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CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.

0 Introduction In this chapter, detailed information acquired from the questionnaire survey is presented and discussed in order to achieve the research objective. The research objectives are to study the various dimensions of GSPs in business growth, to analyze the relationship between GSPs and business growth and to examine the level of importance among three dimensions of GSPs namely financial assistance, training assistance and marketing assistance towards business growth. The researcher has distributed the questionnaire to 175 respondents to achieve the objective of the research. Out of 175 questionnaires distributed, 118 questionnaires were returnable and usable for the final analysis. There are four sections in the questionnaire consists of 35 of items which provide an overall overview of the research which includes background of the firm, basic knowledge of GSPs, types of GSPs (financial assistance, training assistance and marketing assistance), and the rate of business growth. The questionnaires were distributed for two and a half months to respondents in SMEs firms in Malacca. 4.1 The Analysis Result of Respondents Background of the Firm Data by Using Descriptive Statistics (Frequencies). In frequencies analysis, researcher will be discussing on background of the firm. Background of the firm is about the respondent background such as your position in firm, status of the company, type of industry in which your firm is involved, which best describes the

ownership of your industry, annual sales/ revenues, rate of business growth, and the source of your business funding. Based on Table 4.1 shows the respondent from SMEs firms in total is 118 respondents. Position in firm that participated in questionnaire survey mostly involved is owner-manager, top management, senior management, and middle management. Owner-manager has the highest percentage is 58.5% or 69, followed by middle management is 16.9% or 20, 16.1% or 19 come from top management, and the senior management is 8.5% or 10. The status of the company divided by two categories such as Bumi and Non-Bumi. Bumi has the highest percentage is 73.7% or 87 and the Non-Bumi is 26.3% or 31. The types of industry are from manufacturing, services, communications, transportation, healthcare, finance, information technology, electronics, and software. The most respondents are from manufacturing industry has the highest percentage is 39.8% or 47, followed by services is 39.0% or 46, healthcare is 12.7% or 15, communications is 2.5% or 3, transportation and information technology is 1.7% or 2, finance, electronics and software is 8% or 1. The majority of ownership of industry is come from locally own, followed by family business, joint-venture and multinational corporation by 38.1% or 45, 24.6% or 29, 21.2 % or 25, and 16.1% or 19. The annual sales/revenues mostly is 45.8% or 54 below than RM 250,000 per year, followed by annual sales/revenues achieve between RM 250,000 to RM 500,000 per year is 18.6% or 22, annual sales/revenues between RM 500,000 to RM 1 million and RM 1 million to RM 10 million is 14.4% or 17, and lastly the least firms that achieve annual sales/revenues is 6.8% or 8 that over RM 10 million.

The rate of business growth divided by three categories which are less than 16% per year, 16% to 25% per year, and over 25% per year. Less than 16% per year has the highest percentage is 50.0% or 59, followed by 16% to 25% per year is 40.7% or 48, and over 25% per year is 9.3% or 11. The sources of business funding are from personal funds, partial from the bank and the rest from personal funds, small business loan, grants and bank loan. Partial from the bank and the rest from personal funds have the higher percentage is 39.8% or 47, followed by personal funds is 30.5% or 36, small business loan and bank loan is 11.9% or 14, and the grants is 5.9% or 7. Table 4.1: Descriptive Analysis for Respondent Background of the Firm Characteristic Category Owner-manager Top management Senior management Middle management Bumi Non-Bumi Manufacturing Services Communications Transportation Healthcare Finance Information Technology Electronics Software Family Business Locally Own Joint-Venture Multinational Corporation Below RM 250,000 RM 250,000 to RM 500,000 Frequency 69 19 10 20 87 31 47 46 3 2 15 1 2 1 1 29 45 25 19 54 22 Percent% 58.5 16.1 8.5 16.9 73.7 26.3 39.8 39.0 2.5 1.7 12.7 8 1.7 8 8 24.6 38.1 21.2 16.1 45.8 18.6

Position in Firm

Status of The Company

Type of Industry

Ownership of Your Industry

Annual Sales/ Revenues

Rate of Business Growth

Business Funding

RM 500,000 to RM 1 million RM 1 million to RM 10 million Over RM 10 million Less than 16% per year 16% to 25% per year Over 25% per year Personal Funds Partial from the bank and the rest from personal funds Small Business Loan Grants Bank Loan

