea of how same intensity / wavelength obtained e.g same distance, same wattage, same filter ; OR 1. pH ; 2. use a buffer / eq ; 3. idea of buffer content or appropriate pH e.g. 6 to 8 ; OR 1. humidity / eq ; 2. idea of closed container used idea of reduces evaporation Reliability: idea that SD indicates reliability ; 2. idea of that (all) these results are reliable ; 3. idea that a small SD means better reliability ; 4. idea that SDs do not overlap advan and disadvan of gm crops: Maximum of three from the following 1. idea of crops resistant to (disease / pests / insects / eq} ; 2. idea of survive adverse abiotic factors e.g. drought, weather ; 3. less use of chemicals e.g. agrochemicals, pesticides, insecticides ; 4. saves money ; 5. idea of reducing soil erosion / eq ; 6. idea of bigger yields ; 7. improved nutritional value ; 8. might help with food shortage / reduce famine/ make

LEDCs more {self sufficient / economically stable};Disadvantages Maximum of three from the following 9. escape of (resistant / eq) genes / alleles ; 10.expense (especially to LEDC farmers) of seeds ; 11.loss of beneficial insects / birds / eq ; 12. idea of damage due to increased use of glyphosphate ;

environmental implications of gm cropsreduce agro-chemical use / eq ; 2. idea of reduced impact on environment described e.g. nontarget organisms survive, less pesticide in food chains ; 3. idea of use of GM reduces need for{cleansing soil / fallow fields} ; 4. idea of reduces {erosion / loss} of soil (when fields fallow); 5. idea of escape of {GM/ resistant / eq} genes into wild population ; 6. idea of consequences on organisms in the ecosystem ; 7. idea of toxin present in GM crop gets into food chain; 8. effect on food chain described e.g. loss of beneficial insects / detail (ladybirds /lacewings / birds) ;

heart rate: why daphnia: simple nervous system / invertebrate;

reduced awareness of pain/eq.; or transparent; heart visible without need for dissection/eq.; or abundant in nature; no threat to it or its dependent species (food chains); or bred for fish food; will thus die anyway;

or may be clones; therefore no loss of genetic variation max temp min temp: lower temp leads to inactivity /freezing; higher temp leads to enzyme denaturation reliability: controlling temperature/eq improvement: accuracy; the graphs interpretation: reference to kinetic effects on enzymes and the substrate; increase rate of respiration increases oxygen demand/increased rate of reaction increases heart muscle activity/eq; Above 30C enzymes/proteins begin to denature; Reduced heart rate because of heart made of protein/eq; Daphnia become exhausted; ethics of drug: ethical; ethics of drug trials discussed (informed consent); social; implications of drug trials discussed (payment / encourages less well off volunteers (students etc.) ; economics; comment on high costs / long time

how to make better data to be published: discussion of use of sub-headings;

suggestion for 1 or 2 such sub-headings; suggestion for at least one visual aid; detail of visual aid; flow charts Explain how a respirometer you have used is designed to overcome this problem and describe how it could be used to measure the volume of oxygen taken up by respiring tissue in a human-carbon dioxide is absorbed in the apparatus / eq ; named absorber (e.g. sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide/soda lime) ; therefore there will be a decrease in volume/pressure which can be measured / eq ; Explain how temperature was controlled when using your respirometer.: use of water bath /eq ; allow to equilibrate before sealing apparatus ; suitable named temperature (20 40C) [Reject room temperature Describe the measurements you would take when using a respirometer and any calculations necessary to determine the rate of oxygen uptake in a sample of respiring tissue-measure movement of liquid in capillary/manometer/U tube ; in a fixed time ; measure diameter/radius of tube ; volume = r2l (l = distance moved by liquid in tube / eq) ; (volume) divided by time to give rate;