17 17 8 59 48 11 36 47 14 7 14

14.4 14.4 6.8 50.0 40.7 9.3 30.5 39.8 11.9 5.9 11.9

4.2

The Reliability Analysis (Cronbachs Alpha) Reliability analysis is the consistency of the measurement, or the degree to which an

instrument measures the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects. A measure is considered reliable if a persons score on the same test given twice similar. It is important to remember that reliability is not measure, but it is estimated. The reliability coefficient was computed statistically by using this coefficient alpha formula developed by Cronbachs Alpha. To obtain coefficient alpha, need to calculate the average of the coefficients from all combination of split halves. Convergent validity was assessed using Cronbachs Alpha and the composite reliability (CR) scores (Fornell, C. 1921; Hulland, 1999). A benchmark of 0.70 was used as the minimum acceptable Cronbachs Alpha (Hulland, 1999; Nunnally & Bernstein, 1994). An acceptable CR is assessed similar to the Cronbachs Alpha and a value of 0.70 or greater is acceptable (Smith J.B. & Barclay, 1997).

Table 4.2: Reliability Statistics

Variables Basic Knowledge Financial Assistance Training Assistance Marketing Assistance Rate of Business Growth Total

Cronbachs Alpha 0.855 0.853 0.882 0.864 -

Number of Items 8 5 8 6 1 28

From the output Table 4.2 above, the reliability statistics is using Cronbachs Alpha is to know the reliability value from 28 questions of 118 respondents of SMEs firms which include basic knowledge of GSPs, dimension of GSPs such as financial assistance, training assistance and marketing assistance and rate of business growth. The value of the reliability statistics for basic knowledge is 0.855 or 85.5% means the 118 respondents is very reliable and could be accepted for this variable. Secondly the value of financial assistance reliability statistics is 0.853 or 85.3% is acceptable of reliability statistics and respondent could be reliable all the question. Thirdly, training assistance on reliability statistics shows 0.882 or 88.2% of value is more than other independent variable and its mean the data is very reliable and could be accepted within 118 respondents Lastly, based on marketing assistance on reliability statistics, it shows the 0.864 or 86.4% of the data collected from the 118 respondent is very reliable and understand the movement of question. Overall the result on reliability Cronbachs Alpha analysis for variable is reliable, accepted and respondents understand the item of questionnaire. 4.3 The Analysis Result of Government-support Programs (GSPs) as Financial Assistance, Training Assistance, Marketing Assistance and Rate of Business Growth (Descriptive Statistics).

This part is discussing on descriptive statistics that measure on each mean of each item with different variables. All the GSPs dimensions and rate of business growth were examined through descriptive statistics. The dimensions are financial assistance, training assistance and marketing assistance. As the mean and standard deviation are shown, it allows an analysis of the average figure from the observations and also how widely data are scattered around the mean as standard deviation is a measure of dispersion. 4.3.1 The Analysis Result of Basic Knowledge of GSPs (Descriptive Statistics) Table 4.3: Descriptive Statistics of Basic Knowledge of GSPs Basic Knowledge Factors Suitable for firms tax policy. An easy access to start up capital. Providing guarantee to the legal right and interest of investors and entrepreneurs. An advantage to attract and retain person with ability in the current labor institutions. Providing a good education and training condition offered by training and R&D institutes. Offering plenty and clear policy information from the government departments/agencies. A source of help for the business to secure money from other non-bank financial sources. Providing a lot of information, knowledge and technology from training and R&D institutes to firm. N 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 Mean 3.37 3.81 3.83 3.95 4.03 3.96 4.12 4.12 Std. Deviation 1.011 .969 .946 .815 .762 .800 .742 .730

The Table 4.3 presents the descriptive statistics for basic knowledge of GSPs. The factor of GSPs such as a source of help for the business to secure money from other non-bank financial sources and providing a lot of information, knowledge and technology from training and R&D institutes to firm having highest means of 4.12. The other items of basic knowledge of GSPs shows the mean between 3.81 to 4.03 will help organization to easy access to start up capital,

providing guarantee to the legal right and interest of investors and entrepreneurs, an advantage to attract and retain person with ability in the current labor institutions, offering plenty and clear policy information from the government departments/agencies and providing a good education and training condition offered by training and R&D institutes. The lowest mean of 3.37 is suitable for firms tax policy. This result shows SMEs firms mention GSPs will help them to focus on a source of help for the business to secure money from other non-bank financial sources and providing a lot of information, knowledge and technology from training and R&D institutes to firm. 4.3.2 The Analysis Result of Financial Assistance of GSPs (Descriptive Statistics) Table 4.4: Descriptive Statistics of Financial Assistance of GSPs Financial Assistance N Mean Std. Deviation Improve product quality. 118 4.32 .612 Stimulates the development of Bumiputra SMEs. 118 4.26 .778 Assist youth especially graduates to undertake business 118 4.19 .840 venture. Assist SMEs to conduct market and technology feasibility 118 4.08 .723 studies, preparing business plan and formulate domestic and export market strategies. Encourage SMEs to be innovative in using and adapting 118 4.12 .775 the existing and new technologies and processes. The Table 4.4 presents a descriptive statistics for financial assistance of GSPs. Based on SMEs firm understanding the financial assistance will improve product quality has the highest mean of 4.32. The other items of financial assistance shows the mean between 4.12 to 4.26 will help organization to encourage SMEs to be innovative in using and adapting the existing and new technologies and processes, assist youth especially graduates to undertake business venture and stimulates the development of Bumiputra SMEs.

while assist SMEs to conduct market and technology feasibility studies, preparing business plan and formulate domestic and export market strategies has the lowest mean is 4.08. 4.3.3 The Analysis Result of Training Assistance of GSPs (Descriptive Statistics) Table 4.5: Descriptive Statistics of Training Assistance of GSPs Training Assistance Help to improve the quality of staff. Increase confidence and motivation of company. Provide the skills and abilities needed to adjust to new situations. Provide recognition; enhance responsibility and the possibility of increasing wages and promotions. Give the feeling of personal satisfaction and achievement, and broadens opportunities for career progression. Bring a sense of security at the workplace which reduces labor turnover and absenteeism. Eliminate risks because trained personnel are able to make better and economic use of material and equipment thereby reducing and avoiding waste. Help to manage change by increasing the understanding and involvement of employees in the change process. N 118 118 118 118 118 118 118 Mean 4.17 4.26 4.26 4.07 4.04 3.97 4.12 Std. Deviation .809 .605 .619 .874 .800 .857 .797

118

4.15

.700

Table 4.5 present a descriptive statistics for training assistance of GSPs. Based on result SMEs firm is understand training assistance will increase confidence and motivation of company and provide the skills and abilities needed to adjust to new situations has the highest mean are 4.26 while bring a sense of security at the workplace which reduces labor turnover and absenteeism has the lowest mean is 3.97. The other items of training assistance shows the mean between 4.04 to 4.17 will help organization to give the feeling of personal satisfaction and achievement, and broadens opportunities for career progression, provide recognition; enhance responsibility and the

possibility of increasing wages and promotions, eliminate risks because trained personnel are able to make better and economic use of material and equipment thereby reducing and avoiding waste, help to manage change by increasing the understanding and involvement of employees in the change process, and help to improve the quality of staff. 4.3.4 The Analysis Result of Marketing Assistance of GSPs (Descriptive Statistics) Table 4.6: Descriptive Statistics of Marketing Assistance of GSPs Marketing Assistance Is crucial to the success of business. Will improve the selling environment. Is a source of information and sharing. Builds strong customer relationships and creates value. Satisfies needs and wants through an exchange process. Helps the enterprise identify and target potential clients. N 118 118 118 118 118 118 Mean 4.32 4.26 4.19 4.17 4.32 4.26 Std. Deviation .612 .778 .840 .809 .612 .778

Table 4.6 present a descriptive statistics for marketing assistance of GSPs. Based on result SMEs firm is understand marketing assistance is crucial to the success of business and satisfies needs and wants through an exchange process has highest mean are 4.32 while builds strong customer relationships and creates value has the lowest mean is 4.17. The other items of marketing assistance show the means between 4.19 to 4.26 is a source of information and sharing, will improve the selling environment and helps the enterprise identify and target potential clients.

4.3.5

The Analysis Result of Rate of Business Growth of SMEs Firms (Descriptive Statistics)

Table 4.7: Descriptive Statistics of Rate of Business Growth of SMEs Firms

Rate of Business Growth Less than 16% per year 16% to 25% per year Over 25% per year Total

Frequency 59 48 11 118

Percent 50.0 40.7 9.3 100.0

Rate of Business Growth Rate of business growth.

N 118

Mean 1.59

Std. Deviation .657

Table 4.7 present a descriptive statistics for rate of business growth. The rate of business growth divided by three categories which are less than 16% per year, 16% to 25% per year, and over 25% per year. Less than 16% per year has the highest percentage is 50.0% or 59, followed by 16% to 25% per year is 40.7% or 48, and over 25% per year is 9.3% or 11. The means for the three items are 1.59. 4.4 The Analysis Result of the Correlation Each Items in the Variables of Government-

Support Programs (GSPs) as Financial Assistance, Training Assistance and Marketing Assistance and Rate of Business Growth. Table 4.8: Correlation between Basic Knowledge and Rate of Business Growth Items Basic Knowledge Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Pearson Correlation Sig. (2-tailed) N Basic Knowledge 1 118 .163 .077 118 Rate of Business Growth .163 .077 118 1 118

Rate of Business Growth

Table 4.8 above illustrates the relationships between two variables under GSPs. The table shows that there are no significant relationship between basic knowledge and rate of business

growth which represent 0.077 (p< 0.05) among 118 respondents. Therefore, there is no positive correlation between them.

Table 4.9: Correlation between Dimensions of GSPs and Rate of Business Growth Paired Samples Statistics Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Financial Assistance 4.20 118 .595 .055 Rate of business growth 1.59 118 .657 .060 Training Assistance 4.13 118 .565 .052 Rate of business growth 1.59 118 .657 .060 Marketing Assistance 4.26 118 .574 .053 Rate of business growth 1.59 118 .657 .060

Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3

Pair 1 Pair 2 Pair 3

Paired Samples Correlations N Financial Assistance & Rate of business 118 growth Training Assistance & Rate of business growth 118 Marketing Assistance & Rate of business 118 growth

Correlation .023 -.006 .025

Sig. .807 .951 .788

Pair Financial 1 Assistance - Rate of business growth Pair Training 2.537 2 Assistance - Rate of business growth Pair Marketing 2.662 3 Asssiatnce - Rate of business growth

Paired Samples Test Paired Differences 95% Confidence Interval of the Std. Difference Std. Error Sig. (2Mean Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df tailed) 2.603 .876 .081 2.444 2.763 32.288 117 .000

.869

.080

2.379

2.695 31.720 117

.000

.861

.079

2.505

2.819 33.577 117

.000

Table 4.9 illustrates the correlation relationships between the dimensions of GSPs which are financial, training, and marketing as an independent variable and rate of business growth as dependent variable. It can be seen that there are positive correlation relationships between financial assistance, training assistance and marketing assistance. For financial assistance and training assistance dimension, the positive correlation coefficient is at 0.588. For financial assistance dimension and marketing assistance dimension, the positive correlation coefficient is at 0.921. Lastly, for the last part is training assistance dimension and marketing assistance dimension also shows a positive correlation coefficient is at 0.650. Compare between three dimensions of GSPs its show financial assistance dimension with marketing assistance dimension meet a higher correlation coefficient by 92.1% compare the training assistance dimension with marketing assistance

dimension and financial assistance dimension with training assistance dimension is only 65.0% and 58.8%. From the table above, it is also illustrated that there are not significant relationships between the dimensions of GSPs and rate of business growth of SMEs firms. The positive linear relationship means that an increase in one variable will also affect increasing in other variables. For financial assistance dimension and rate of business growth, the correlation coefficient is at 0.023. For training assistance dimension and rate of business growth, the correlation coefficient is at -0.006. Lastly, for the last part is marketing assistance dimension and rate of business growth shows that the correlation coefficient is at 0.025. The comparison of variables and rate of business growth shows training assistance dimension has achieved the lowest correlation coefficient which is -0.6% compared to correlation coefficient for financial assistance dimension and marketing assistance dimension which is 2.3% and 2.5%.

4.5

The Relationship between Government-Support Programs (GSPs) Most Relevant

Factors towards Rate of Business Growth of SMEs Firm (The Hypotheses Testing) Table 4.10: Model Summary for Government-Support Programs (GSPs) Adjusted R Std Error of the Square Estimate 1 .038a .001 -.025 .665 a. Predictors: (Constant), Financial Assistance, Training Assistance, Marketing Assistance Table 4.11: ANOVA for Government-Support Programs (GSPs) Model Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares .074 50.401 50.475 df 3 114 117 Mean Square .025 .442 F .056 Sig. .983a Model R R Square

a. Predictors: (Constant), Financial Assistance, Training Assistance, Marketing Assistance b. Dependent Variable: Rate of Business Growth

Table 4.12: Coefficientsa for Government-Support Programs (GSPs) Unstandardized Coefficients B Std. Error 1.534 .504 -.006 .266 -.044 .143 .062 .293 Standardized Coefficients Beta

Model

t.

Sig.

Constant Financial Assistance Training Assistance Marketing Assistance

-.005 -.038 .054

3.045 -.021 -.309 .213

.003 .983 .758 .832

a. Dependent Variable: Rate of Business Growth The result of regression analysis, shown in table 4.10 to 4.12 reveals that the dimensions of GSPs has no significant relationships with rate of business growth, R = 0.038. The dimensions of GSPs regarding the result are measure based on financial assistance, training assistance and marketing assistance. The adjusted R2 of this model is 0.001, which indicates that 0.1% of the variation in rate of business growth was explained by the GSPs dimensions. The R Square is 0.1% show the data is supporting to the model regression to GSPs dimensions and measure a rate of business growth. The significant F-ratio (F = 0.056, p = 0.983) indicates that the results of the regression model could occurred by chance. However the significant of ANOVA and coefficients must be shows < 0.05 is significant. It is shows that all variables of GSPs examined are not significant independent variables that influence the SMEs rate of business growth as the significant value is 0.983. The regression equation is shown below:

Rate of Business Growth = -0.006 Financial Assistance - 0.044 Training Assistance + 0.062 Marketing Assistance + 1.534

In part of coefficient, the value of Beta at unstandardized coefficient will used for regression equation. From the equation beside, it can be described that if there is no increase in value of one or all the independent variables will affect the negative value of rate of business growth. The coefficient of financial assistance is -0.006; it means that for every unit increase in financial assistance will increase the business growth, holding all other variables constant. Then for the coefficient of training assistance is -0.044; it means that for every unit increase in training assistance will increase the business growth, holding all other variables constant. Lastly for the coefficient of marketing assistance is 0.062, it means that for every unit increase in marketing assistance will increase the business growth, holding all other variables constant. According to table 4.12, variable of financial assistance was the most determinant of growth with the lowest standardized coefficient value (beta) is -0.006 and the lowest of t-value is -0.021, followed by beta of training assistance is -0.044 and t-value is -0.309, and lastly beta for marketing assistance is 0.062 and t-value is 0.213. In addition, the sig. value for each variables is shows whether the variables is making a statistically significant unique contribution to the equation. From the sig. result could be seeing financial assistance is 0.983, training assistance is 0.758 and marketing assistance is 0.832 variables are not significant because the value is above than 0.05. This also means that these three variables are not influence to the rate of business growth. GSPs have three dimensions that will not contribute to the rate of business growth. As a result, a null hypothesis is rejected for financial assistance, training assistance and marketing

assistance variables as a consequence accepted the alternate hypotheses. Besides, it can conclude that there are no significant relationships between financial assistance, training assistance and marketing assistance variables contribute to the SMEs rate of business growth. 4.6 Summary This chapter aims to present and discuss the research findings. Data generated from this research has to be interpreted carefully and this chapter also serves via results and interpretations. This data explain on the background of respondents, research objective followed by the hypothesis testing.

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